SPANISH 131 EXAM 2
They have tried to harness capitalism for nationalist goals.
Which best describes "new left turn" presidents of Latin America?
promoted industrial growth while imposing low wages and repressing strikes
Which best describes Brazil's economic "miracle" of the 1970s?
It provided food subsidies to families if their children attended school.
Which best describes Lula's "family scholarship" program?
It was more institutional than revolutionary because it abandoned social justice for stability.
Which best describes Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)?
It has gone effectively to zero, owing in part to the recession.
Which best describes net immigration from Latin America to the United States since 2008?
They had been requested by Castro as a defence against another invasion by the United States like the Bay of Pigs.
Which is correct regarding the Russian nuclear missiles that the Kennedy administration discovered in Cuba in 1962?
the most populous countries such as Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina, which possessed large national markets
Which of the following benefited the most from import-substitution industrialization (ISI)?
She embodied paradox because she became a "hot Latin" caricature in Hollywood but used authentic Brazilian clothing and dance techniques.
Which of the following best describes Carmen Miranda, the popular singer and dancer?
He was a diplomat and member of the Chilean Communist Party.
Which of the following best describes Pablo Neruda, who also was known for his love poems?
a man assassinated for speaking out against the army
Which of the following best describes Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar Romero?
It discredited the liberals in Nicaragua for having supported a mercenary.
Which of the following best describes William Walker's intervention in Central America?
It attacked military and ecclesiastical fueros
Which of the following describes the Juarez Law?
protected the wealth of the Catholic Church
Which of the following did the Mexican Constitution of 1917 NOT do?
the thirteen-day "Socialist Republic" in Chile led by Marmaduke Grove
Which of the following is an example of a Latin American nationalist movement in the early twentieth century that was carried out primarily by communist and socialist grassroots organizers?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of transculturation?
Mexican national hero brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico
Benito Juarez
Brazilian women could be valuable instruments of progress
Berta Lutz argued that
increased by 900 percent
Between 1877 and 1910, Mexican exports
tried to repopulate the area with "real Brazilians" instead of indigenous people
Brazil's military government did which of the following in order to reduce the perceived security risk along Brazil's Amazonian borders?
a metalworker and union leader
Brazilian President Lula was able to attract so many voters because of his background as which of the following?
creating small focal points of guerrilla activity that would eventually grow into a larger revolution
Che Guevara's theory of the foco is best described by which of these?
sided with the workers, ultimately expropriating the oil companies
During a conflict between striking Mexican workers and foreign-owned oil companies, what did the Lázaro Cárdenas government do?
the Dominican Republic
During the Cold War, which was the only Latin American country to suffer a direct US military intervention?
opposition in the lowland region around Santa Cruz
Evo Morales has held on to the presidency despite which of the following?
The indigenous people of the Andean highlands
From where did the Shining Path movement of Peru draw most of its followers ?
He was willing to accommodate the United States in order to stay in power.
Fulgencio Batista was like many Latin American dictators of the early twentieth century in which of the following ways?
by going to war with Great Britain over the Falkland Islands
How did Argentina's military government try to hold onto power in the early 1980s?
With the assistance of Caudillo Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera.
How did Columbian liberals make their comeback after 1860?
All of the answers are correct.
How did Costa Rica escape the crossfire of the Cold War?
by communicating widely with the masses via the radio and by staging large rallies
How did Latin American populists win elections?
by carrying out daring, brilliantly planned operations designed to impress public opinion
How did the Tupamaros of Uruguay attempt to precipitate a revolution?
by supporting a block of dictators who overwhelmed any opposition to US policy
How did the United States dominate the Organization of American States during the Cold War?
by adopting revolutionary policies, such as agrarian reform and the nationalization of oil
How did the military government in Peru distinguish itself from other Latin American military regimes of the 1970s?
It was more stable as it had only three presidents in as many decades.
How was Catholic Church different from most other Latin American countries in the 1800s?
3%
In 1910, what percentage of Mexicans owned land?
herding peasants into "model" villages to deprive guerrillas of support
In Guatemala, the Pentagon's low-intensity conflict strategy called for which of the following?
nationalist leaders who appealed to lower- and middle-class voters
In Latin American history, what is the best description of the populists?
It threatened the communal land held by indigenous villages
In addition to attacking church landholdings, the Mexican Lerdo Law (1856) enforced which of the following?
the Constitutionalists, whose followers were mostly urban and middle class
In groups vying for control of the Mexican Revolution, which of the following emerged victorious in 1917?
Present-day, Poor Peruvians
In her novel Birds without a Nest, Matto de Turner depicted indigenous people as which of the following?
conservative, Catholic peasants, shouting "Long live Christ the King!"
In the 1920s, who challenged the Mexican government in an armed rebellion?
reducing social spending
In the 1990s, the International Monetary Fund encouraged Latin American governments to undertake neoliberal reforms by doing which of the following?
that the United States should pursue a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
In the United States, Alfred Thayer Mahan advocated
Brazil
In the early 1980s, which Latin American country had the largest foreign debt in the world?
work in agriculture, but ulitmately relocate to urban areas
Italian immigrants to Brazil and Argentina tended to
the control of a narrow ruling class
Oligarchies were characterized by
"consciousness-raising," an interactive method of teaching literacy to poor adults
Paulo Freire coined which of these terms?
Indo-America, to highlight the region's indigenous roots
Peruvian nationalist Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre used which term to refer to Latin America?
refrigerator ships that brought beef to Europe
The boom in Argentina's beef industry relied on what innovation?
The Chaco War
The discovery of oil in a territory claimed by both Bolivia and Paraguay prompted which of the following?
Isolated in the southern part of the country
The indigenous population of Chile, known as the Mapuches, we're which of the following?
the Southern Cone countries
The majority of European immigrants to Latin America went to
It is a powerful myth that encourages inclusivity.
The prevalence of mestizo nationalism in Latin America has resulted in which of the following?
indigenous peasants seeking land reform
The rebellion led by Emiliano Zapata in Mexico was composed of which of the following?
Encouraging immigration of Europeans to Argentina
The slogan "to govern is to populate" refers to what liberal policy?
The French who wanted to make their cultural influence in countries like Mexico seem natural
The term, "Latin America" derived from which of the following?
left peasants little time or space to grow their own food
The transition to wage labor on large haciendas
a government massacre in 1932 of more than 10,000 Salvadoran peasants, many of them indigenous
To what does "The Slaughter" refer?
a Latin American assembly plant that uses cheap labor, mostly female, to produce commodities for export
To which does the term "maquiladora" refer?
Battle de Puebla -Mexico won over French army
5 de Mayo 1862
he led a rebellion in Nicaragua, confronting a United States intervention
Augusto César Sandino became a hero to many Latin Americans because
Racial mixing and the presence of non-Europeans in national populations.
According to many liberals, Progress in Latin America was hindered by which of the following?
to repress revolutionary organizers in factories, poor neighbourhoods, and universities
According to the US Cold War national security doctrine, what was the task of Latin American armed forces?
privatize state-owned corporations and public services
After the Cold War ended, what did neoliberals urge Latin American countries to do?
to civilize what they considered the inferior races of Latin America
American policymakers often viewed the role of the United States as
Mitre defeated the Confederation and became president of a United Argentina
Argentina was divided between Buenos Aires and the Argentine Confederation until 1860, when which of the following occurred?
Mexico City
At the turn of the twentieth century, what was the largest city in Latin America?
the rise of South American governments ruled by military juntas in the 1970s
Latin American political scientists invented the term "bureaucratic authoritarianism" to describe which of the following?
modern men's fashion
Latin Americans looked to Great Britain as a model for"
converted colonial mansions that housed diverse groups of immigrants
Many immigrants in Argentina lived in conventillos, which were
Nicaragua
Most of Central America fell under liberal rule after 1850, except which of these countries?
a mestizo poet from Nicaragua
Rubén Darío was
about 1/3 middle class, 2/3 poor or marginally poor
Since the neoliberal era, which best describes Latin America's social strata?
