Spanish 1 Semester 1 Exam Review guide

standard feminine noun endings

-a/as; -tad/tades; -dad/dades; -ción/ciones; -sión/siones; -ora/oras

standard masculine noun endings

-o/os; -ema/emas; -ama/amas; -or/ores

when is Day of the Dead celebrated

1st and 2nd day of November

three categories of endings for Spanish infinitivos

AR, ER, and IR

La actividad

Activity

La apariencia-

Appearance

origin of Day of the Dead

Aztecs celebrated for an entire month of August and revered the goddess of the dead, Calavera Catrina

capital city of Mexico

Ciudad de México; México D.F.

Día de los Muertos

Day of the Dead. Mexican holiday in honor of the dead.

¿Te gusta...? -

Do you like...?

major cultural aspects of Mexican culture

Family is super important; Religion- Catholicism; Most popular music genre- Mariachi; Humor; Famous for art, more specifically murals.

Frida Kahlo (1907-1954)

Famous Mexican artist known for using bright colors and primitive forms deeply rooted in Mexican and Amerindian culture throughout her self-portraits and other depictions of the feminine form.

Mexico during 1200 B.C.-1200 A.D.

Founded and ruled by various early civilizations, most notably the Olmecs (1200-600 BC) and the Mayan (250-900 A.D.)

Tiene...

He / She has

yo soy

I am

No me gusta

I dislike/ It is not pleasing to me

Tengo...

I have

me gusta

I like/ It is pleasing to me

A ella le gusta(n)

It is pleasing to her

A él le gusta(n)

It is pleasing to him

A mi me gusta(n)

It is pleasing to me

A ellos les gusta(n)

It is pleasing to them (a mixed/all masculine group)

A ellas les gusta(n)

It is pleasing to them (all feminine group)

A nosotros nos gusta(n)

It is pleasing to us

A ti te gusta(n)

It is pleasing to you

A usted le gusta(n)

It is pleasing to you (formal)

A ustedes les gusta(n)

It is pleasing to you all

Mexico during 1910-1930s

Mexican Revolution

Día de los Angelitos/ Day of the Innocent Saints

Mexican holiday celebrated from midnight on the 1st of November until 11:59 pm to honor all children who have died

Día de los Difuntos/ Day of the Adults

Mexican holiday celebrated from midnight on the 2nd of November until noon to honor all adults who have died.

symbolism of monarch butterflies

Mexican tradition believes these represent the souls of loved ones returning during their migration period each year just before the 1st of November

Mexico during 1846-1848

Mexican-American War, through which the U.S. gained Texas and other southern states from Santa Ana at the Alamo.

do conjugations change gender to match their subject?

No, conjugations do not match their subject in gender

La personalidad-

Personality

Mexico during 13th century A.D.- 1521

Ruled by the Aztec civilization in the capital city of Tenochtilán who at the time were one of the largest ancient civilizations in the ancient world.

Mexico during 1519-1521

Spanish conquistadors, under the leadership of Hernando Cortés, defeat Moctezuma II thus destroying the Aztec Empire and founding Mexico City.

yo

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun I; use when talking/referring about oneself in 1st person

él

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun he; use when talking/referring about one person or object that is masculine in 3rd person

ella

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun she; use when talking/referring about one person or object that is feminine in 3rd person

ellas

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun they; use when talking/referring about a group of all feminine people or objects in 3rd person

ellos

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun they; use when talking/referring about a mixed group of masculine and feminine people or all masculine objects in 3rd person

nosotras

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun we; use when speaking/referring to a group of all feminine people or objects and I in 1st person

nosotros

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun we; use when speaking/referring to a group of all masculine objects or people or a group with at least one masculine object and I in 1st person

usted

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun you (formal); use when speaking/referring to someone you either do not know or a person you respect in 2nd person

tú

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun you (informal); use when talking/referring to someone you know well in 2nd person

ustedes

Spanish equivalent to the English pronoun you all or y'all; use when talking/referring to group of people and you (either tú or usted) in 3rd person

Mexico during 1816-1821

War of Mexican Independence, led by Miguel Hidalgo and others, achieving independence from Spain.

¿Cómo eres? -

What are you like?

¿Qué te gusta hacer? -

What do you like to do?

two ways to use te gusta-

Yes or No/Would you rather question; asking a person to choose between two or more options in a list.

Un poco-

a little

noun (sustantivo)

a person, place, or thing responsible for doing an action in a sentence

indirect object pronoun (IOP)/ pronombre indirecto

a pronoun that indicates to whom something is pleasing

incense

a small stick that when burned gives off a smoky aroma in hopes of guiding spirits home on Día de los Muertos

ser

a verb in Spanish which translates to "to be" which is used for physical descriptions

how to form the plural of a noun that ends in a consonant

add -es (or -as if noun changes gender i.e. trabajadora, doctora, profesora, etc)

how to form the plural of an adjective that ends in a consonant

add -es (unless it is an adjective that adds an -as in the feminine form)

how to form the plural of an adjective that ends in a vowel

add -s ex. chico = chicos

how to form the plural of a noun that ends in a vowel

add -s ex. estudiante = estudiantes

Todos (as)-

all

In Spain/España, use this verb when talking about riding something

andar

ustedes in Latin America is used to refer to

any group of people

you must know what a noun's gender is in order to pair it with the correct ____________ and _____________

article (definite or indefinite) and adjective.

