SOP 4722 Exam 2

symbolic threat

the perception that outgroup values threaten the values of one's ingroup

Sherif Robber's cave study

- 2 groups of boys at summer camp initially kept separated - created strong groups (rattlers and eagles) - when boys were introduced for competitive activities, intense conflict occurred - when cooperative activities toward a superordinate goal were created conflict reduced and intergroup friendships developed

developmental intergroup theory

- a theory of prejudice development in children that holds that the development of prejudice is a by-product of the normal process of cognitive development - children's efforts to understand the world they live in and the rules by which that world operates

benevolent and hostile sexism

- across cultures, bs and hs are highly correlated (~0.9) - women more likely to reject hs than bs - the average level of hs and bs in a culture is related to the gender equality in culture

baby x studies

- adults brought to play with an infant - 1/3 told boy, 1/3 told girl, 1/3 no info - a doll, a football and a teething ring present - a doll was chosen if told girl usually, football if told boy

condry and condry

- adults see babies cry in response to a jack in the box - half told it was a boy, half told it was a girl - interpretation of the emotion depended on the gender of the child - if boy, angry. if girl, frightened - replicated with lamaze class

duckitt, 2001

- argues that child-rearing practices lead to personalities and world-views that contribute to prejudice - authoritarianism: punitive parenting leads to conforming personality and seeing world as threatening - sdo: unaffectionate parenting leads to a competitive world view

fagan and singer (1979)

- children implicitly recognize differences between basic social categories - studied attention to pictures in 5-6 month old infants - gender and age was meaningful categories for infants (race wasn't but develops early)

raabe and beelman, 2011

- conducted an international meta-analysis on prejudice - looked at prejudice among majority and minority group children across age groups - for majority children, also looked at intergroup contat results: - minority: prejudice increased over time - majority with low intergroup contact: prejudice increased over time - majority with high intergroup contact: prejudice declined over time/no preference

grahm et al., 2012

- conservatives and liberals differ in the importance they place on the 5 moral foundations (care, fairness, loyalty, authority, sanctity) - different priorities lead to different moral decisions that feel right - both groups perceive these differences to be larger than they are

baron and banaji, 2006

- examined black-white implicit racial prejudice among white 6 year olds, 10 year olds, and adults - created version of race IAT with children faces - presented with pairs of black and white people and asked who they preferred (explicit) - implicit preference: pretty stable for all age groups - explicit preference: 6 yr olds chose white people more, then 10 yr olds, then adults. (prejudice declined with age)

dovidio et al., 2002

- examined the impact of white pp's implicit and explicit attitudes toward black people on responses in interactions - compared responses between interactions with white and black confederates

sinclair et al: what were the key dependent variables in study 4, and how did compassionate love relate to these variables?

- funding for immigration groups on campus (cut in budget, figure out how to distribute) - look at degree to which you want to engage and help out

bigler and colleagues study

- had children at summer school wear yellow or blue shirts - put posters around indicating status difference based on shirt color or no poster control - teachers used the colors in class or not - children who were in the high status group and who's teachers used the colors rated their ingroup more positively

sinclair et al: how did compassionate love relate to prejudice? what targets were of key interest?

- high in compassionate love = low in prejudice (neg. correlation) - immigrants were key interest in this study

which is better predictor? sdo or rwa?

- hostile sexism (sdo) - benevolent sexism (rwa) - sexual prejudice (rwa) - racial prejudice (both)

dumont et al: what is the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism?

- hostile: feminism is terrible, angry about it - benevolent: women are fragile and need to be taken care of

what would cause negative intergroup expectations?