their governments were dominated be foreign fruit-growing companies
Some Latin American countries were known as "Banana Republics" because
The immediate abolition of slavery
The "Golden Law," signed by Princess Isabel in 1888, allowed which of the following?
a circle of technocrats who advised Porfirio Díaz
The "científicos" were
his religious revival represented a challenge to the idea of progress
The Brazilian government viewed Antonio the Counselor as a threat beacuse
was a pragmatic nationalist who built a multiclass alliance
The Brazilian politician Getulio Vargas headed a highly authoritarian government (Estado Novo) yet he remained popular. Why?
a group of 82 Cuban revolutionaries, who traveled from Mexico to Cuba on a yacht named the Granma
The Cuban Revolution was started by which of these people?
Négritude
The Peruvian novelist Ciro Alegría and Guatemalan writer Miguel Ángel Asturias are prominent examples of which cultural movement?
the United States could intervene in Cuban affairs
The Platt Amendment added to Cuba's constitution provided that
All of the answers are correct
The Triple Alliance War resulted in which of the following?
With US backing, the Brazilian military wanted to prevent Goulart from building a new revolutionary coalition of workers and peasants.
What accurately depicts the Brazilian military coup against President João Goulart in 1964?
It was a popular mass movement against a US-backed dictator.
What best describes the Cuban Revolution?
high world oil prices, heavy short-term borrowing in the 1970s, and high interest rates
What caused Latin America's debt crisis in the 1980s?
the successive democratic election of two nationalist, socially progressive leaders
What characterized the "decade of spring" (1944-1954) in Guatemala?
the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement
What coincided with the Zapatista uprising in Mexico?
that it was better to support a dictator who would follow American dictates rather than allow him to fall under the influence of an enemy
What did FDR mean when he allegedly said that Raphael Trujillo "may be a bastard, but he's our bastard"?
mixed-race mestizo identities
What did Latin American ethnic nationalism emphasize?
the distinctive racial heritage and mixtures that differentiated their populations
What did Latin American nationalists tend to emphasize?
Brazil's artists to create a uniquely Brazilian style by joining European art with native African influences
What did Oswald de Andrade call for in his influential Cannibalist Manifesto?
He was warning Latin America's privileged classes that his Alliance for Progress program was needed to prevent communist revolution.
What did President John F. Kennedy mean when he said, "Those who make reform impossible will make revolution inevitable?"
Embracing materialism even if meant eroding traditional values
What did Progress for nineteenth-century Latin America liberals mean?
Marxism was inherently alien to the Western Hemisphere.
What did the 1954 Caracas Declaration state?
a type of collective self-defence against economic imperialism in Latin America
What did the Popular American Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) represent?
to offer counterinsurgency training to Latin American military officers
What did the US military use the School of the Americas for?
the struggles faced by the poorest Brazilians
What did the journals of Carolina Maria de Jesús illuminate?
The period from the late 1960s to the early 1980s, when the military government "disappeared" thousands of leftists
What did the term "dirty war" refer to in Argentina?
the construction of a wall along the US-Mexican border
What do US opponents of Latin American immigration advocate?
socioeconomic conflicts in the countryside that began in the 1940s
What does La Violencia refer to in Colombia
It defaulted on its foreign debts.
What happened in Argentina, which had implemented every neoliberal reform advocated by the International Monetary Fund, in 2001?
The Mexican army slaughtered students who were protesting in the Tlatelolco district of Mexico City.
What happened in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre?
Angry demonstrators nearly overturned his motorcade.
What happened when Vice President Nixon visited Caracas, Venezuela, in 1958?
They are being extorted by the maras, gangs run by recently deported immigrant youth from the United States.
What has caused the increase in immigration to the United States of unaccompanied minors from Central America in recent years?
a popular Afro-Brazilian religion that draws on West African religious practices
What is Candomblé?
evangelical Protestantism
What is the fastest-growing religious group in Latin America?
All of the answers are correct
What nineteenth-century technologies revolutionized Latin America's connection to the outside world?
Indigenous villagers joined with conservatives under the banner of "Religion and Fueros"
What occurred as Mexico's Liberal reform period began to wane?
