Sociology Test
Peers and gender socialization:
"appropriate" games
Gendered institutions
institutions/structures that perpetuate gender inequality
Gender
A social distinction based of culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate: appearance, behavior, and mental/emotional characteristics
multinational
a large corporation with both produces and sells goods or services in various countries
Transgender
Individuals who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex
social mobility
Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
The pink tax
The extra amount women are charged for certain products or services.
the Gini index
Used to measure inequalities within countries
Sex
a biological concept determined on the basis of primary sex characteristics - anatomical traits essential to reproduction
Intersex
a broad term used by the medical profession to classify people with some mixture of male and female biological characteristics
modern world system
a capitalist global economy which contains multiple states and a single dominant international division of labor
the absolute threshold of poverty
a cutoff point establishing the minimal level of income below which families are unable to purchase sufficient food, clothing, and shelter to maintain themselves in good health
Davis-Moore thesis
inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the smooth functioning of society
Gender ideals
are at best a caricature, in that it exaggerates the characteristics that make someone a so-called perfect male or female.
Transsexual
attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy so that their physical being is better aligned with gender identity
Parents and gender socialization:
behavior, toys, chores
3 factors that shape chances of social mobility:
chance, context, choice
Karl Marx
class position and the extent of our income and wealth are determined by our work situation, or our relationship to the means of production
Sports and gender socialization:
competition
Social inequality
exists between men and women when one category relative to the other: faves greater risks to physical/emotional well-being, possesses a disproportionate share of income & other valued resources, is accorded more opportunities to succeed
Functionalist perspective on gender stratification
gender roles were established well before the pre-industrial era, though changes in society have taken place, a gendered belied system continues
Examples of reasons for gender inequality:
glass ceiling, glass escalator, care penalty
Melvin Tumin's critique
how the importance of a position is measured- is society therefore a meritocracy, a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit?
Teachers, schools, and gender socialization:
interactions
income
is the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers, and ownership of property
wealth
is the value of all of a person's for family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property
Different types of feminism
liberal, radical, socialist, multicultural
Symbolic interactionist perspective on gender stratification
looks at meaning associated with sexuality and sexual orientation, looks how discussions of LGBTQ persons often focus almost exclusively on the sex lives of gay and lesbian
semiperipheral
middle income nations
peripheral
poor nations that are the least powerful and least industrially developed
Gender diverse cultures
recognition of more than two genders
Stratification
refers to a system by which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources
sexual orientation
refers to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationship with members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both
global stratification
refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world
cultural capital
resources such as knowledge, verbal and social skills, education, and other assets that give a group advantages
Cisgender
sex and gender categories match
Social capital
social networks, who one knows or is connected to
Mass media and gender socialization:
television advertisements
Horatio Alger myth
the belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough
Feminism
the belief that women and men are equal and should be valued equally and have equal rights
life chances
the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care
Conflict perspectives on gender stratification
the gendered of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources
Social stratification
the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources- divides us into social classes
official poverty line
the income standard that is based on what the federal government considers to be the minimum amount of money required for living at a subsistence level
Gender socialization
the process through which individuals learn the gender norms of their society and develop an internal gender identity
Sexism
the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex
Gender roles
those attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex
Max Weber
wealth (property), prestige, power
the core nations
wealthy nations that possess a successful industrial history, exert both political and economic influence in the world system, and enjoy a high standard of living
structural mobility
when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder