Sociology Test

Peers and gender socialization:

"appropriate" games

Gendered institutions

institutions/structures that perpetuate gender inequality

Gender

A social distinction based of culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate: appearance, behavior, and mental/emotional characteristics

multinational

a large corporation with both produces and sells goods or services in various countries

Transgender

Individuals who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex

social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

The pink tax

The extra amount women are charged for certain products or services.

the Gini index

Used to measure inequalities within countries

Sex

a biological concept determined on the basis of primary sex characteristics - anatomical traits essential to reproduction

Intersex

a broad term used by the medical profession to classify people with some mixture of male and female biological characteristics

modern world system

a capitalist global economy which contains multiple states and a single dominant international division of labor

the absolute threshold of poverty

a cutoff point establishing the minimal level of income below which families are unable to purchase sufficient food, clothing, and shelter to maintain themselves in good health

Davis-Moore thesis

inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the smooth functioning of society

Gender ideals

are at best a caricature, in that it exaggerates the characteristics that make someone a so-called perfect male or female.

Transsexual

attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy so that their physical being is better aligned with gender identity

Parents and gender socialization:

behavior, toys, chores

3 factors that shape chances of social mobility:

chance, context, choice

Karl Marx

class position and the extent of our income and wealth are determined by our work situation, or our relationship to the means of production

Sports and gender socialization:

competition

Social inequality

exists between men and women when one category relative to the other: faves greater risks to physical/emotional well-being, possesses a disproportionate share of income & other valued resources, is accorded more opportunities to succeed

Functionalist perspective on gender stratification

gender roles were established well before the pre-industrial era, though changes in society have taken place, a gendered belied system continues

Examples of reasons for gender inequality:

glass ceiling, glass escalator, care penalty

Melvin Tumin's critique

how the importance of a position is measured- is society therefore a meritocracy, a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit?

Teachers, schools, and gender socialization:

interactions

income

is the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers, and ownership of property

wealth

is the value of all of a person's for family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property

Different types of feminism

liberal, radical, socialist, multicultural

Symbolic interactionist perspective on gender stratification

looks at meaning associated with sexuality and sexual orientation, looks how discussions of LGBTQ persons often focus almost exclusively on the sex lives of gay and lesbian

semiperipheral

middle income nations

peripheral

poor nations that are the least powerful and least industrially developed

Gender diverse cultures

recognition of more than two genders

Stratification

refers to a system by which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources

sexual orientation

refers to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationship with members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both

global stratification

refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world

cultural capital

resources such as knowledge, verbal and social skills, education, and other assets that give a group advantages

Cisgender

sex and gender categories match

Social capital

social networks, who one knows or is connected to

Mass media and gender socialization:

television advertisements

Horatio Alger myth

the belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough

Feminism

the belief that women and men are equal and should be valued equally and have equal rights

life chances

the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care

Conflict perspectives on gender stratification

the gendered of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources

Social stratification

the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources- divides us into social classes

official poverty line

the income standard that is based on what the federal government considers to be the minimum amount of money required for living at a subsistence level

Gender socialization

the process through which individuals learn the gender norms of their society and develop an internal gender identity

Sexism

the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex

Gender roles

those attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex

Max Weber

wealth (property), prestige, power

the core nations

wealthy nations that possess a successful industrial history, exert both political and economic influence in the world system, and enjoy a high standard of living

structural mobility

when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder