Sociology

Deviance

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________.

Charles Horton Cooley

The early sociologist who argued that deviance might be functional for society was ________.

Emile Durkheim

strain theory

Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Social order

a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives

secondary group

a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity

Instrumental leader

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

Authoritarian leader

a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks

As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.

a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools

negative sanction

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

Positive sanction

a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward

Primary group

a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation

Expressive leader

an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader

social control

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior

Which type of sociologists would consider deviance to be a natural part of society?

functionalists

The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of ________ theory.

labeling

Culture within us

learned and shared ways of believing and doing

Anticipatory socialization

processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.

resocialization

The ________ theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them.

strain

All of the following theories follow the principles of symbolic interactionism EXCEPT for which one?

strain theory

Capital punishment

the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.

socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

McDonaldization of Society

the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation