SOCL 151 Final Study Guide

Explain the following perspective: conflict perspective

(macro level) society is composed of groups that are competing with one another for scarce resources. Struggle for power, wealth, prestige

Give examples of industries that are predicted to experience growth in the U.S. over the next 10 years.

1) financial, 2) healthcare, and 3) community and social service

What three things are important for the formation and sustainability of a city?

1) fresh water supply, 2) consistent food supply, 3) social stability

Define sexual orientation.

A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a sex

List and describe the types of leaders.

Authoritarian leader: Gives orders Democratic leader: Gains consensus Laissez-faire leader: High permissive leader

What is the first agent of socialization?

Family

Define xenophobia.

Fear of foreigners and foreign goods

What is outsourcing?

Giving U.S. jobs to other countries (because it is cheaper)

What is the key to upward social mobility?

How much education you have

Why are men and women waiting longer to get married?

People are putting their education and career first

What is the symbolic interactionist view of race?

Racial beliefs are often based on images in popular media

Define social control

Rules and standards in society

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex is male/female and includes biology: chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs. gender is identifying as masculine or feminine

What is one reason unemployment statistics are unreliable?

Stats only include those currently looking for work

During what time period did economies begin to develop globally?

The Agricultural Revolution

How did Max Weber define power?

The ability to exercise one's will over others

How can e-waste lead to health and safety issues?

The disposal and recycling processes expose people to toxins

What is the conflict theory view of education?

The educational system reinforces and perpetuaites social inequalities

Define formal education.

The learning of academic facts and concepts.

What are latent functions of education?

The positive consequences they did not intend to accomplish (Political and social integration, courtship, working in groups)

What are manifest functions of education?

The positive things that people intend their actions to accomplish (Socialization, social control, social placement)

Define sociology.

The systematic study of society and social interactions.

Define anarchy.

a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority.

Define the following type of authority: Charismatic

based on a leader's personal qualities

In the U.S., which race is considered the dominant group?

white

Explain the following perspective: structural functionalism

(macro) structure (how the parts of society fit together to make the whole) and function (what each part does, how it contributes to society)

Define values.

A cultures standard for discerning what is acceptable and just in a society.

Define bureaucracy and give an example.

A formal organization characterized by written rules and a hierarchy of jobs. Ex: U.S Government

Define hidden curriculum.

A type of non-academic knowledge that ones learns through informal learning and cultural transmission

What is a subculture?

A world within the larger world of dominant culture

How did Emile Durkheim view society?

An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy; he also believed people were susceptible to anomie (due to alienation and weakened collectiveness)

Define deviance and give an example.

Any violation of norms. Ex: in our society failing to use turn signals when driving

What is privilege?

Arises from access to resources based on demographic variables

Who is considered the father of sociology and what is he known for?

Auguste Comte and he coined the term positivism.

Which theorist studied the power elite and the influence they had over society?

C. Wright Mills

In which states do the highest numbers of recent immigrants live?

California, Florida, Texas

Hitler was an example of what kind of authority?

Charismatic

How can lack of clean access to water affect educational improvement in a region?

Children in areas without adequate water spend too much time carrying water a long distance

Why is the Agricultural Revolution often referred to as the "dawn of civilization"?

Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities

Define representative democracy.

Citizens elect people to represent their interests

From the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a purpose of government? A.) Planning and directing society B.) Meeting Social Needs C.) Maintaining Law and Order D.) Managing International Relations

D.) Managing International Relations

What is polarization? Give an example.

Division into two groups; example- The job market is increasing for lower levels and also for upper levels

Define mercantilism.

Economic system that generates wealth

What is underemployment?

Employed below qualifications (example- nurse working at McDonald's)

What would a structural functionalist study with regards to population growth?

How the population of certain countries influences and affects the population and environment of neighboring countries

What is the cornucopian theory?

Humans are able to adapt to provide resources for a growing population

What factors are considered when determining someone's standard of living?

Income, employment and class.

What factors caused a high divorce rate in the 1960s?

Increase of women working outside the home and greater acceptance of divorce

What was the significance of NAFTA?

It allowed freer trade opportunities for the U.S., Mexico, and Canada

How does grade inflation affect employment opportunities?

It encourages employers to hire who might have not deserved the grades they received

Over the past decades, what has happened to the turnout of minority voters?

It has steadily increased

What is the most stressful time for a marriage?

It is after the birth of their first child

What was the significance of the Reynolds v. Sims case?

It reaffirmed the idea that each person's vote should be counted equally

What is a concern with the practice of fracking?

It requires a huge amount of water

Why is education important to society?

It teaches the world, how to interact and communicate. Teaches us how to react to authority.

What is the conflict theory of race relations?

It's a power struggle between the races (it keeps other groups from achieve equality)

Which sociologist saw political conflict as the only means of promoting positive change for the underprivileged?

Karl Marx

What is the symbolic interactionist view of education?

Labels lead to stereotypes

What is the difference between an oligarchy and a monarchy?

Members of an oligarchy do not achieve their status based on ties to noble ancestry while members of a monarchy do

Why do we have two words for a big city: metropolis and megalopolis?

Metropolis is one big city (example- Indianapolis) and megalopolis is group of big cities close together (example- DC, Baltimore, Philadelphia)

What have sociologists begun to realize about the nomadic lifestyle?

Nomads have a hard time bridging the gap between their traditional lifestyle and doing what's best for the land

What is the zero population growth theory?

Number of people entering the population is equal to number of people leaving

Define recession.

Period of economic decline

What is bartering?

Placing values on goods and services so that they could be traded

What type of nation is the greatest source of greenhouse gasses?

Post-industrial

What is the difference between primary and secondary groups?

Primary - Intimate face to face interaction and cooperation. Secondary has more temporary, more anonymous, formula and impersonal group

Define globalization

Process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade

Define socialization.

Process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society

Why are peer groups important to adolescents?

They help to develop a sense of identity separate from the adolescent's parents.

What is structural unemployment? Give an example.

Unemployment resulting from industrial reorganization, rather than supply and demand; Example- though many jobs are available in D.C., unemployment is high in Tennessee

What is one way the people of the U.S. are abusing the Earth's carrying capacity?

We show little concern about contaminating the water with garbage and waste

What is the significance of the following court case: Plessy v. Ferguson (Matching on the FINAL)

allowed racial segregation in schools and businesses

Define the following type of authority: Rational-legal

authority resides in the office, not the person

Explain the following perspective: symbolic interactionism

is micro level analysis. Studies how people use symbols to develop their views of the world and communicate with each other. Examines relationships and face to face interactions and how we make sense of the world and our place in it.

Define the following type of authority: Traditional

legitimized by long-standing custom

What is the significance of the following court case: Brown v. Board of Education (Matching on the FINAL)

overtunred Plessy, rolling segregation as unconsitituional

What factors contribute to inequality within the educational system in the U.S.?

racism , socio-economic status, and geography

What is the significance of the following court case: Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia (Matching on the FINAL)

set universal access to education