Sociology your compass for a New world: Chapters 3,4,6,7,8 TERMS and QUESTIONS
true
The nazi's had a bureaucracy that was efficient - the jobs were broken down into minor jobs such as cleaning the ashes from the gas tanks, the workers often did not see the whole picture (true or false)
Ethnocentrism
The tendency for a person to judge other cultures by the standards of their own
Consumerism
The tendency to define ourselves in terms of the goods we purchase
abstraction, cooperation, production
Tools in the survival kit
Democratic leadership
Tries to includes all members in the decision process, taking best ideas form the group and moulding them into a strat. which all can identify, MOST EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP style (other then emergency)
High Culture
culture consumed mainly by upper class (opera, ballet)
four criticisms of bureaucracies
dehumanization, bureaucratic ritualism, oligarchy, bureaucratic inertia
lower
during the foraging societies gender and class inequality was higher or lower then postnatural societies?
war against crime, number of young men has declined, male unemployment decrease, legalization of abortion
four explanations for decline in Canadian crime rates: (hint: young)
decreased
has human dependence on nature increased or decreased?
4
how many people is the cap on how many people it takes to increase conformity?
Hidden curriculum
in school, involves teaching obedience to authority and conformity to culture norms
adolescents
increasing media influences, less adults supervision and guidance, less extracurricular activities and more adult responsibilities
characteristics of a triad
intensity and intimacy reduced, restricts individuality, third party mediation is possible, free riders are possible, possible to shift responsibility to the larger collectivity
Bureaucratic ritualism
involves bureaucrats becoming so preoccupied with rules and regulations that they make it difficult for the organization to fulfill its goals
social network
is a bounded set of individuals who are linked by the exchange of material or emotional resources. the patterns of exchange determine the boundaries of the network. members exhchange more frequently with eachother than with non members. may be formal but are often more in formal
law
is a norm stipulated and enforced by government bodies
initiation
is a ritual that signifies a persons transition from one group to another and ensures his or her loyalty to the new group
triad
is a social relationship among three nodes or social units (people, firms, countries)
Dyad
is a social relationship between two nodes or social units (people, firms, countries)
Postmodernism
is characterized by an eclectic mix of cultural elements and the erosion of consensus
crime
is deviance that is against the law
groupthink
is group pressure to conform despite individual misgivings
rationalization
is the application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals and the unintended , negative consequences of doing so
role
is the behaviour expected of a person occupying a particular position in society
Cooperation
is the capacity to create complex social life by establishing norms and ideas about what is right and wrong
production
is the human capacity to make and use tools. Improves our ability to take what we want from nature
Me
is the objective component of the self that emerges as people communicate symbolically and learn to take the role of the other
rights revolution
is the process by which socially excluded groups struggled to win equal rights under the law and in practice
gender roles
is the set of behaviours associated with widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act
Popular culture
Culture consumed by all classes
solve problems
what do shared symbols and their definition help people do?
looking-glass self
when we interact with others, they gesture and react to us. This allows us to imagine how we appear to them
Crimes regarding property
which are most likely to be reported as victimization crimes: crimes again people or crimes regarding property?
they were cut off from main stream norms
why did the Polish Christains help the Jews to hide? regarding norms
a way of maintaining a social bond with gang members
why do gang members participate in criminals acts?
norms of solidarity
with relationships we develop shared ideas, this is called: _____________ and how we should behave with them to sustain the relationship
social catagory
comprises people who share a similar status but do not identify with one another
Material culture
comprises the tools and techniques that people create and accomplish such as buildings, clothes, tools
Culture
conisists of the shared symbols and their definitions that people create to solve real life problems
self
consists of your ideas and attitudes about who you are
Non-material culture
creations and abstract ideas. composed of symbols, norms, and other intangible elements,
victimless crime
crimes that go without victims, often spouse try to protect their loved ones by not reporting the crime
Oligarchy
"rule of the few" people at the top of bureaucracies trying to get power
Multiculturalism education hurts the minority, causes political disunity and more inter ethnic and interracial conflict, growth of cultural relativism
3 consequences of teaching multiculturalism
Societies
Are collectivities of interacting people who share a culture and a territory
social category
Coffee drinkers are a form of _________ (social group or social category)
faster
Do peoples ID change faster or slower nowadays?
No
Does a symbol itself have meaning to humans?