Artísitco (a)-

artistic

Atlético (a)-

athletic

Malo (a)-

bad, wicked

Hermoso (a)-

beautiful

Porque-

because

In Spanish, no is placed where in relation to the verb

before

in a negative gustar sentence, no falls directly ______ the IOP

before

in a sentence, IOPs fall immediately __________ the conjugated form of gustar

before

Grande-

big, large, great (size wise)

Pelo (cabello) rubio-

blond hair

Ojos azules

blue eyes (tener)

Pelo (cabello) castaño-

brown hair

papel picado

colorful decorations made out of cutting holes into tissue paper that are used to decorate ofrendas, homes, and streets during Día de los Muertos

noun adjective agreement

concept stating that adjectives must match the gender and number of the nouns they describe

noun article agreement

concept stating that an article (definite or indefinite) must match its noun in number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine)

use personal A + pronoun at beginning of a gustar sentence to

define more specifically to whom something is pleasing

Desorganizado(a)-

disorganized

masculine exception nouns

día, mapa, sofá, mes, papel, lápiz, árbol, tomate

three categories that sum up Mexican history

early civilizations, Spanish conquest, modern war

When two verbos appear together in a sentence and are not separated by a comma...

first verb is conjugated second verb is infinitivo

typical items on an ofrenda

food, drinks, photos, candles, incense, decorations, marigold flowers, and important objects of the person who passed

El (La) amigo (a)-

friend

Cómico (a)-

funny

mojigangos

giant puppets of African origin used during Day of the Dead parades and carnavals throughout certain towns in Central American countries

Bueno (a)-

good natured

Guapo (a) -

good-looking, handsome

singular noun following gustar

gusta

two conjugated forms of gustar

gusta (singular form); gustan (plural form)

plural noun following gustar

gustan

Use the verb tener to describe someone or something's

hair color, eye color, age

Trabajador(a) -

hard-working

él es

he is

le gusta

he/she likes; it is pleasing to him/her

Inteligente-

intelligent

Perezoso (a) -

lazy

how to tell gender of adjective that ends in -e or a consonant

look at the gender of article that comes before it

plural definite articles

los (masculine) and las (feminine)

feminine noun exceptions

mano, tarde, noche, clase, nube, flor, cama, nariz

two categories of gender for nouns

masculine or feminine

In México, use this verb when talking about riding something

montar

The verb tocar is used when referring to playing a

musical instrument or music

Simpático (a)-

nice, kind, friendly

Viejo (a)-

old

Organizado (a)-

organized

ustedes in Spain is used to refer to

people you do not know or want to show respect towards

vosotros/as

plural for you all that is only used in Spain with friends, family, etc.

Bonito (a)-

pretty

Pelirrojo (a)-

red-haired, ginger

negative sentences

sentences that say someone is not something

Serio (a)-

serious

ella es

she is

Bajo (a) -

short (height wise)

Pequeño (a) -

small (size wise)

calacas

small skeleton sculptures or figurines that are a popular symbol of Day of the Dead

ofrenda

special altars designed and set up by loved ones in which an array of offerings that their loved ones loved in life are placed by the family in hopes of attracting the spirits of their loved ones back to their families.

alebrijes

spirit animals said to guide spirits through the afterlife and across the barrier between the Land of the Dead and the Land of the Living during Day of the Dead

El (la) estudiante-

student (male/female)

Estudioso (a)-

studious

Alto (a) -

tall (height wise)

El chico-

the boy

La chica-

the girl

El hombre-

the man

infinitive/infinitivo

the most basic form of a verb.

what determines the correct conjugated form of gustar

the noun that directly follows it and whether or not it is singular or plural

verb/verbo

the part of a sentence that expresses action or a state of being completed by a noun.

La persona-

the person

conjugate

the process of changing the form of a verb to match the subject of a sentence (ex. yo soy)

La mujer-

the woman

article (artículos)

the, a/an, some

ellas son

they (feminine) are

ellos son

they (masculine) are

les gusta

they like; it is pleasing to them

when translated from Spanish to English, an infinitivo can be translated either as

to + verb or -ing

Comprar-

to buy

Hacer la tarea-

to do homework

Dibujar-

to draw

Beber-

to drink

Comer-

to eat

Aprender el español-

to learn Spanish

gustar

to like to/to be pleasing to

Escuchar música-

to listen to music

Jugar al fútbol americano

to play American football

Tocar la guitarra-

to play guitar

Jugar al fútbol-

to play soccer

Practicar deportes-

to practice sports

Preparar la comida-

to prepare the food/the meal

Leer un libro-

to read a book

Descansar-

to rest

Montar/Andar en bicicleta-

to ride a bike

Correr-

to run

Andar en patineta-

to skateboard

Pasar un rato con los amigos-

to spend time with friends

Estudiar-

to study

Pasear-

to take a walk

Hablar por teléfono-

to talk on the phone

Mirar la televisión-

to watch TV

Trabajar-

to work

Escribir mensajes electrónicos-

to write e-mails; to text

singular indefinite articles

un (masculine) and una (feminine)

plural indefinite articles

unos (masculine) and unas (feminine)

Muy-

very

nosotras somos

we (feminine) are

nosotros somos

we (masculine) are

nos gusta

we like; it is pleasing to us

situations that use jugar

when talking about playing video games, games, or sports

indefinite article (artículo indefinido)

word meaning "a/an" for singular or "some" for plural that indicates nonspecific persons, places, or things that comes directly before a noun.

definite article (artículo definido)

word meaning "the" that indicates specific persons, places, or things that comes directly before a noun.

adjective/adjetivo

word that describes a noun, coming directly after the noun it modifies.

pronouns/pronombres

words that take the place of a noun.

vosotros/vosotras sois

y'all (Spain) are

usted es

you (formal) are

tú eres

you (informal) are

ustedes son

you all are

te gusta

you like; it is pleasing to you

Joven (pl. jóvenes)-

young

singular definite articles

él (masculine) and la (feminine)

which personal pronouns share the same conjugated form of a verb in a conjugation chart

él, ella, usted; nosotros/nosotras; vosotros/vosotras; ellos, ellas, ustedes