- lack of prior contact/poor contact - perceiving outgroup as dangerous/mean - fearing negative responses from ingroup (eg., stigma by association) - result = expect outgroup contact will be awkward and unpleasant

liberman et al., 2001

- manipulated mortality salience among christian pp's (vs. dental) - pps then read about the assault of a man leaving a rally (jewish pride, gay pride, neutral rally) - asked to set bail results: dental pain = higher bail set for jewish pride crime mortality salience = higher bail set for neutral rally crime

hate group members

- most are male, middle class, and reasonably well educated - most do not seek out hate groups, but are recruited gradually by someone they know and trust

dumont et al: how did the instruction condition influence participants' performance on the test (both accuracy and latency)?

- on dardenne showed only accuracy difference - the accuracy and latency both really show down

realistic conflict theory

- people dislike outgroup members because they are competing with the outgroup for resources - competition leads to prejudice and intergroup conflict

class divided: how easily do the children accept discrimination based on eye color? what can this tell us about how, when, or why children would develop prejudice?

- pretty easily. while they did not like that they weren't allowed to have recess, drink out of the water fountain, or play with those with blue eyes, they still accepted it and followed the rules that were put in place for them - this could tell us that children are easily influenced by others (especially adults/authority figures) earlier in life. this causes children to develop prejudice early in life because they think that it is ok

fein and spencer (1997)

- provided christian pps with negative or neutral feedback on intelligence tests - negative feedback led to lower state self-esteem (immediately after feedback) - next, christian pps asked to evaluate a job candidate, saw resume, photo and video interview - half the time, she was presented jewish, half the time, christian - evaluated the candidate and then re-reported self-esteem

why do people join hate groups?

- recruits typically express "everyday" prejudice and shift to extraordinary prejudice - a search for solutions/meaning - the allure of violence/Youthful rebellion

which individual differences might predict prejudice toward Muslims in the US today?

- sdo: 0.28 - rwa: 0.56 ***

tajfel and bilig study

- separated teenagers into groups based on preference of modern paintings - asked pps to divide up bonus points - pps gave more points to their own group than other group

class divided: were there similarities and differences between how the children and the adults responded to the exercise? if so, why do you think there were differences?

- similarities: o the "bad" group felt very put down, powerless, and angry. The "good" group used their power to verbally attack those in the "bad" group. they understood what the lesson was teaching them - differences: o those in the "bad" group spoke up and tried to stand up for themselves (only some of them). - there were differences because children are more easily influenced. the adults accepted the prejudice but did more to try to fight it.

hate group socialization

- social relationships with nonmembers wither - being white (or central ingroup) becomes more central to social identity - begin to interpret world events in racial terms - become more tolerant of violence

implications of parental bias

- teach children to label emotions - teach children what emotions are appropriate and when

class divided: what are the experiences of the children who are the "bad" group?

- they felt put down and got bullied by the "good" group. They said they felt like they were "chained up in a prison"

dovidio (2001)

- white pp worked on a problem solving task with a black partner - categorization based on implicit and explicit prejudice scores - old-fashioned: high on both - aversive: high on implicit, low on explicit - non prejudiced: low on both - both rated friendliness of white pp

harber (1998)

- white pp's gave feedback on a weak essay results: - gave more positive feedback if they believed it came from black (vs. white) student - this is problematic bc it does not give help for improvement. it is unfair to others.

hass et al., 1991

- white pp's worked with black or white partner - pair given feedback; success or failure - if pair succeeded, rated partner more positively if black than white - if pair failed, rated partner more negatively if black than white

dardenne et al (2007)

- women interviewed for a position - recruiter made hostile, benevolent, or no sexist comments - women completed problem solving test (for position) results: # of correct answers - hostile: 7.5 - benevolent: 5.5 - none: 8.5

dumont et al: participants were randomly assigned to 3 conditions, what were these conditions and how did they differ from each other?

1. hostile 2. benevolent 3. no comment

Why might benevolent prejudice be a problematic form of bias?

1. it provides moral credentials 2. the targets of the prejudice might buy into it 3. benevolent prejudices are difficult to change

what determines which social identity is activated at any given time?

1. self categorization (e.g., situational salience) 2. need for optimal distinctiveness 3. threat to the group (e.g., immigration)

gender based prejudice is strong by age....

4 tends to be symmetrical and bidirectional

anti-bias education

a form of education that aims to give people a heightened awareness of institutional racism and bias and to provide them with the skills to reduce racism and bias within their spheres of influence

aversive prejudice

a form of prejudice in which people feel uncomfortable with interacting with members of minority groups and so try to ignore their existence and avoid contact with them, although they try to be polite and correct when they do have contact with members of minority groups

ambivalent prejudice

a form of prejudice in which people have a mixture of positive and negative beliefs about and feelings toward an outgroup, resulting in ambivalent attitudes toward members of that group

response amplification

a behavior toward a stigmatized person that is more extreme than behavior toward a non-stigmatized but similar person in the same type of situation

group narcissism

a belief in the superiority of one's country and its culture over all others, coupled with denial of its negative aspects

modern prejudice

a form of prejudice that avoids blatant derogation of outgroups; it is rooted in abstractions, such as cultural stereotypes of outgroups and cultural values, rather than in people's direct experiences with members of those groups

benevolent prejudice

a form of prejudice that is expressed in terms of apparently positive beliefs and emotional responses to targets of prejudice

doll technique

a measure of racial category awareness where the child is presented with two (or more) dolls and asked to identify the dolls' ethnicity

authoritarian personality

a personality type that is especially susceptible to unquestioning obedience to authority

bogus pipeline

a research technique used to convince participants that the true answers to their questions can be determined by a lie detector even though they actually cannot be

relative gratification

a sense of satisfaction that derives from the belief that one's ingroup is better off than other groups (in contrast to relative deprivation, in which people perceive their group as less well off than other groups)

right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)

a set of attitudes (authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression and conventionalism) that lead people to be prejudiced against groups that authority figures condemn and that are perceived to violate traditional values

cognitive developmental theories

a set of theories that emphasize the ongoing interplay between children's mental development and their environments, accounting for social-cognitive processes such as prejudice in terms of both nature and nurture

stereotype content model

a theory of the nature of stereotypes that classifies group stereotypes along the two broad dimensions of warmth and competence (cuddy, fiske, and glick)

hostile prejudice

a traditional form of prejudice that is expressed in terms of negative beliefs about and emotional responses to targets of prejudice

cooperative learning

a type of group learning environment that implements the necessary contact conditions thought to reduce prejudice as part of the day-to-day educational process

individualism

a value system based on a strong emphasis on self-reliance and independence from others

egalitarianism

a value system that reflects the belief that all people are equal and should be treated identically. People high on egalitarianism place a strong emphasis on the principles of equal opportunity, equal treatment for all people, and concern for others' well-being

conventionalism

an adherence to conventional norms and values

hate group

an organization whose central principles include hostility toward racial, ethnic, and religious minority groups

empathy

an other-oriented emotional response congruent with another's perceived welfare; empathic feelings include sympathy, compassion, and tenderness

multicultural education

an umbrella term that covers a variety of programs designed to teach people about ethnic, racial, religious, and other groups in society

category constancy

an understanding that a person's membership in a social category, such as gender or race, does not change across time or as a matter of superficial changes in appearance

frey and gaertner (1986)

aversive racism - examined willingness to help a partner working on a scrabble task - white pp: partners either black or white - partner deserving or underserving of help - examined the percent of pp's who gave scrabble letters to help partner

gaertner and dovidio (2002)

aversive racism - participants evaluated applicant for a peer counselor - candidate was black or white - candidate varied in qualifications (3 levels)

dumont et al: in which condition were the women most likely to report having intrusive thoughts about being incompetent? and which condition led to greater accessibility of memories of being incompetent in the past?

benevolent!!!

eibach and ehrlinger (2006)

black people focus on how far society has to go to reach full equality

racial awareness

by 4-5 yrs old, use the racial categories black and white correctly (5-9 yrs old for other racial/ethnic groups)

gender awareness

children use gender labels by 2.5-3 yrs of age

religion awareness

christian vs. muslim for example. later develop by 11 yrs old

sinclair et al: what is compassionate love? how does it differ from empathy?

cl: - has properties of empathy - goes beyond empathy - see someone suffering and want to help them - responses focused on caring, concern, and an orientation toward helping and understanding another person(s) e: - empathy you feel it - compassion you want to act - compassionate love also includes the motivation to provide help

social dominance orientation (SDO)

desire that one's ingroup dominate and be superior to outgroups. two components: - group based dominance: belief that one's group ought to be at the top of the social ladder - oppression to equality: belief that the groups on the bottom ought to stay there

incidental emotions

emotions that are not associated with a given social group but which the person brings to, or that are elicited by, the intergroup situation

values

enduring beliefs people hold concerning the relative importance of the goals they aspire to achieve in life and the types of outcomes they should try to avoid

results of frey and gaertner (1986)

generally, more pp's helped white people than black, either deserving or undeserving. differences are slight in deserving category, but larger difference for undeserving percent who helped: deserving: 100% white, 95% black undeserving: 75% white, 30% black

sinclair et al: in studies 2 and 3 the authors examine a mediator (a variable that helps to explain a relationship between two variables) to explain the relationship between compassionate love and prejudice. what was that mediator?

integration of the outgroup with the self

explicit prejudice

intergroup attitudes and stereotypes that people intentionally retrieve from memory and so are willing to personally endorse and which lead to deliberate, intentional behavior

implicit prejudice

intergroup stereotypes and attitudes that are automatically activated when a person encounters an outgroup member. they are difficult to control and so can lead to biased evaluations and behaviors even if the person had no intention of acting that way

what was the class divided documentary about?

it was from 1985 based on an experiment that Jane Elliott, a 3rd grade teacher, did in her class in 1968 to teach them about prejudice

results of gaertner and dovidio (2002)

overall, black people were more likely to be recommended on the strong and weak categories. white people more likely for ambiguous. percent of people recommended hiring: strong: 85% white, 90% black ambiguous: 70% white, 40% black weak: 5% white, 10% black

dumont et al: what was the impact of the instructions on perceptions of sexism?

people under BS condition did not perceive him as sexist. HS made them uncomfortable

intrinsic religious orientation

people with an intrinsic religious orientation truly believe in their religion's teachings and try to live their lives according to those teachings

ingroup bias

people's bias in favor of members of their own group

limitations of sinclair et al?

pick other groups, not just immigration groups

guimond et al., 2003

pp's assigned high power roles report higher SDO

symbolic prejudice

prejudice based on the perception that outgroup values threaten the values of one's ingroup (aka modern prejudice)

old-fashioned prejudice

prejudice that is reflected in beliefs such as the biological superiority of Whites, support for racial segregation, and opposition to interracial marriage

permitted prejudices

prejudices that do not violate one's religious beliefs and so are allowable under religious doctrine

proscribed prejudices

prejudices that that are contrary to one's religious beliefs and so are not allowable under religious doctrine

attribution-value model

proposes that prejudice begins with the perception that members of minority groups have characteristics that are contrary to majority group values

legitimizing myths

sets of attitudes and beliefs that people high in SDO use to justify their dominant position eg., group stereotypes are used to justify inequality

social ideology

sets of attitudes and beliefs that predispose people to view the world in certain ways and to respond to events in ways consistent with those viewpoints

class divided: how did the teacher create prejudice in her students?

she told them that people with a certain eye color are below others. She used negative words such as dumber and worse to describe those that she wanted to be discriminated against. She had the "bad" group wear collars, they were unable to use the water fountain, and they were not allowed to play with the "good" group at recess

minimal group paradigm

social groups are created out of minimal conditions (preference, fake personality rating)

chronic identities

social identities that are always with group members, regardless of how much the situation changes

authoritarian aggression

tendency to be on the lookout for, and to condemn, reject, and punish people who violate conventional values

everyday racism

the assumption inherent in much of north american culture that the only correct social and cultural values are european christian values (aka cultural racism)

genocide

the attempt by members of one social or cultural group to exterminate the members of another group

mortality salience

the awareness of one's future death. According to terror management theory, mortality salience motivates people to defend their cultural world views by derogating alternative viewpoints and the people who hold those viewpoints

equality of outcome

the belief that government should ensure that everyone, regardless of their personal resources, should receive an equal, or at least a reasonable, share of society's resources

essentialism

the belief that members of a category all have similar psychological characteristics and that these characteristics are unchanging

religious fundamentalism

the belief that there is one set of religious teachings that clearly contain the fundamental, basic, intrinsic, essential, inerrant truth about humanity and deity and that those who believe and follow these fundamental teachings have a special relationship with the deity

relative deprivation

the degree to which a person feels deprived as an individual (personal relative deprivation) or as a member of a group (group relative deprivation)

personal relative deprivation

the degree to which a person feels deprived of some benefit as an individual relative to other individuals

group relative deprivation

the degree to which a person feels that a group he or she identifies with has been deprived of some benefit

procedural justice

the fairness of the process by which rewards are distributed

integral emotions

the feelings aroused when people think about or interact with members of social groups; these groups include one's ingroups

intergroup anxiety

the feelings of discomfort many people experience when interacting with, or anticipating an interaction with, members of other groups

Jim Crow racism

the form of overt prejudice by the white majority against members of other racial groups, often embodied in law, that was the social norm in the United States prior to World War II

false consciousness

the holding of false or inaccurate beliefs that are contrary to one's own social interest and that thereby contribute to maintaining the disadvantaged position of the group

social identity

the part of a person's self-concept that derives from membership in groups that are important to the person

distributive justice

the perception that outcomes are being distributed on the expected basis that people who deserve more get more, rather than on some other, unfair, basis such as ingroup favoritism

integration

the policy of creating diversity in schools by enrolling majority- and minority-group students in the same school while simultaneously taking steps to create the conditions required for more positive intergroup interactions

desegregation

the policy of creating diversity in schools by enrolling majority- and minority-group students in the same school without making efforts to create the conditions required for more positive intergroup interactions

equality of opportunity

the principle that everyone should have an equal, fair chance at success in life and that one function of government is ensuring such equality

terror management theory

the proposition that people's desire to promote and defend their belief and value systems results in prejudice

value difference hypothesis

the proposition that prejudice is based, in part, on the perception that the outgroup's value systems differ from one's own

social learning theory

the proposition that we learn social behaviors and attitudes either directly (for example, by being rewarded or punished for our actions) or vicariously (for example, by observing the consequences of others' behavior)

self-stereotyping

the proposition that, when group members view themselves in terms of the (usually positive) stereotypes they have of their group, the self becomes one with the group and the positive view of the group is reflected in a positive view of the self

category preference

the tendency for children to prefer to interact with members of one social category over another

authoritarian submission

the tendency to be obedient and submissive to established leaders of the government and other important institutions

homosociality

the tendency to interact socially only with members of one's own sex

extrinsic religious orientation

the use of religion as a way of achieving nonreligious goals and thus to provide security and solace, sociability and distraction, status and self-justification

quest religious orientation

the view that religiosity is a search, or quest, for answers to questions about the meaning of life

aversive racism

these people will respond in a racist manner only if they can avoid appearing biased to themselves or others. - people want to be "good" fair people - also, want good outcomes for themselves and their ingroup - experience intergroup discomfort and come off as unfriendly *can lead to overly positive responses in effort to appear unbiased

class divided: how do the children in the "good" group respond when they are on top?

they seem to take advantage of it and turn into vicious kids when they were not originally mean to their classmates before this discrimination based on eye color was brought up to them