Poor, aboriginals commit more street crime, discrimination, contact with westerners
Four explanations for over presentation of aboriginals in prison:
yes
If the hidden curriculum proves to a student that they are being assessed on performance alone, has it done its job? (yes, no)
reasons for why nazis killed jews
Norms of solidarity demand conformity, structures of authority tend to render people obedient, Bureaucracies are highly effective structures of authority
group size, groups cohesiveness, social status, culture, appearance of unanimity
what 5 things did the Asch experiment prove regarding conformity
structures of authority tend to make people obedient
What did Milgrams volt experiment prove to us?
formal punishment
When the judical system penalizes someone for breaking the law
egocentrically
When we describe something as "left, right, above" ourselves this is ____________ thinking
bureaucracy
a large impersonal organization comprising many clearly defined positions arrange in hiearchy. Has a permanent paid staff of experts, written goals, rules, and procedures. IDEALLY staff members try and find ways of running this group more efficiently
informal punishment
a mild sanction that is imposed during face to face interaction not the judical system
subculture
a set of distinctive values, norms, and practices WITHIN a larger culture
Sapir-Worf thesis
a thesis holds that we experience certain things in our environment and form concepts about those things. we then develop language to express those concepts. language itself influences how we see the world
Norms
accepted ways of doing things
Laissez-faire leadership
allows subordinates to work things out largely on their own with no direction from above. LEAST EFFECTIVE TYPE OF LEADERSHIP
Taboos
are among the strongest norms, when someone goes against a ____________ it causes a revulsion in the community and the punishment is severe
symbols
are concrete things or abstract terms that represent something else
Mores
are core norms that most people believe are essential for survival of their group or their society
rites of passage
are cultural ceremonies that mark the transition from one stage of life to another (baptisms, confirmations, weddings)
values
are ideas that identify desirable states
conflict crimes
are illegal acts many people think are harmful in society and some people believe they are not harmful, but vary on the country or province
consensus crime
are illegal acts that almost all people believe are punishable
secondary group
are larger and more impersonal than primary groups, social interaction in secondary groups create weaker social ties. extends over shorter period of time, narrow range of activities. involves AT MOST a passing acquaintance with one another
social diversions
are minor acts of deviance that are generally perceived as relatively harmless and that evoke, at most, a mild societal reaction, such as amusement
social deviations
are non-criminal departures from norms that are nonetheless subject to offical control some members of the public regard them as somewhat harmful while others do not.
foraging societies
are societies in which people live by searching for wild plants and hunting wild animals. Such societies predominated until 10,00 years ago inequality, division of labour, productivity and settlement size are very low in such societies
industrial societies
are societies that use machines and fuel to greatly increase the supply and dependability of food and finished goods.
pastoral societies
are societies which people domesticate cattle, camels, pigs, sheep, horses and reindeer, emerged 10,00 years ago
Folkways
are the least important norms and they evoke the least severe punishment
self-report surveys
asked to report their involvement in criminal activites, either are the perpetrators or victimes
reference group
comprises of a group of people against whom an individual evaluates his or her situations or conduct to
social group
comprises one or more networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined norms, roles and statues,
families
most important agents of primary socialization:
Authoritarian leadership
needs compliance from workers, one person calls the shots. most effective in a crisis (war, ER room, etc)
primary groups
norms, roles, and statuses are agreed on but are not put in writing. social interaction leads to strong emotional ties. it extends over a long period, and involves a wide range of activities. it results in group members knowing one another well
dehumanization
occurs when bureaucracies treat clients as standard cases and personnel as cogs in a giant machine. This treatment frustrates clients and lowers worker morale
resocialization
occurs when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in a persons values, roles and self conception sometimes against a persons will
deviance
occurs when someone departs from a norm and evokes a negative reaction from others
characteristics of a dyad
partners are intensely absorbed in the relationship, need both partners to live but only one to die, no "free riders", neither partner can deny responsibilites
stigmatized
people who are _______ are negatively evaluated because of a marker they wear that distinguishes them from others (and groups)
Bureaucratic inertia
refers to the tendency of large, rigid bureaucracies to continue their policies even when their clients' needs change
Total insituations
settings in which people are isolated from the larger society and under strict control and constant supervision of a specialized staff (ex: prison)
agricultural societies
socieites in which plows and animal power are used to increase food supply, emerged 5000 years ago
postnatural societies
societies in which genetic engineering enables people to create new life forms
postindustrial societies
societies in which most workers are employed in the service sector and computer spur substantial increases in the division of labour and productivity. US was the first of this society
Anticipatory socialization
taking on norms and behaviors of the role to which we aspire
Abstraction
the ability to create general concepts that meaningfully organize concrete, sensory experience
Cultural relativism
the belief that all cultures have equal value
Socialization
the process by which people learn their culture - including norms, values and roles and become aware of themselves as they interact with others
I
the subjective and impulsive aspect of the self that is present from birth
true
true or false , The internet helps discover parts of ones ID that they didn't know about and also allow someone to become anyone online
true
true, false we sometimes pay more attention to norms of solidarity then to morality (norms of solidarity > morality)
globalization, changing body
two reasons why identity have changed more in recent years compared with previous years: