Sociology
Deviance
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________.
Charles Horton Cooley
The early sociologist who argued that deviance might be functional for society was ________.
Emile Durkheim
strain theory
Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
Social order
a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives
secondary group
a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
Instrumental leader
a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks
Authoritarian leader
a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks
As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.
a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools
negative sanction
a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity
Positive sanction
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward
Primary group
a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation
Expressive leader
an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader
social control
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
Which type of sociologists would consider deviance to be a natural part of society?
functionalists
The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of ________ theory.
labeling
Culture within us
learned and shared ways of believing and doing
Anticipatory socialization
processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships
When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.
resocialization
The ________ theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them.
strain
All of the following theories follow the principles of symbolic interactionism EXCEPT for which one?
strain theory
Capital punishment
the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.
socialization
the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
McDonaldization of Society
the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation