Soynia RES study guide for State Exam
Which of the following are risks of radiation exposure to a developing embryo or fetus?1. spontaneous abortion2. congenital defects3. increased risk of malignant disease in childhood4. mental retardation5. birth defects of future generations
1, 2, 3, 4, & 5
Grid cutoff will occur when the:1) tube is off-center.2) tube is tilted.3) SID is too great.
1, 2, and 3
Personnel monitors should be worn:1) in the region of the collar.2) on the anterior surface of the body.3) outside the apron.
1, 2, and 3
Scatter radiation fog will:1) increase density.2) decrease contrast.3) reduce the visibility of detail.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are classified as microorganisms?1. bacteria2. viruses3. protozoa
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are true concerning high-frequency generators, as compared with standard single phase for x-ray generation? 1. Provide more constant voltage across the x-ray tube 2. Provide more homogeneity of the x-ray beam 3. Require less exposure time to produce a given amount of exposure
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are types of intentional misconduct?1. assault2. battery3. invasion of privacy
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following can the limited operator do to keep radiation exposure to patients as low as reasonably achievable?1) Use a small radiation field.2) Use the highest kVp possible.3) Never use an SID below 40 inch.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following changes decrease the dose to the limited operator?1) Minimize the time spent in the radiation area.2) Increase the distance between the operator and the source of radiation.3) Use shielding-control booth and lead apparel.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following must be included in an AP projection of the forearm?1. Radius and ulna2. Wrist joint3. Elbow joint
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following pathologic conditions generally require a decrease in exposure?1. Multiple myeloma2. Emphysema3. Osteoporosis
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following projections can be used to demonstrate the clavicle?(1) AP or PA(2) AP axial(3) PA axial
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following, if changed, require a change in technique?1. IR type2. Grid3. SID
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following, if increased, will result in increased radiographic density?1) Increased mA2) Increased exposure time3) Increased kVp
1, 2, and 3
To ensure the lifetime risk of occupationally exposed persons remain within acceptable limits, each person cannot exceed a lifetime dose. The lifetime dose is termed the ______ dose.
cumulative effective
To ensure the lifetime risk of occupationally exposed persons remains within acceptable limits, each person cannot exceed a lifetime dose. The lifetime dose is termed the _______________________ dose.
cumulative effective
The radiographic appearance of decreased density on the lateral margins of the image is most likely caused by grid:
cutoff.
A x-ray operator innocently commits an error as the result of following the orders of his or her employer, a physician. The employer may be held responsible according to the:
doctrine of respondeat superior
When the ankle is flexed and raises the foot, the movement is termed:
dorsiflexion.
The number of gray shades that a digital system can reproduce is termed:
dynamic range.
The inverse square law governs the relationship between x-ray beam:
intensity and distance.
The space between each of the ribs is called the:
intercostal spaces
On which aspect of the foot does the cuboid lie?
lateral
Which of the following is the primary projection used to demonstrate anterior or posterior displacement of fractures of the hand?
lateral
Which projection of the wrist requires that the radial styloid process be superimposed over the ulna styloid process?
lateral
The bones of the forefoot include the:
phalanges and metatarsals.
The difference in density between any two adjacent portions of the image is called:
radiographic contrast
The process of causing alternating current to flow in one direction only is called:
rectification.
The articulation between the glenoid cavity and head of the humerus is called the:
scapulohumeral joint
The main source of radiation exposure to an occupational worker is:
scatter radiation
Which control on the viewing station can blacken the clear or white areas around the collimation edges of a radiograph?
shuttering/masking
The unit of the SI system used to measure the equivalent dose is the:
sievert (Sv).
The ability of the digital system to convert the x-ray input electric signal into a useful radiographic image is termed the:
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
The total amount of radiation received by a patient during radiography is CHIEFLY affected by the:
size of the area exposed
The storage phosphors in the CR plate are hypersensitive to:
small levels of scatter radiation exposure
A steeper (i.e., smaller) target angle provides:
smaller effective focal spot.
Which of the following positions of the hand will place the epicondyles parallel with the plane of the IR?
supine
Which position of the hand will place the humerus in external rotation?
supine
The respiration phase for an AP projection of the shoulder should be:
suspended
The autotransformer is primarily used for:
variable kVp selection.
Which of the following is a formula which may be used to calculate (or at least approximate) the heat produced by an exposure made using a three-phase generator?
mA x time (sec) x kVp x 1.35
Which of the following is the formula to calculate the heat produced by an exposure made on a three-phase generator?
mA x time (sec) x kVp x 1.35
Which primary controlling factor determines the amount (quantity, intensity) of primary radiation in an exposure? Select one:
mAs
Which technical factor should generally be used to correct problems with radiographic density?
mAs
The unit used to indicate the total quantity of x-rays in an exposure is:
mAs.
The unit commonly used to report the effective dose to occupational workers in the United States is:
mSv
The unit commonly used to report the effective dose to occupational workers in the United States is:
mSv.
Lateral projections of the chest are taken with the left side against the IR because:
magnification of the cardiac silhouette is reduced with the left side nearer the IR
Another name for size distortion is:
magnification.
When there is foreign matter inside the CR imaging plate, an artifact may be shown called:
light spots.
What is the name of the tongue-shaped process on the anterior-medial border of the left lung?
lingula
In addition to using a smaller focus, smaller pixels, and a larger matrix what other factor improves image sharpness in digital imaging?
long SID
In general, which radiation effect are we most concerned about?
long-term
The effects of radiation produced by small doses over a long period of time are called:
long-term effects
The thoracic cavity contains which of the following:
lungs and heart, parts of the cardiovascular system
The area of the proximal humerus located directly below the tubercles, which is the site of many fractures, is called the:
surgical neck
Which bone of the lower leg is located on the lateral side?
Fibula
You accidentally fall off of a step stool while stocking the top shelves with linen. You are able to get up and do not seem to be hurt. What should you do?
File an incident report.
Which would be a good QA test to perform to determine the overall uniformity and consistency of the pixels over the entire digital image plate?
Flat Fielding
Under normal operating conditions (i.e., not high-capacity or high-speed), the anodes of most x-ray tubes in use today rotate at about ______ rpm.
3400 - 3,600
How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder joint?
35 to 45 degrees toward the affected side
The central ray enters the ________ for the PA and PA oblique projections of the hand.
3rd metacarpophalangeal joint
A gonad shield should be used whenever the edge of the radiation field is within ________ cm of the gonads.
5
The NCRP-recommended 9-month equivalent dose limit for a pregnant worker is _____ mSv.
5
The time required for long-term effects to become apparent is generally considered to be:
5 to 30 years
What is the usual legal retention time for radiographs?
5 to 7 years
If an image were made using 500 mA, 0.1 second, and 75 kVp, what would the mAs be for this exposure?
50 mAs
The EDE (effective dose equivalent) limit for whole-body dose of occupational exposure for nonpregnant workers older than age 18 is _____ per year.
50 mSv
How many ribs attach directly to the sternum?
7
How many tarsal bones are there in the foot?
7
Which of the following would be a violation of patient confidentiality?
A limited operator talks to his friend during lunch about a patient's imaging procedure.
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe allergic reaction
What is the guiding philosophy of radiation protection?
ALARA-as low as reasonably achievable
Which of the following projections is best for demonstration of the apices of the lungs without bony superimposition?
AP axial, lordotic position
Which of the following projections clearly demonstrates the glenoid cavity?
AP oblique (Grashey)
Which of the following projections of the elbow will demonstrate the radial head and neck free of superimposition?
AP oblique projection, lateral rotation
Which projection and position of the elbow demonstrates the radial head and capitulum without superimposition?
AP oblique projection; 45-degree lateral rotation position
Which projection and position demonstrates the coronoid process of the ulna without superimposition?
AP oblique projection; 45-degree medial rotation position
Which of the following must be used with digital-based systems to ensure that the ALARA concept is practiced?
An exposure technique chart
Which of the following takes the stored charge in the flat-panel detector and converts it into a digital value?
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
Where is the jugular notch located?
At the top of the manubrium
Calculate the exposure time required to produce 50 mAs when using the 200 mA station.
0.25 second
The NCRP recommended monthly equivalent dose limit for a pregnant worker is _____ mSv.
0.5
The NCRP recommends that the lead-equivalency of aprons that are worn in the radiographic room is _____ mm pb equivalent.
0.5
The lead-equivalent thickness of a gonad shield should be _____ mm.
0.5
Which ribs are attached to the vertebrae only?
11 and 12
What is the name given to the distal end of the fibula?
Lateral malleolus
What is one of the most important things a limited operator can do to control scatter radiation?
Maintain the correct field size.
The exposure factor KV determines the energy of the x-ray beam.
True
The greatest portion of the x-ray beam is made up of:
bremsstrahlung radiation.
Which of the following takes the stored charge in the flat-panel detector and converts it into a digital value?
analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
A severe life-threatening response to a drug is called:
anaphylactic shock
Some x-ray control panels are programmable and the exposure factors from the technique chart can be programmed into the generator. This system is called:
anatomically programmed radiography (APR).
The malleoli are used as landmarks when making a radiograph of the:
ankle
The lesser tubercle is situated on which surface of the humerus?
anterior
Which of the following will take the highest kVp to penetrate?
bone
In which type of fracture are the splintered ends of bone forced through the skin?
compound
Filtration ______ the average wavelength of the x-ray beam.
decreases
Radiographs made with the patient in the ______ position are usually hung horizontally.
decubitus
The overall darkness, or blackness, within a radiographic image is referred to as:
density.
If the mA doubles, dose to the patient will:
double.
If the mA doubles, the quantity of exposure will:
double.
The main source of "free electrons" for x-ray production within a typical x-ray tube is the:
filament.
Where do the free electrons at the cathode that are used for x-ray production come from?
filament.
Computed radiography (CR) is sometimes called a:
filmless system
A device for removing long wavelength radiation from the primary x-ray beam is a:
filter.
Which of the following is used to remove long wavelength radiation from the primary x-ray beam?
filter.
The greatest radiation hazard to an embryo or fetus occurs during the:
first trimester
The greatest risk for a pregnant women who receives a high exposure is during the:
first trimester
Grids with lead strips that are aligned to coincide with the primary beam angle are called _____________ grids.
focused
Generalized unwanted exposure on the image is called:
fog
Which of the following artifacts can occur if the CR imaging plate receives too much background or scatter radiation?
fogging
Scattered radiation has what kind of appearance on the image?
foggy grays
What type of disease transmission is possible when the limited operator does not clean the Bucky device after performing an examination on a patient with influenza?
fomite transmission
When a body part appears on a radiograph as shorter than it actually is, the term used is:
foreshortening.
A health care worker's single best protection against disease is:
frequent hand hygiene
If a breathing technique cannot be used for the transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder, the exposure should be made using:
full inspiration
Nearly all new x-ray machines manufactured today use ______ generators.
high-frequency
Where is the image obtained in computed radiography (CR)?
in a phosphor material
The anatomical part of the sternum identified in the figure above is the:
manubrium
The uppermost portion of the sternum is called the:
manubrium.
The quantity of matter that makes up any physical object is called its:
mass.
The viewing monitor's active viewing area is called a:
matrix
The area between the two lungs is termed the:
mediastinum
What does "somatic effects" of radiation mean?
the person who receives the exposure directly experiences the effects
Measuring the distance from the center of one pixel or Del to the other determines what?
the pixel and or Del pitch
When the knee is properly positioned for an AP projection, the patella will lie:
slightly to the medial side
The lateral projection of the forearm should clearly demonstrate which of the following?(1) elbow joint(2) radius and ulna(3) proximal row of carpal bones
1, 2, and 3
In protecting oneself from exposure to the source of radiation, which of the following factors must be considered? a. time b. distance c. shielding
all of these
The part of the lung that extends above the clavicle is termed the:
apex
Which control on the viewing station controls the density, or brightness, in the radiographic image?
window level
What is the process of assigning an interpreted numerical value within the matrix area based on the strength of the signal received?
quantization
Noise refers to the amount of information that is not useful in the radiographic image. This noise is referred to as:
quantum mottle
The primary radiation that enters the patient and then leaves it, traveling in all directions, is called:
scattered.
Fogging from radiation is caused mainly by which of the following types of radiation:
scattered/secondary
The patella is classified as a ______ bone.
sesamoid
Which of the following effects of radiation exposure are predictable?
short-term
X-rays with greater energy have ______ wavelengths, have ________ frequencies, and are more penetrating.
shorter, higher
The ability of the digital system to convert the x-ray input electric signal into a useful radiographic image is termed the:
shuttering.
The amount of detail or sharpness in the digital image is termed:
spatial resolution.
The total destruction of microorganisms and spores is accomplished through use of:
sterilization
The purpose of the photostimulable phosphor plate is to:
store the image of the body part until processed.
A long, sharp bony process is called a:
styloid.
For the AP projection of the forearm, the hand is:
supinated
What position should the hand be placed in for the AP projection of the humerus?
supine
If the size of the x-ray field increases, what happens to scatter radiation fog?
It increases.
Which of the following would be considered long-term effects of radiation exposure?1. cataracts2. leukemia3. erythema
1 & 2 only
Why do we want to reduce scatter/secondary radiation as much as possible?1. it is damaging to living tissue2. it puts unwanted grays (foggy grays) on the image3. it increases skin dose4. it is only objectionable if a grid is not used
1 & 2 only
Digital imaging processors replace which components in the x-ray department?1. Darkroom2. Film/screen cassettes3. Generator
1 and 2
The thoracic viscera consists of the:(1) lungs(2) mediastinum(3) diaphragm
1 and 2
Which joints articulate with a vertebra?(1) costovertebral(2) costotransverse(3) costochondral
1 and 2
The right lung is about how much shorter than the left?
1 inch
The anode, or target, of the x-ray tube is _____________ charged.
positively
Which of the following bones makes up the shoulder girdle?(1) humerus(2) scapula(3) clavicle
2 and 3
Which of the following would not be included in the mediastinum?(1) thymus(2) larynx(3) diaphragm
2 and 3
Which of the following are forms of matter? 1. Electric current 2. Solids 3. Gases
2 and 3 only
Public Law 90-602 states that generators must terminate the exposure time at what mAs?
600 mAs
What are the four primary aspects that directly affect how the x-ray image looks?
Density, contrast, distortion, and spatial resolution
Quantum noise limits ability to see:
Detail
Of the following types of electromagnetic energy, which has the shortest wavelength?
Gamma rays
What is the name of the innermost shell of an atom?
K shell
The lethal dose of radiation is expressed as the:
LD 50/30.
What percentage of the total energy applied to an x-ray tube target is converted into x-rays?
Less than 1%
Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?
Midsagittal plane
What artifact will be shown in the radiographic image if there is inadequate exposure technique?
Quantum mottle
Which of the following will be seen in the x-ray image if either the kVp or the mA is set too low for the projection?
Quantum mottle.
What specific anatomy is demonstrated without superimposition in the AP oblique projection of the elbow in 45-degree lateral rotation?
Radial head and capitulum
The lead shield around the control panel is protecting the operator from scatter/secondary radiation, rather than from primary radiation.
True
Which of the following statements is true regarding the characteristics of tungsten?
Tungsten has a high melting point
How many lobes are in the left lung?
Two
Into what three sections (subcircuits) is the x-ray circuit divided?
The low-voltage, filament, and high-voltage circuits
The maximum heat capacity of the anode of the x-ray tube is rated in terms of:
heat units.
More than 99% of the energy applied to an x-ray tube is converted into:
heat.
One of the most important aspects of setting the exposure factors when using digital systems is to ensure that the:
kVp is set correctly.
How is the current across the x-ray tube measured?
milliamperes.
The frequency of a sine wave is measured by the:
number of times per second that a crest passes a given point.
The distance between the subject or part and the IR is referred to as:
object-image receptor distance (OID).
An x-ray exposure is made using the following factors: 400 mA, 0.02 seconds, 80 kVp, 40 inches SID, and the large focal spot. What is the mAs for this exposure technique?
8 mAs
Which ribs are called the false ribs?
8 to 12
What is the normal range of temperature when measured orally?
96.8° to 99.6° F
When a twisting injury occurs in the lower leg, what type of fracture usually occurs?
A spiral fracture
Quality assurance and maintenance of CR cassettes include erasing plates at least:
Every 48 hours
Which of the following tells the operator that the correct exposure has been received by the phosphors in the imaging plate?
Exposure indicator number
The term for the top number of a blood pressure measurement is:
Systolic
The term that refers to parts away from the head of the body, or angling the central ray towards the feet is:
caudad
An invisible line in the center of the x-ray beam and perpendicular to the long axis of the x-ray tube is called the:
central ray
The boxlike device attached under the tube housing that allows the limited operator to vary the size of the radiation field is called a:
collimator
A "cassette-based" digital x-ray system is termed:
computed radiography (CR).
Window width controls which aspect of the radiographic image?
contrast
An x-ray exposure is made using the following factors: 400 mA, .02 sec, 80 kVp, 40 inches SID and the large focal spot. In this case, the value of the mAs is:
8 mAs.
To prolong tube life, tubes should be operated at about ______ of capacity.
80%
For a lateral projection of the wrist, the elbow must be flexed:
90 degrees
The rounded head of the humerus fits into an oval depression on the lateral aspect of the scapula called the:
glenoid cavity
Which of the following is prominently shown in profile on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in external rotation?
greater tubercle
If a grid is misaligned with the central ray, it can cause a light area on the side of the image called:
grid cutoff
With a large OID, the reduction of excessive magnification is accomplished by:
increasing the SID.
What is the space called that is between the two pleural cavities and contains parts of the cardiovascular system:
mediastinum
What does the mAs used for an exposure determine?
quantity of radiation in the exposure.
The bones of the forearm are the:
radius and ulna.
The distance between the tube target and the IR is termed:
source-image receptor distance (SID).
Which surface of the elbow is in contact with the IR when taking an AP projection of the elbow?
Posterior surface
What is the name of the computer software function that allows adjustment of the radiographic image after it has been processed?
Postprocessing
When you push the exposure button, the radiation that first comes out of the x-ray tube headed toward the patient and IR is called what kind of radiation
Primary
Which of the following might (most likely) be the cause of all of the radiographs from a department being too light (insufficient density)?
Processor malfunction
Which control on the viewing station controls the density, or brightness, in the radiographic image?
Window level
Which condition is described as collapse of all or part of the lung?
atelectasis
Using this image the letter G represents the:
costophrenic angle
Another name for size distortion is:
magnification
For PA oblique projections, which evaluation criteria is correct for the LAO position?
maximum area of the right lung
The fifth metacarpal is located on which aspect of the hand?
medial
For a lateral projection of the ankle, the CR must enter the:
medial malleolus
The palpable portion at the distal end of the tibia is called the:
medial malleolus.
Rotation of the body part toward the midline of the body from the true anatomical position is termed:
medial rotation
The central ray for a PA projection of the wrist is directed to the:
midcarpal area
Which term is used to indicate a major motor seizure?
Grand mal
What is erythema?
Reddening of the skin caused by high-radiation dose
Which term in the following list means approximately the same thing as "mass"?
Weight
Difficult breathing is called:
Dyspnea
It is acceptable to wear a personnel monitor device home.
False
What is the name of the bones that comprise the digits of the hands?
Phalanges
Which of the following particles has an electric charge of 1?
Proton
How is the arm positioned for an AP scapula?
abducted 90 degrees, forearm flexed
X-rays consist of:
electromagnetic energy.
The energy (quality) of an exposure is determined by:
kVp
The primary controlling factor of radiographic density is:
mAs.
What is the biggest single factor in image unsharpness?
motion
Ionization is the process of:
producing an atom with an electric charge.
In this image, what does the letter A represent?
1st metacarpal-image
In DR systems, the image detector directly captures the x-ray energy and converts the energy to signal intensities within the IR to create the image; thereby, eliminating the need for which device?
CR reader
A continuous, abnormal blood flow is called:
Hemorrhage
The image receptor (IR) usually consists of the:
cassette and the film
What term refers to the force or strength of the electron flow in the current?
Potential difference
Name the largest carpal bone.
capitate
In an image of an AP axial projection of the clavicle, the clavicle should be demonstrated with:(1) most of the clavicle projected above the ribs(2) only the lateral end superimposing the coracoid process(3) only the medial end superimposing the first or second ribs
1 and 3
The IR in a radiography department can be which of the following?1. A conventional cassette with a screen and film2. The upright cassette holder3. A computed radiography (CR) cassette with a phosphor plate
1 and 3
Which of the following positions of the humerus are commonly used when performing an AP projection of the shoulder?(1) external rotation(2) neutral rotation(3) internal rotation
1 and 3
If the grid ratio is increased with no other changes being made, the radiograph will show an increased amount of:1. contrast2. distortion3. density4. magnification
1 only
How many times can the phosphor in the CR plate be used?
10,000 times
Unused CR plates should be cleared through the CR reader after how many hours of non-use?
24 hours
According to the following tube rating chart, what is the maximum mAs obtainable at 90 kVp and 500 mA?
25 mAs
At what kVp levels do Compton interactions occur?
40 to 125 kVp, the entire diagnostic range
How many degrees is the hand rotated for a PA oblique projection of the digit?
45
How many degrees should the elbow be angled for an AP oblique projection in medial rotation?
45 degrees
At what whole-body equivalent dose will death occur?
6.0 Sv
Name the four essential elements required for x-ray production?
A target, a vacuum, an electron source, and a high potential difference
What device terminates the exposure time after an exact amount of exposure for a given body part has been achieved?
Automatic exposure control
What is the first step to reduce patient motion?
Communicate with the patient about the procedure and what the patient needs to do to help.
What are atoms?
The "building blocks" of matter
The purpose of a line voltage compensator is to:
adjust the control for fluctuation in the electrical supply.
An invisible line in the center of the x-ray beam and perpendicular to the long axis of the x-ray tube is called the:
central ray.
What is the single best protection method for the patient?
collimation
These two items are important in CR imaging to decrease scatter and subsequent fog on the image.
collimation and grids
Which evaluation criterion indicates the elbow was positioned correctly for the Coyle method?
elbow flexed 90°, CR entering elbow joint at a 45° angle medially, radial head and neck free from superimposition of the coronoid process
Which of the following is prominently shown in profile on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in internal rotation?
lesser tubercle
What does the term LD 50/30 stand for?
lethal dose that 50% of exposed population will die within 30 days
Written information that reflects negatively on a person's character is called
libel
Written information that reflects negatively on a person's character is called:
libel
Which position of the hand will place the humerus in neutral position?
palm against the thigh
Seat the patient at the end of the radiographic table, with the arm extended, palm up. Then rotate the hand and arm laterally (externally) to place the posterior surface of the elbow at an angle of 45 degrees. When proper lateral rotation is achieved, the patient's thumb and second digit should touch the table. CR is directed perpendicular to elbow joint. This projection will best demonstrate:
radial head, neck and tuberosity, projected free of the ulna
A listing of the various radiographic examinations performed in a radiographic room that includes exposure factors is called a(n):
technique chart
Which of the following practices might be characterized as slander?
telling a co-worker that one of your patient's pathology was caused by unsafe sex
What name is given to the articular surface of the proximal, superior aspect of the tibia?
Tibial plateau
What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
The diaphragm
When radiographing the fingers, what anatomy should be included?
The distal portion of the metacarpal and all of the phalanges
How is the wavelength of a sine wave measured?
The distance from one crest to the next
What is the CR angle for an AP projection of the leg?
0 degrees
Which of the following are true statements?1. Shielding is necessary to protect living tissues from unnecessary radiation exposure.2. Shadow shields attach to collimator and put a shadow on patients showing what area is shielded.3. Contact shields actually touch the patient.4. Shielding is not necessary if collimation is used.
1, 2 & 3 only
What is resistance in regard to an electrical circuit?
Any property of the circuit that opposes or hinders the flow of current
What is the name of the upper portion of the lung?
Apex
What type of radiation is formed within the target atoms as a result of interactions with (primarily) inner-shell electrons?
Characteristic radiation
Which of the following is measured based on the type and energy of the radiation exposed to?
Equivalent dose
The number of lead strips per inch is called:
grid frequency.
The largest and strongest tarsal bone is the:
calcaneous
The SI unit for measuring absorbed dose is the:
gray (Gy-t)
Higher kVp settings produce images with:
long-scale contrast.
During a quality control check of the exposure timers, the maximum variability is ______ for times greater than 10 msec.
+/- 5%
The computer software function that allows any type of "text" to be written on a radiographic image is:
. image annotation
How many degrees is the central ray angled for the AP forearm?
0
How should the central ray be angled for the AP projection (Pearson method) of the AC joints?
0 degrees
Which of the following are true concerning high-frequency generators, as compared with standard single phase for x-ray generation? 1. Provide more constant voltage across the x-ray tube 2. Provide more homogeneity of the x-ray beam 3. Allow for a reduction in the exposure time, mA &/or peak kV to produce a given amount of exposure
1, 2, and 3
What causes an unexposed area at the top or bottom of a radiographic image?
CR not aligned to the IR
Use the table below to answer the following: Carestream states their direct proportional system has a correction factor of 2x the mAs to move the exposure index factor by 500 points. An exposure of a hand is made at 60 kVp at 1.5 mAs on a Carestream system. The displayed exposure index number is 1500. Which statement is most correct without underexposing or going over the set range?
Change the mAs to 5 and retake the image.
What type of radiation is produced when an incoming electron interacts with the K-shell electron in the tungsten atom?
Characteristic radiation
What is the first step in a systematic image review?
Check for accurate and complete image identification markers.
Window Level controls which aspect of the radiographic image?
Density
How is the wavelength of a sine wave measured?
The distance from one crest to the next crest
What is required to move the electron stream rapidly across the x-ray tube?
High potential difference
Which of the following is required to move the electron stream rapidly across the x-ray tube?
High potential difference
A mechanism that tends to stop a moving part in a specific location is called a:
detent
Which of the following are symptoms of shock?1. cool, clammy skin2. increased pulse rate3. confusion
1, 2 and 3 only
Which of the following artifacts can appear in the radiographic image if the CR imaging plate is not erased properly?
Phantom or ghost images
The ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast is termed:
contrast resolution
The ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast is termed:
contrast resolution.
If the patient can be positioned properly, the central-ray angle for the transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder is:
0 degrees
The central-ray angulation for the PA projection of the hand is:
0 degrees
What is the CR angle for an AP projection of the femur?
0 degrees
What is the central-ray angle for the PA oblique projection (scapular Y) of the shoulder joint?
0 degrees
.At what whole-body equivalent dose will blood changes be seen?
0.25 Sv
Which of the following bones connects the upper limb to the trunk?(1) clavicle(2) scapula(3) humerus
1 and 2
Which of the following would be considered long-term effects of radiation exposure?1) Cataracts2) Leukemia3) Erythema
1 and 2
Which of the following components are located on the low-voltage side of the x-ray circuit?1. kVp selector2. Autotransformer3. Milliammeter
1 and 2 only
Which of the following projections clearly demonstrates the scaphoid?(1) PA in ulnar flexion(2) PA oblique in lateral rotation(3) PA axial (Stecher method)
1 and 3
Which of the following are parts of the tibia?1. Tibial tuberosity2. Lesser trochanter3. Medial malleolus
1 and 3 only
The carpal bones articulate with the:(1) radius(2) ulna(3) phalanges
1 only
If a non-grid chest radiograph taken at 300 mA, 1/30 sec., 85 kVp was underexposed and needed to be repeated with the density doubled, the new factors would be:
300 mA, 2/30 (1/15) sec, 85 kVp
According to the NCRP, there is cause for concern if a pregnant woman receives a dose in excess of _________ to the uterus.
150 mGy-t
The element potassium (K) has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. The number of protons in the nucleus of a potassium atom is:
19
How many saddle joints are there in the body?
2
Which of the following are a part of the mediastinum?(1) lungs(2) heart(3) esophagus
2 and 3
Which of the following are examples of appropriate self-care if demonstrated by a limited operator?1. working while running a fever because the schedule is full2. wearing an apron while ensuring patient safety during an imaging procedure3. using proper body mechanics when transferring a patient from a stretcher to the x-ray table
2 and 3 only
Which of the following bones are in the hindfoot portion of the foot?1. Cuneiforms2. Calcaneus3. Talus
2 and 3 only
Short-term effects of radiation would occur within how long?
3 month
Ribs lie in an oblique plane in the thorax. How are the anterior ends situated in comparison to the posterior ends?
3 to 5 inches lower
When oxygen is administered in response to an emergency situation, an appropriate flow rate is:
3 to 5 liters per minute
Which of the following matrix sizes will produce the best spatial resolution?
3,000 ´ 3,000 matrix
The axial plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus requires a cephalic tube angulation of
40 degrees
What angle to the IR is the MSP placed during a RAO, LAO, RPO or LPO position for the oblique projection?
45 degrees
For an AP projection of the shoulder with the arm in a neutral position, the epicondyles of the humerus should be:
45 degrees with the plane of the IR
A satisfactory radiograph is made using 20 mAs at 40 inches SID. How much mAs is needed to produce a similar radiograph at 60 inches SID?
45 mAs
The annual allowable exposure for an occupational worker is:
50 mSv
The annual effective dose limit for an occupational radiation worker is:
50 mSv.
Short-term effects of radiation would occur at absorbed doses greater than which of the following?
50 rad
For the lateral projection of the elbow, the elbow joint should be flexed:
90 degrees
For the lateral projection of the forearm, the elbow should be flexed:
90 degrees
For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray should be directed:
perpendicular to the IR
Which of the following is important to use when using digital systems for mobile radiography?
A grid
What is a radiographic phantom?
A human skeleton or part of a skeleton encased in plastic to simulate human tissue
Which of the following would be a violation of patient confidentiality?
A limited operator talks to his friend during lunch about a patient's imaging procedure
What is the name of the computer software function that allows separate radiographic images to be tied into one image for viewing?
Image stitching
Where is the radial tuberosity located?
At the proximal end, distal to the head of the radius
What cleaning agent is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for decontaminating environmental surfaces?
diluted bleach
What type of radiation is produced in the anode by the sudden slowing and directional change of an incoming electron?
Bremsstrahlung radiation
Which wrist projection requires the finger end of the IR be elevated 20° from the horizontal?
PA axial (Stecher method)
PA oblique projection of the shoulder (scapular Y) is performed to evaluate:
dislocations
From the pronated position, rotate the wrist laterally (externally) until it forms an angle of approximately 45 degrees with the IR. Direct CR perpendicular to mid-carpal area. The above description refers to which of the following?
PA oblique projection of wrist
The inventor of the hot cathode x-ray tube was:
Coolidge
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is used in an indirect conversion DR system to:
Correct convert light into an electrical signal.
What is direct current?
Current that flows in only one direction
The universally accepted standard for exchanging radiographic images inside and outside the institution, and among all manufacturers, is which of the following?
DICOM
What is the term for the calibration of an image display system that ensures that all radiographic images' gray scales are presented consistently?
DICOM gray-scale function
This occurs when there may be a defect in a component of the computer screen matrix that may cause a loss of patient information:
Dead pixels
If the radiographic image is overexposed, which of the following changes in exposure factors should be used to correct the problem?
Decrease mAs
What term is applied to joints that are freely moveable?
Diarthrosis
The term for the bottom number of a blood pressure measurement is:
Diastolic
Which of the following may also be used to refer to the orbital shells of an atom?
Energy levels
Which standard ensures that all the different information systems within a given hospital or clinic can communicate effectively?
Health level-7
Sudden intense chest pain, often described as a crushing pain, is a cardinal symptom of:
Heart attack
Which of the following energy types occurs in the form of a sine wave?
Electromagnetic energy
What is the difference between an electronic timer and a synchronous timer?
Electronic timers are capable of shorter exposure times than synchronous timers.
Which of the following particles are located in an orbit around the nucleus of an atom?
Electrons
What is the name of the large bone located in the thigh?
Femur
Which is the largest and heaviest bone in the body?
Femur
Hot, dry skin is often an indication of:
Fever
In addition to reader misinterpretation of anatomic areas and incorrect gray scales being applied, what else may happen if multiple images are placed on one CR PSP?
Fog density from multiple exposures may affect CR reader interpretation.
More uniform penetration of anatomic structures occurs when what level of kVp is used?
High
A minimun of how many sides of the collimated x-ray beam should be shown on the IR and image?
Two
When using DR systems, indirect conversion of x-ray energy requires how may steps?
Two
Which carpal bone is located in the distal row on the medial side?
Hamate
When it is necessary to differentiate tissues with similar tissue densities, which of the following image quality factors is most desirable?
High contrast
Use the table below to answer the following: An exposure of a hand is made at 60 kVp at 1.5 mAs on a Carestream system. The displayed exposure index number is 1500. Which statement is most correct?
Image is within acceptable limits, pass the image. Image is marginally close and the computer will fix it. Image is underexposed Image will most likely demonstrate quantum mottle. Select one: A. 1 only B. 3 only C. 3 and 4 only D. 2, 3, and 4 only
What effect does beam restriction have on contrast?
Increases contrast because of reduction in the number of Compton interactions that occur
The photoelectric effect occurs when an incoming photon from the primary beam interacts with which part of the atom in a patient's body?
Inner shell electron
Which type of AEC device terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of current has been measured?
Ionization chamber
Which surface of the hand is in contact with the IR for the lateral projection of the hand?
Medial
Which surface of the forearm is in contact with the IR when radiographing the forearm in a lateral position?
Medial surface
What is the proper position of the wrist for the lateral projection?
Medial surface of wrist on IR with coronal plane perpendicular to IR
Which of the following are the prime factors of exposure in radiography?
Milliamperage, exposure time, kilovoltage, and source-image receptor distance (SID)
What is the purpose of the 72-inch SID used for chest radiography?
Minimizes magnification of the heart shadow
Which national organization prepares the standards for radiation dose limits of occupational radiation workers?
National Council on Radiation Protection
Digital radiographic images are stored, retrieved, sent, and viewed using an extensive image management system called the:
PACS
The system used to view and store digital x-ray images is called a ______ system.
PACS
Where is the tibial tuberosity located?
On the anterior aspect of the distal tibia
Where is the intercondylar fossa located?
On the distal, posterior aspect of the femur
What is the most common site to palpate the pulse?
On the lateral aspect of the anterior wrist at the radial artery
Where is the medial malleolus located?
On the medial aspect of the ankle joint
Where is the tibial spine located?
On the superior aspect of the proximal tibia
Which projection of the thumb results in a more magnified image because of the increase in OID?
PA
To demonstrate the interphalangeal joint spaces, how must the finger be positioned for the PA oblique and lateral projections?
Parallel to the IR
Which category of patient seldom requires a compensating filter for general radiographic examinations?
Pediatric
Which of the following x-ray examinations would give the fetus the highest entrance skin exposure (ESE)?
Pelvis
Where is the CR center point for the PA projection of the second digit?
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Which of the following should never be placed on the radiographic image using electronic means (computer software)?
R and L markers
For the lateral projection of the scapula, the body is placed in which position?
RAO or LAO
What is the proper placement of the arms for the upright, lateral projection of the chest?
Raised over the head, hands grasping opposite elbows
What is the name of the processing technique that allows the x-ray images to be produced with uniform density and contrast, regardless of the amount of exposure?
Rescaling
What term is applied when the computer system algorithms re-map the input data from the range of pixel values to produce a consistent brightness and gray scale on the output image?
Rescaling
Which of the following effects of radiation exposure are predictable?
Short-term
Which portion of the humerus articulates with the radial head?
The capitulum
What prevents the lead strips in the grid from being seen on the radiograph?
The grid oscillates.
What is the problem if any with dose creep?
The patient receives more radiation than necessary to produce a diagnostic image on a digital system
What is the single best protection method for the operator?
distance
Which of the following describes the misrepresentation of an object's size or shape on a radiograph?
distortion
What does a CCD (charge coupled device) and/or a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) perform?
They convert x-ray energy into light. B. They are used in an indirect conversion image system. C. The converted light is turned into an electronic signal. D. All of the above. ******
What is the purpose of rotating the patient's shoulders anteriorly for the PA projection of the chest?
This motion rotates the scapulae out of the lungs.
How many x-ray exposures should be made to warm up the x-ray tube?
Three
Which bones are located in the lower leg?
Tibia and fibula
What is the name of the palpable, bony protuberance on the anterior aspect of the proximal tibia?
Tibial tuberosity
A tilting table will allow the head end to be lowered at least 15 degrees into the:
Trendelenburg position
A PA projection of the thumb will create an increased OID.
True
A radiographer is liable for his/her professional actions and can be included in lawsuits.
True
An occupational worker should always take a copy of the last personnel monitor exposure report to a new x-ray job.
True
Bilateral knees are usually requested for weight-bearing studies.
True
Collimation helps reduce the production of scattered radiation, and results in a cleaner radiographic image.
True
Computed radiography (CR) is sometimes called a filmless system.
True
Which bone of the forearm is located on the medial side?
Ulna
Which control on the viewing station can blacken the clear or white areas around the collimation edges of a radiograph?
Window width
What is the proper method to hang an AP projection of the foot?
With the toes pointing toward the ceiling
Which of the following is located on the high-voltage side of the x-ray circuit?
X-ray tube
A document that sets forth standards of correct behavior within a profession is called: Select one:
a code of ethics
The filament of an x-ray tube is made of:
a coil of tungsten wire.
What is the filament of an x-ray tube made of?
a coil of tungsten wire.
A low kVp setting produces an image with
a short scale of contrast.
Unequal magnification of different portions of the same object is termed:
distortion.
Which of the following would be used to reduce the likelihood of genetic radiation effects?
gonad shields
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body is called:
abduction.
One of the advantages of using CR and DR digital systems is:
ability to process images very fast
The acromial extremity of the clavicle articulates with the:
acromion process of the scapula
When infection is spread by means of contaminated dust that contains endospores or droplet nuclei, the means of transmission is called:
airborne contamination
A device used to measure the current flowing in a series circuit is a(n):
ammeter.
Which of the following must be used with digital-based x-ray processors to ensure that the ALARA concept is practiced?
an exposure technique chart
If it is necessary for a patient to be held by another person during radiography, the BEST choice of person (assuming all considered persons are competent) would be:
an older adult relative
Where does the trachea lie in relation to the esophagus?
anterior
Barium fluorohalide with europium is used:
as the phosphor that absorbs the x-ray energy in the CR plate.
Barium fluorohalide with europium is used:
as the phosphor that absorbs the x-ray energy in the imaging plate
The process of reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual is called:
asepsis
The "building blocks" of all matter are called:
atoms.
The absorption of x-rays by matter is called:
attenuation
A smaller effective focal spot yields:
greater image sharpness
In this image, the letter C represents:
calcaneus
At what point does the trachea divide or bifurcate:
carina
What is the name of the hooklike process on the last tracheal cartilage?
carina
Which of the following articulates with the bases of the metacarpal bones?
carpals
Which of the following bones make up the wrist?
carpals
In regard to the anode heel effect, intensity is relatively greater on the _____ side of the x-ray beam.
cathode
The proximal end of the tibia presents two prominent processes called the:
condyles
A change from the small focal spot to the large focal spot results in:
decreased resolution.
This occurs when there may be a defect in a component of the computer screen matrix that may cause a loss of patient information:
dead pixels
The principal means of controlling involuntary motion is to:
decrease in exposure time (seconds)
Scatter radiation affects radiographic appearance by causing:
decreased contrast
Fog affects radiographic quality by causing
decreased contrast.
Scatter radiation affects radiographic appearance by causing:
decreased contrast.
A legal description of restraining a patient without his consent is:
false imprisonment
Which of the following will absorb the least amount of radiation?
fat
Soft tissue radiographs of the elbow in the lateral position are often ordered to demonstrate:
fat pads
When family members make angry and persistent demands on the staff, this is most likely the result of:
fear over the condition of their relative
In this image, the letter C represents:
femoral condyles
If taking advandge of the anode heel effect when making a recumbent AP radiograph of the femur at 40 inches SID, the patient should be placed so that the:
head is toward the anode end of the tube.
Taking into account the anode heel effect when making a recumbent AP radiograph of the femur (thigh bone) on a 35 x 43 cm IR at 40 inches SID, the patient should be placed so that the:
head is toward the cathode end of the tube.
The greatest risk of serious infection transmission to health care workers from patients is:
hepatitis B
The x-ray beam is made up of many different energy x-rays. This beam is referred to as:
heterogeneous.
The best quality radiographic image will be produced on the viewing monitor when there is ________ SNR, ______ noise.
high; low
Using a grid will result in an image with ____ contrast.
higher
Which of the following will be directly superimposed over the junction of the Y on the PA oblique (scapular Y) projection?
humeral head
Body habitus helps determine location and size of anatomy and aids in positioning. Which body habitus is defined as having a massive build, with a broad, deep thorax?
hypersthenic
The anode, or target, of the x-ray tube is ______ charged.
negatively
The cathode end of the x-ray tube is ______ charged.
negatively
The cathode end of the x-ray tube is ____________ charged.
negatively
The omission of reasonable care or caution defines:
negligence
If the patient places the palm of the hand against the thigh, the humerus will be in:
neutral position
Which statement indicates there is no rotation on a PA/AP chest?
none
How is the frequency of a sine wave measured ?
number of times per second that a crest passes a given point.
What does "genetic effects" of radiation mean?
one person receives the exposure, but an offspring or future generation experiences the effects
On the evaluation of a PA chest image, the medial borders of the scapula are seen in the lung field. What error occurred if any?
operator failed to give proper breathing instructions
The most widely used and most accurate personnel monitor is the:
optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)
The most widely used and most accurate personnel monitor is the:
optically stimulated luminescence (OSL).
The anatomical name for the bone commonly known as the "kneecap" is:
patella.
In radiographing the knee in an AP projection, the radiographer should center the IR to a point 1/2 inch below which anatomical point?
patellar apex
The interactions that produce scatter radiation occur primarily in the:
patient
The principal source of scatter radiation is the:
patient
Of the following factors, which one must be observed to demonstrate possible air and fluid levels in the chest?
patient in erect position
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the characteristics of x-rays? They can:
penetrate matter that is impenetrable to light.
Which of the following evaluation criteria indicates that the knee is properly positioned for a lateral projection?
the femoral condyles are superimposed
When tungsten atoms are heated, their outermost electrons are moved out of the atom in space. This principle is called:
thermionic emission.
Which ribs are called the true ribs?
1 to 7
If a radiographic image appears blurred, what aspect of image quality is affected?
. Spatial resolution
If an exposure time is measured as 35 milliseconds, what is the exposure time in seconds?
0.035 seconds
The federal regulation for the lead-equivalency of protective gloves worn during radiographic procedures is _____ mm. Select one:
0.25
The federal regulation for the lead-equivalency of protective aprons that are worn in the radiographic room is _____ mm.
0.5
The lead-equivalent thickness of a gonad shield should be _____ mm pb as recommended by NCRP report #116.
0.5
An occupationally exposed declared pregnant worker may NOT receive more than _____ monthly during the gestation period (nine months of pregnancy).
0.5 mSv
In the AP projection of the ankle:1. the plantar surface of the foot is vertical2. the fibula projects more distally than the tibia3. the calcaneus is well visualized
1 & 2 only
To use proper body mechanics for lifting a patient, you should:1. keep the patient close to your body2. keep your back straight and do not twist your trunk3. stand with your feet close together
1 & 2 only
A decrease in contrast of the image by adding an additional, unwanted exposure (radiographic fog) results from which1. Compton scattering2. Coherent Scattering3. Photoelectric absorption
1 and 2 only
What is the customary method to hang an image for viewing?1. With the superior anatomy at the top2. As if the patient were facing the viewer3. As if the patient were lying down
1 and 2 only
Which of the following are good general cleaning principles?1. Always start cleaning in the least contaminated area and clean toward the most contaminated area.2. Always clean from the top to the bottom.3. Always clean from the most contaminated area to the least contaminated.
1 and 2 only
Which of the following are true regarding informed consent?1. Informed consent may be revoked at any time.2. Patient must be legally competent to sign.3. Patient may sign an incomplete form and the blanks may be filled in later by the physician.
1 and 2 only
Which of the following are types of automatic exposure control (AEC) devices?1. Phototimers2. Ionization chambers3. Synchronous tubes
1 and 2 only
Which of the following are warning signs of a cerebrovascular accident?1. Slurred speech2. Severe headache3. Sweet-smelling breath
1 and 2 only
Which of the following can be found on a dual-focus x-ray tube?1. Two filaments2. Two focal spot sizes3. Two anodes
1 and 2 only
Which of the following may be substituted for a routine AP projection of the elbow joint when the patient is unable to extend the elbow?1. AP projection of the proximal forearm2. AP projection of the distal humerus3. AP oblique projection in lateral rotation
1 and 2 only
Which of the following pathologic conditions generally require an increase in exposure factors?1. Pneumonia2. Paget disease3. Bowel obstruction
1 and 2 only
Which of the following reduces the amount of scatter radiation fog on a radiograph?1) Decrease in kVp2) Decrease in field size3) Decrease in grid ratio
1 and 2 only
Which of the following requires the use of a stethoscope?1. Apical pulse2. Blood pressure3. Respirations
1 and 2 only
Which of the following special projections can be used to demonstrate the scaphoid carpal bone?1. PA projection (ulnar deviation position)2. PA axial projection (Stecher method)3. Tangential projection (Gaynor-Hart method)
1 and 2 only
Which of the following will aid in relieving strain on the abdomen for a patient suffering from abdominal pain?1. elevation of the head2. placing a bolster under the knees3. placing the patient in prone position
1 and 2 only
Which of the following are correct statements of proper body mechanics?1. Use a broad stance.2. Turn and lift using your back muscles.3. Carry heavy objects close to your body.
1 and 3 only
Which of the following are responsibilities of a limited operator?1. providing the patient with considerate and respectful care2. providing patients with complete, accurate information regarding diagnosis3. keeping patient information confidential
1 and 3 only
Which of the following common diseases are spread via droplet contamination?1. streptococcal pneumonia2. tuberculosis3. meningitis
1 and 3 only
Which of the following will increase spatial resolution?1) Increase in SID2) Increase in OID3) Decrease in focal spot size
1 and 3 only
What percentage of the total energy applied to an x-ray tube target is converted into x-rays?
1%
In the lateral projection of the knee, the:1. femoral condyles are superimposed2. patellofemoral joint is visualized3. knee is flexed about 20 to 30 degrees
1, 2 & 3
The ankle mortise primarily consists of:1. lateral malleolus of the fibula2. medial malleolus of the tibia3. inferior surface of the tibia
1, 2 & 3
The geometric properties that pertain to size & shape of the image are controlled by:1. OID2. SID3. tube angulation4. screens5. kVp6. mAs
1, 2 & 3 only
Which of the following should be clearly demonstrated on an AP proximal femur?1. little or none of lesser trochanter seen beyond the medial border of the femur2. femoral neck not foreshortened3. any orthopedic appliance in its entirety4. most of the lesser trochanter seen beyond the medial border of the femur
1, 2 & 3 only
Scatter radiation fog will:1. increase density2. decrease contrast3. reduce the visibility of detail.
1, 2, & 3
Which of the following can the x-ray operator do to keep radiation exposure to patients as low as reasonably achievable?1. use a small radiation field2. use the highest kVp possible3. reduce repeat exposures
1, 2, & 3
Which of the following changes decrease the dose to the x-ray operator?1. minimize the time spent in the radiation area2. increase the distance between the operator and the source of radiation3. use shielding—control booth and lead apparel
1, 2, & 3
The use of high kV/low mAs technique will result in which of the following?1. results in less x-rays being absorbed by the patient2. results in x-rays of higher energy3. results in a longer scale contrast4. produces a more penetrating beam
1, 2, 3 & 4
Which of the following factors determine effects of x-ray on tissue?1. dose rate2. area exposed3. age4. tissue sensitivity
1, 2, 3 & 4
Which of the following will have the humeral epicondylar plane perpendicular to the plane of the IR?1. lateral forearm2. lateral wrist3. lateral elbow4. lateral humerus
1, 2, 3 & 4
Standard precautions involve the use of barriers whenever contact is anticipated with:1. blood2. body fluids3. mucous membranes
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are examples of long bones?1. Femur2. Humerus3. Tibia
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are opportunistic infections commonly associated with AIDS?1. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia2. candida albicans infection of mucous membranes3. disseminated herpes virus
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are potential fomites in the radiology department?1. IR2. x-ray table3. positioning sponges
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are symptoms of shock?1. Cool, clammy skin2. Increased pulse rate3. Confusion
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are the most common infractions of fire safety rules as stated by fire marshals?1. improper use of extension cords2. fire doors blocked open3. improper storage of flammable materials
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following describe the importance of using an upright position for chest radiography?1) Demonstrates air-fluid levels.2) Allows maximum lung expansion.3) Engorgement of pulmonary vessels is avoided
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following form the bony thorax?(1) sternum(2) 12 pairs of ribs(3) 12 thoracic vertebrae
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following is the function of the autotransformer?1. Provides the means for kVp selection2. Provides compensation for fluctuations in the incoming line voltage3. Supplies power to the other parts of the x-ray circuit
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are symptoms of ARS (Acute Radiation Syndrome)?1. gastrointestinal (GI)2. leukemia3. cataracts4. central nervous system (CNS)5. hemopoietic (changes in blood)
1, 4, & 5 only
Which of the following are important in the function of an electric circuit? 1. Resistance 2. Potential difference 3. Frequency
1,2,3
The greatest percentage of long-term effects from radiation exposure will occur at:
10 to 15 years.
If the patient cannot elevate the unaffected shoulder for a transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder, the central ray should be angled:
10 to 15 degrees
What is the cumulative effective dose limit on a 26 year old occupational worker?
10 mSv x 26 years = 260m Sv
During the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, the embryo is approximately ______ times more sensitive to radiation than an adult.
10
How many ribs should be visible above the diaphragm on a PA chest radiograph?
10
Personnel monitors should be worn whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving ____% or more of the annual effective dose limit.
10
As a general rule, a grid should be employed when the part thickness is greater than:
10 cm.
Which of the following make up the bony thorax?
12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and the sternum
What is the normal rate of respirations for an adult?
12 to 20 breaths per minute
An x-ray exposure is made using the following factors: 500 mA, 25 milliseconds, 75 kVp, 40 inches SID, and the large focal spot. In this case, the value of the mAs is:
12.5 mAs
How many phalanges are there in the hand?
14
How many degrees and in which direction should the foot and leg be rotated to best demonstrate the mortise joint for the AP oblique projection of the ankle?
15-20 degrees medially
In this image, what does the letter E represent?
1st metacarpal-image
How many phalanges are there in the thumb?
2
If a patient is unable to extend the forearm for an AP projection of the elbow, how many projections are necessary to avoid distortion of the joint?
2
When performing the collimator test, the four sides of the collimator must each be within ____% of the SID to be in control.
2
The central ray is perpendicular to a point 1 inch inferior to the coracoid process on which projection(s).1. AP projection shoulder internal rotation2. AP projection shoulder external rotation3. inferosuperior axial projection4. AP oblique projection (Grashey method)
2 & 3 only
Which of the following methods are effective ways to obtain a technique chart?1. Create one using a Supertech® calculator2. Request assistance from the film manufacturer's technical representative3. Hire a consultant who is an expert in technique chart preparation
2 and 3 only
Which of the following occurs when the mA is doubled (all else remaining constant)?1. The number of x-ray photons decreases by 50%.2. Radiographic density (i.e., when using film as the IR) increases.3. There are twice as many photons in the x-ray beam.
2 and 3 only
The NCRP requires that filtration does what to the original intensity of the x-ray beam?1. reduces energy of beam to 1/10 (known as Tenth Value Layer) TVL2. reduces energy of beam to 1/2 (known as Half Value Layer) HVL3. reduces ESE (Entrance Skin Exposure)4. filters out soft, nonenergetic rays from primary beam
2, 3, & 4 only
What are the three basic rules of radiology? 1. SID must be as close (short) as possible 2. CR must be perpendicular to body part being examined 3. OID must be as close (short) as possible 4. Have good alignment of tube/body part/IR
2,3 and 4 only
The added filtration required for general-purpose diagnostic x-ray units that have 0.5 mm Al equivalent (equiv) of inherent filtration is:
2.0 mm Al equivalent.
If the IR and wrist are placed flat on the table for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method), the central ray must be angled:
20 degrees
The IR must be elevated how many degrees for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method)?
20 degrees
A satisfactory radiograph is made using 200 mA, 0.25 sec, and 90 kVp. Which of the following techniques provides more contrast for the same examination on the same patient?
200 mA, 0.5 sec, 76 kVp
How many bones compose the skeletal system?
206
A radiation worker standing 12 meters from a radioactive source receives an exposure of 100 mR/hr. What would this person's exposure rate be at a distance of 24 meters?
25 mR/hr
A 28-year-old radiation worker can have an annual cumulative effective dose of:
280 mSv.
After entering the hilum, each primary bronchus divides. How many primary branches are in the right lung?
3
How many bones are normally found in digits 2 to 5?
3
If you use 15 mAs on an exposure, and you wish to double the radiographic density on a repeat, then the new mAs must be:
30 mAs
It takes a _____% change in ______ to see a visible difference in density on the radiograph.
30%, mAs
If the voltage across the primary side of a step-up transformer is 100 V and the transformer has a 500:1 ratio, what is the voltage on the secondary side?
50,000
Short-term effects of radiation would occur at absorbed doses greater than which of the following?
500 mGy-t
Today, the average American is exposed to how much of an annual radiation dose?
6.3 mSv
The frequency of alternating current delivered by electrical utilities in the United States and Canada is:
60 Hz.
What is the normal pulse rate for an adult?
60 to 100 beats per minute
The resting pulse rate per minute in the average adult is about:
60-100
A grid should be used when the kVp used is greater than:
60.
Public Law 90-602 states that back-up timers in AEC's operating above 50 kVp must terminate the exposure at what (maximum) mAs ?
600 mAs
At what level of whole body dose to ionizing radiation will death occur?
6000 mSv
With a (pure) tungsten target, characteristic radiation of energies capable of escaping from the tube, and becoming part of the "useful beam", are unlikely to be produced below what kVp level?
70 kVp
The AP projection of the AC joints places the joints at an increased OID. Which of the following is the recommended SID to compensate for this distance?
72 inches
What is ionization?
The process of producing an atom with an electric charge
What are the four essential elements generally required for the most common form of x-ray production?
A target, a vacuum, an electron source, and a high potential difference
What is an ionization chamber?
A type of AEC device that terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of current has been measured
What is a phototimer?
A type of AEC device that terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of light has been detected
Which of the following reduces the voltage on the secondary side to provide an appropriate current to heat the filament?
Step-down transformer
How is a forearm radiographed in order to prevent ulna and radius "crossing over"?
AP
Which of the following will demonstrate the glenoid cavity in profile?
AP oblique shoulder Grashey method
Which of the following projections of the elbow will demonstrate the olecranon process within the olecranon fossa?
AP oblique, medial rotation
Which projection of the shoulder best demonstrates the greater tubercle of the humerus in profile?
AP projection with external rotation
Considering an "average" patient, which of the following body parts can routinely benefit from the use of a compensating filter?
AP thoracic spine
What is meant by the term hypertension?
Abnormally high blood pressure
The term tachycardia refers to:
Abnormally rapid heart rate
What is the effect of magnification on spatial resolution?
Magnification decreases resolution.
According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, which of the following groups would not be as sensitive to radiation?
Adults
What is the SI unit of exposure that measures radiation in air?
Air kerma (Gy-a)
Where is the olecranon process located?
At the proximal end of the ulna
What electrical system and device terminates the exposure time after an exact amount of radiation for a given body part has been detected?
Automatic exposure control
What are the proper patient instructions for the PA projection of the chest?
Stop breathing after second deep inspiration
According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, which of the following types of cells are very radiosensitive?
Blood and blood-producing
What type of radiation is produced by the sudden slowing and direction change of the electron stream as kinetic energy is converted to other energy forms?
Bremsstrahlung radiation
What tarsal is commonly referred to as the "heel bone"?
Calcaneus
Which of the following are the types of radiation produced at the anode?
Characteristic and bremsstrahlung
Which of the following are the types of radiation produced in the anode?
Characteristic and bremsstrahlung
Which of the following should be used when imaging body parts that have extreme differences in tissue density?
Compensating filter
The source of the majority of scatter radiation is produced by which of the following photon interactions with matter?
Compton effect
How does one determine if the mA station is obtainable at the desired kVp without exceeding the capacity of the x-ray tube?
Consult the tube rating chart
"Window width" controls which aspect of the radiographic image?
Contrast
Which radiographic quality characteristic is primarily affected by kVp?
Contrast
The measurement of the systems efficiency to differentiate the various tissues (gray scale) in the resultant processed image is termed?
Contrast to noise ratio (CNR)
What is the position of the wrist for the PA oblique projection with lateral rotation?
Coronal plane of wrist at 45° angle to IR with anteromedial surface on IR
What elbow anatomy is best demonstrated on the AP oblique projection in 45-degree medial rotation?
Coronoid process of the ulna and the trochlea
A patient who is terribly thirsty, urinates copious amounts frequently, and has fruity-smelling breath (ketones excreted via the respiratory tract) is showing indications of:
Diabetic coma
The ability of the detector element to (del) to absorb x-rays and convert them to light. This is a sensitivity measurement to photons and called?
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
The amount of radiation that penetrates the patient's skin, but is too weak to go through the body is called:
ESE (Entrance Skin Exposure)
What is the name of the processing technique that can be used to increase contrast and sharpen the image?
Edge enhancement
What is the proper patient position for the AP projection of the forearm?
Elbow extended, wrist and elbow parallel to IR, hand supinated
Which of the following describes the proper position of the forearm when taking a lateral projection of the forearm?
Elbow flexed at 90 degrees, wrist lateral, medial surface of forearm in contact with IR
An employer is not required to maintain personnel monitor exposure reports for more than two months.
False
Since an occupational worker needs to know about all radiation exposures to himself, he should also wear his personnel monitoring device when he is the patient.
False
Which positioning strategy places the wrist in closer contact with the IR for the PA projection of the wrist?
Flexing the fingers into a loose fist
A grid with lead strips and aluminum interspacers that are angled to coincide with the divergence of the x-ray beam is called a:
Focused grid
Which of the following artifacts can occur if the CR imaging plate receives too much background or scatter radiation?
Fogging
Which radiographic examination would require "image stitching" of several separate images?
Full-spine for scoliosis
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the carpal canal?
Gaynor-Hart (tangential)
What is the average gonadal dose that would give an indication of how much genetic harm is being caused to the entire human population due to the use of medical radiation?
Genetically Significant Dose (GSD)
Which of the following would be used to reduce the likelihood of genetic radiation effects?
Gonad shields
What is the name of the large, palpable prominence on the proximal and lateral portion of the femur?
Greater trochanter
Which of the following techniques is desirable for chest radiography?
High kVp, high mA, and short exposure time
If SID is doubled, what may be said about the image receptor exposure?
Image receptor exposure is reduced to one fourth
Where is the humerus located?
In the upper portion of the arm
Which of the following lengthens the scale of contrast while maintaining density?
Increase kVp by 15% and decrease mAs by half
The bluish skin coloration known as cyanosis is an indication of:
Lack of oxygen
In general, which radiation effect are we most concerned about?
Long-term
What is the primary advantage of x-ray beam filtration?
Lowers patient dose
Which of the radiographic examinations listed would give the fetus the highest "fetal dose"?
Lumbar spine
Which carpal bones are best demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the wrist in medial rotation?
Lunate and pisiform
Where is the CR center point for the AP projection of the thumb?
MCP joint
Each digital manufacture measures their systems ability to convert signals of remnant x-rays into various densities (pixel values) in the image; this is known as?
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
What is the principle advantage of a high-speed rotating anode?
More efficient heat dissipation
Which of the following radiation effects would directly affect the body and tissues of the individual who is irradiated?
Mutations
Which of the following cells would not be as vulnerable to x-rays?
Nerve cells
What is the position of the thumb on a PA projection of the hand?
Oblique
What is the unit of resistance?
Ohm
What is the proper relationship of the humeral epicondyles with the IR for the lateral projection of the humerus?
Perpendicular
Statements regarding onset, duration, location, and pain quality are essential parts of a:
Progress note
Temperature readings are highest when taken with which of the following methods?
Rectal method
Which of the following is an appropriate method to assist a patient with back pain from a supine position into a seated position?
Roll the patient into a recumbent lateral position, then assist the patient into a seated position
Which carpal bone is located in the proximal row on the lateral side?
Scaphoid
Digital image receptors are more sensitive to:
Scatter and background radiation
Which of the following statements regarding scatter radiation is true?
Scatter radiation has less energy than the primary beam.
what is A
Select one: A. apex of lung****** B. aortic arch C. clavicle D. heart
The computer system makes use of frequency data and reduce contrast, to decrease noise so the edges of structures appear less harsh in the final image. This is termed:
Smoothing
What is the name of the technique in which each pixel's frequency is averaged with the surrounding tissues' pixel values in an effort to reduce noise in the image?
Smoothing
What is the term that describes the sharpness of the structural edges recorded in the image?
Spatial Resolution
Which of the following is a two-coil transformer with more windings on the primary side?
Step-down transformer
What is the layman's term for a cerebrovascular accident?
Stroke
What is the purpose of the filament circuit?
Supply and control the heat required by the x-ray tube filament for thermionic emission of electrons
What is the medical term for fainting?
Syncope
How is tuberculosis (TB) transmitted?
TB is spread by airborne transmission
Which of the following are the bones that articulate to form the ankle mortise?
Talus, tibia, and fibula
Which of the following statements regarding technique charts is true?
Technique charts are unique to each x-ray machine and facility.
Which portion of the humerus is most susceptible to fracture?
The surgical neck
How are the toes identified?
The toes have individual names.
Which pairs of ribs are referred to as "true ribs"?
The upper seven pairs
In radiography, what three items must be precisely aligned?
The x-ray tube, the IR, and the body part
Which of the following is a simple summary of the Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau (the Law of Sensitivity)?
The younger the cell is, the more susceptible it is to radiation damage.
What anatomy articulates to form the knee joint?
The condyles of the femur and the tibial plateaus articulate to form the knee joint.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the centering of the body part when using digital systems?
The part must be placed in the center of the plate or detector.
What is the center point of the CR for the PA projection of the hand?
Third MCP joint
When the arm cannot be rotated or abducted due to injury, which of the following can be used to perform a lateral projection of the shoulder?
Transthoracic lateral projection, Lawrence method
Which carpal bone articulates with the first metacarpal?
Trapezium
For PA axial projection (Holmblad method) to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa, the knee is flexed 70 degrees from full extension.
True
It is critical to obtain patient history and to know why each exam is ordered.
True
Which of the following describes the proper method to position the humerus for an AP projection?
Upper limb abducted; elbow extended; humeral epicondyles parallel to IR
Which type of technique chart has a specific mAs value for each projection and uses changes in kVp to compensate for variances in patient or part size?
Variable kVp
Which of the following are types of technique charts?
Variable kVp and fixed kVp
What is the medical term for dizziness?
Vertigo
What is the weakest link in the digital imaging chain?
Viewing monitor
What type of device is used to measure the difference in electrical potential between two points in a parallel circuit?
Voltmeter
What term is applied to the distance from one crest to the next in a sine wave?
Wavelength
Two exposures are commonly made of the AC joints—one without weights and one with weights. How are the weights applied?
affixed to the wrists
Universal (Standard) precautions require health care personnel to protect themselves from contact with: a. blood b. open lesions c. all body fluids
all of these
In the "anatomic position," the palms of the hands are facing:
b. forward
What signed document is required for experimental procedures or those that carry substantial risk?
informed consent
A legal description of palpating for a bony landmark without first explaining to the patient and obtaining his permission is called:
battery
Which position of the hand will place the humerus in internal rotation?
back of the hand against the thigh
Which of the following best describes the position of the thymus gland?
behind the manubrium
Where does the esophagus lie in relation to the trachea?
behind the trachea
At what kVp level is characteristic radiation no longer produced?
below 70 kVp
According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, which of the following types of cells are very radiosensitive?
blood and blood-producing
The greatest portion of the x-ray beam is made up of:
bremsstrahlung-produced radiation.
In this image, what does the letter F represent?
carpometacarpal joint-image
The portion of the x-ray room that is protected from scatter radiation and is safe during exposures is called the:
control booth
Which plane must be parallel with the IR to prevent distortion/rotation of the thoracic structures during a PA or AP chest radiograph?
coronal plane
The inferior lateral "corners" of the lungs, visible on a PA chest radiograph, are called the:
costophrenic angles.
The term that applies to the quantity of electrons flowing through a circuit is:
current.
Computed radiography (CR) eliminates the need for:
darkrooms
Which bones must be included on any projection of the thumb?
distal phalanx B. proximal phalanx C. first metacarpal D. all of these *******
The number of gray shades that a digital system can reproduce is termed:
dynamic range
What is the name of the processing technique that can be used to increase contrast and sharpen the image?
edge enhancement
The degree of angulation of the x-ray tube target is one of the determinants of the:
effective focal spot size
Which of the following bones make up the wrist?
eight carpals
A photon is a minute quantity of:
electromagnetic energy.
Exposure times that are as low as 0.001 sec and are expressed in decimals (or perhaps in milliseconds or even impulses) are typical of:
electronic timer
Exposure times that are as low as 0.001 sec and are expressed in decimals are typical of:
electronic timer.
Patient doses in radiography are usually calculated as the:
entrance skin exposure (ESE).
After birth, a separate bone begins to develop at the ends of long bones. Each end is called the:
epiphysis
To keep patient discomfort to a minimum, radiography of a traumatized shoulder should be performed in which position?
erect position
A common and observable short-term effect of radiation is:
erythema
If there is a fire in your immediate area, the first thing you should do is:
evacuate the area
Which of the following tells the operator that the correct exposure has been received by the phosphors in the imaging plate?
exposure indicator number
The artifact that is caused by noise in the digital system's electronics that creates lengthwise or crosswise lines is called a(n):
extraneous line pattern.
The greatest risk for an embryo/fetus that receives radiation exposure is during the:
first trimester
A larger actual focal spot yields:
greater tube heat capacity.
The large, rounded, elevated process prominently located on the lateral surface of the proximal humerus is the:
greater tubercle
A device to protect the image from being fogged by scatter radiation is called:
grid or Bucky
All of the following procedures reduce patient dose during an x-ray examination EXCEPT:
grids
For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest level in the body?
hypersthenic
The computer software function that allows any type of text to be written on a radiographic image is:
image annotation
What is the name of the computer software function that allows adjustment of the radiographic image after it has been processed?
image annotation
In radiography of the forearm, it is important to:
include both bones in their entirety and their articulations.
The purpose of a transformer is to:
increase or decrease voltage.
The purpose of rotating the x-ray tube target is to:
increase the heat capacity of the anode.
As kVp is increased, Compton interactions will:
increase.
If the volume of tissue increases, the amount of scatter radiation fog will:
increase.
A chest radiograph is taken on a patient that measures 22cm using 300mA, 1/30 sec, 110 kVp resulting in a diagnostic image. A second patient measuring 18cm has a chest radiograph taken using the same technical factors. The radiograph on the second patient will have:
increased density
An increase in OID will result in
increased magnification.
An AP oblique (mortise joint) of the ankle is obtained when what line is parallel to the plane of the IR?
intermalleolar line
Which of the following shoulder projections may be used to evaluate the lesser tubercle in profile?
internal rotation position
The relationship between SID and x-ray beam intensity is expressed in the ________________ law.
inverse square
The inverse square law states that the intensity of the x-ray beam is ________________ to the square of the distance.
inversely proportional
When an electron is removed from an atom, the atom is said to be:
ionized.
The primary controlling factor for contrast is:
kVp
Which technical factor is used to alter radiographic contrast?
kVp
Which of the following may be a cause of technique chart failure?
kVp level not optimum for patient or part
Which of the following is located on the low-voltage side of the x-ray circuit and functions to measure the voltage output from the autotransformer?
kVp meter
A device between the autotransformer and the high-voltage transformer in the primary x-ray (low-voltage) circuit that measures the potential difference across this portion of the circuit is represented on the x-ray control panel as the:
kVp meter.
Which of the following functions involve(s) the autotransformer?
kVp selection
A good reason for sometimes selecting the highest available mA station to obtain a given amount of mAs is to:
keep the exposure time as short as possible
The primary controlling factor of contrast is:
kilovoltage
The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by varying the:
kilovoltage.
The primary controlling factor of contrast is:
kilovoltage.
High mA techniques require relatively _______ focal spot dimensions, which will _____the sharpness of detail.
large, decrease
The greatest spatial resolution will be produced when the matrix is _____ and the pixels are _____.
large; small
The greatest spatial resolution will be produced when the matrix is _________ and the pixels are _________.
large; small
When a CR plate is inserted into the reader for processing, the phosphor is scanned with a:
laser beam
When a CR plate is inserted into the reader for processing, the phosphor is scanned with a:
laser light.
To evaluate the longitudinal arch of the foot, which of the following projections is obtained?
lateral weight-bearing projection
Tissue density refers to the __________________________ of the body part.
mass density or atomic number
The bones that are located in the palm of the hand are called:
metacarpals.
In this image, what does the letter D represent?
metacarpophalangeal joint-image
The CR for a PA projection of the wrist is directed to the:
midcarpal area
The current across the x-ray tube is measured in units of:
milliamperes.
When exposure time is very short, the time is usually measured in:
milliseconds.
For a transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder, lung detail may be blurred to better visualize the shoulder area. Which exposure time is recommended to blur the lung structures?
minimum of 3 seconds
The artifact that will occur when the grid lines are not aligned with the CR reader's laser light is:
moire pattern
The artifact that will occur when the grid lines are not aligned with the CR reader's laser light is:
moiré pattern
Tissues with greater mass, such as bone, will absorb ______ radiation, as compared with less dense tissues, such as fat.
more
Radiation exposure to the gonads can cause changes in the genes of the irradiated person called:
mutations.
The kilovoltage for a specific body part that is sufficient to adequately penetrate the part regardless of size and provide a diagnostic level of contrast without excess exposure to the patient is called:
optimum kVp.
When performing a lateral projection of the 3rd and 4th fingers, the radiographer should be careful to place the finger in question _______ with the IR if the inter-phalangeal joint spaces are to be demonstrated.
parallel
The lungs are composed of a light, spongy, elastic substance called the:
parenchyma
In this image, the letter B represents:
patella
For a transthoracic lateral projection of the proximal humerus the central ray is directed:
perpendicular to the IR at the level of the affected surgical neck
When the patient is positioned properly for a lateral projection of the scapula, the body of the scapula will be:
perpendicular to the plane of the IR
Checking transportation equipment for safety is the responsibility of the:
person transporting the patient
Which of the following artifacts can appear in the radiographic image if the CR imaging plate is not erased properly?
phantom or ghost images
The respiratory system consists of the _______, trachea, bronchi and two lungs.
pharynx
When using indirect conversion DR systems, the light in the flat-panel detector is converted to an electric signal by the:
photodiode.
Each square picture element in a digital viewing monitor is called a:
pixel
Each square picture element in a digital viewing monitor is called a:
pixel.
What should be done for a patient in the supine position who complains of being short of breath while lying down?
place the patient in a Fowler position
Flexing the fingers for a PA projection of the wrist causes which of the following:
placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR
What is the name of the double-walled serous membrane sac that encloses the lung?
pleura
The symmetric appearance of these bony landmarks should be visualized to determine rotation of the PA or AP chest.
posterior aspects of the ribs
The term applied to the back portion of the body or body part is:
posterior.
The principal purpose of doing a safety check before making an exposure is to:
prevent accidental exposure of coworkers
A series of warm-up exposures is made for the purpose of:
preventing damage to the anode from sudden heating.
The purpose of a diode in an x-ray circuit is to:
provide rectification of alternating current.
A limited operator who does not change linens between patients is:
providing an opportunity for fomite transmission
The term that refers to parts closer to the source or beginning is:
proximal
The term that refers to parts nearer the point of attachment, or origin, is: Select one:
proximal
For lateral projections of the second through fifth digits of the hand, through which joint should the central ray be directed?
proximal interphalangeal
For a PA projection of the second digit, the central ray is directed to the:
proximal interphalangeal joint
In this image, what does the letter C represent?
proximal phalanx -Image
The mAs used for an exposure determines the:
quantity of radiation in the exposure.
Which of the following will be seen in the x-ray image if either the kVp or the mA is set too low for the projection?
quantum mottle
"Noise" refers to the amount of information that is not useful in the radiographic image. This noise is referred to as:
quantum mottle.
The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the:
radial head
Which of the following is demonstrated free of superimposition on an AP oblique projection of the elbow in lateral rotation?
radial head and neck
The head of the radius articulates on the medial side with the:
radial notch
When communication has been validated this means that the speaker has:
received a response from the listener that demonstrates comprehension
What is erythema?
reddening of the skin caused by high-radiation dose
The greatest cause of unnecessary radiation to patients is from:
repeat exposures
Which of the following tissues is the most radiosensitive?
reproductive organs
As compared to an 8:1 grid, a grid with a 12:1 ratio will:
require more exposure to make a satisfactory radiograph.
Which of the following Latin terms means obvious negligence?
res ipsa loquitur
What is the name of the processing technique that allows the x-ray images to be produced with uniform density and contrast, regardless of the amount of exposure?
rescaling
Motion of the patient, the tube, or the IR during the exposure results in decreased:
resolution.
The type of isolation used primarily for diseases transmitted by airborne routes is:
respiratory
Which of the following Latin terms means that the facility and employer are also responsible for negligence of the radiographer?
respondeat superior
When an image demonstrates only a few densities, and there is a great difference between the densities, the image is described as having:
short-scale contrast
A patient has a possible pneumothorax in the left lung. The patient cannot stand or sit erect. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition?
right lateral decubitus
The term "ethics" is defined as:
rules that apply values and moral standards to our actions
Which body plane divides the body into right and left sections?
sagittal plane
The process of interpreting the signal strength by location and size of the various intensities is termed?
sampling
For the PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation, the central ray is directed to the:
scaphoid
The PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method) clearly demonstrates the:
scaphoid
The PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation clearly demonstrates the:
scaphoid
The bone located on the proximal row and lateral side of the wrist is called the:
scaphoid
Which bones are located in the proximal row of the wrist?
scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, and triquetrum
In this image, what does the letter D represent?
scaphoid-image
Small, flat, oval bones in the region of the first metatarsophalangeal joint are called:
sesamoid bones.
There is less magnification of the image when the object-image receptor-distance (OID) is:
short
The best detail and truest image size is obtained by using:
short OID, long SID
What is the name of the technique in which each pixel's frequency is averaged with the surrounding tissues' pixel values in an effort to reduce noise in the image?
smoothing
The distance between the tube target and the IR is termed:
source-image receptor distance (SID)
An "electron cloud" surrounding a hot cathode is referred to as a:
space charge.
What is the electron cloud that surrounds the hot cathode referred to as?
space charge.
Quantum mottle or graininess in the radiographic image because of too few photons interacting with the body part will affect image quality by decreasing the:
spatial resolution
The amount of detail or sharpness in the digital image is termed:
spatial resolution
The normal blood pressure range in the average adult is:
systolic 110 to 140mm Hg; diastolic 60 to 90mm Hg
The bones of the midfoot are called the:
tarsals.
Radiography of a long bone suspected of fracture should include:
the joints both proximal and distal to the injury
Quantum mottle occurs in digital images if:
there are not enough photons reaching the IR
The principle underlying the creation of a space charge in the x-ray tube is:
thermionic emission.
Technique charts are based on patient part measurements obtained using an x-ray caliper and are expressed as:
thickness in centimeters.
In this image, the letter D represents:
tibia
The two flat-like superior surfaces of the tibia are called the:
tibial plateaus
Which of the following is clearly demonstrated on an AP oblique projection of the knee in medial rotation?
tibiofibular articulation
The primary way that infections are spread is:
touching
When a qualified interpreter is used for non-English speaking patients, the interpreter will:
translate only what is said by and to the patient
A lateral projection of the shoulder and proximal humerus can be obtained with which of the following:
transthoracic lateral (Lawrence)
Which of the following carpal bones articulate with the first digit of the hand?
trapezium
In this image, what does the letter B represent?
trapezium-image
In this image, what does the letter G represent?
trapezium-image
The humerus articulates with the ulna on the medial side at the:
trochlea
X-rays that are traveling in a useful direction exit via the:
tube port
X-rays that leave the x-ray tube exit via the:
tube port.
Chest radiographs and skin tests involving intradermal injections are tools used to screen for:
tuberculosis
The target of a typical diagnostic x-ray tube is made primarily or exclusively of:
tungsten.
What is the target of the x-ray tube made of?
tungsten.
The anode heel effect is a phenomenon of x-ray production that results in:
uneven distribution of radiation within the field.
Patients often arrive in the radiology department with trauma to the shoulder. Which of the following positions is recommended for x-ray examination of the shoulder on these patients?
upright
What is the most optimal position of the patient for examinations of the heart and lungs?
upright
The diaphragm will reach its lowest point in the body with the patient _______, and its highest point when the patient is _______.
upright, supine
A good reason for selecting a low mA station to obtain a given amount of mAs is to:
use the small focal spot.
The function of a rheostat in an x-ray generator is to:
vary the milliamperage.
The function of a rheostat or similarly functioning device in an x-ray generator, when placed in the primary circuit leading to the step-down transformer, is to:
vary the milliamperage.
Which term refers to any medium that transports microorganisms?
vehicle
All electromagnetic energy moves through space at the same:
velocity
Potential difference is measured in units of:
volts.
A declared pregnant radiation worker should wear a second personnel monitor. This monitor should be positioned at the:
waist level
A declared pregnant radiation worker should wear a second personnel monitor. This monitor should be positioned at the:
waist level.
The penetrating power of an x-ray beam is determined by its energy as expressed in its:
wavelength.
The best detail and truest image size is obtained:
when the OID is shortest and the SID is the longest
After the imaging plate is scanned in the CR reader and the image sent to storage, the phosphor is exposed to a _________ to erase the anatomical image.
white light