Attendees discussed literature and progress,rather than dancing
What occurred in the tertulias hosted by Juana Manuela Gorriti?
the assassination of the populist leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in 1948
What triggered the Bogotazo urban riots in Colombia?
his analysis of the global capitalist system through dependency theory
What was Raúl Prebisch, one of the most influential Latin American economists of all time, noted for?
It celebrated African culture as an important source of Brazilian identity.
What was The Masters and the Slaves landmark study by anthropologist Gilberto Freyre?
Chile gained valuable northern territories containing nitrates
What was one important outcome of the War of the Pacific?
a UN body created to help Latin American forge a new path to industrialization
What was the Economic Commission for Latin America?
Radical Civic Union
What was the name of the political movement that brought Hipólito Yrigoyen to power in Argentina?
Order and Progress
What was the positivist slogan that became part of Brazil's national flag?
Gauchos
When Sarmiento once wrote "their blood is the only part of them that is human" he was referring to whom?
during World War I, when the old import-export trading system was disrupted
When did import-substitution industrialization, or ISI, first emerge?
Pointing out racial discrimination seemed "unpatriotic" in a country that prided itself on being a racial democracy.
Which of the following is partly the reason Brazil's Unified Black Movement failed to attract many followers?
It renounced US military intervention in Latin America.
Which of the following is true regarding President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbour Policy?
They rehabilitated the image of pre-revolutionary leader Porfirio Díaz, who was formerly portrayed as a villain by nationalists.
Which of the following is true regarding neoliberals in the PRI government of Mexico?
The CIA-backed opposition polarized the country.
Which of the following led up to the Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet coming to power in 1973?
He is the first indigenous person to become the president of a Latin American country since the Conquest.
Which of the following made Evo Morales of Bolivia historically significant?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following techniques did Hugo Chávez use to maintain his power?
Farabundo Martí, a martyred hero of the Salvadoran left
Who did the Salvadoran revolutionaries of the 1980s name their main organization after?
Violeta Parra, an elderly Chilean folksinger
Who started the "new song" movement in Latin America?
He dedicated his life to fighting capitalist imperialism anywhere in the world.
Who was Che Guevara?
Benito Juárez
Who was the first fully governor of a Mexican state?
technocrats who advised Augusto Pinochet on neoliberal reforms
Who were the Chicago Boys?
a group of counterrevolutionaries who killed Archbishop Oscar Romero
Who were the Contras?
a Nicaraguan revolutionary group of the 1960s named after the famed rebel Augusto Sandino
Who were the Sandinistas?
young Brazilian nationalist army officers who staged symbolic uprisings against the government in the 1920s
Who were the Tenentes?
Peasants failed to join his guerrilla movement.
Why did Che Guevara ultimately fail and die in Bolivia?
to get the Catholic Church to address the institutionalized violence of poverty
Why did Latin American Bishops advocate the "preferential option for the poor" in 1968?
He viewed it like many other Brazilian abolitionists, as a obstacle to Progress
Why did Nabuco oppose slavery
It placed clergy outside the law.
Why did fuero became unpopular?
Western Europe received vast amounts of aid under the Marshall Plan, while Latin America was largely ignored.
Why did many Latin Americans become disenchanted with the United States after the Second World War?
The Church's unproductive wealth and clergy privileges were affronts to Progress
Why did nineteenth-century Latin America liberals oppose the Catholic Church?
Most of the population remained mired in poverty while rural oligarchies controlled most of the wealth.
Why did revolutions erupt in Central America in the 1960s and 1970s?
They kept their beards after their 1959 victory to show that the revolution was just beginning.
Why did the Cuban revolutionaries become known as Los Barbudos?
Military intelligence indicated the town was a guerrilla base even though it was not.
Why did the Salvadoran military wipe out the village of El Mozote in 1981?
All of the answers are correct.
Why did the United States tend to support dictators in Latin America during the Cold War?
She became a hemispheric symbol of revolutionary commitment after dying in Bolivia while supporting Che Guevara's failed insurrection.
Why is Tamara Bunke (better known as Tania) historically noteworthy?
It is where a CIA proxy force sent to topple Castro was defeated.
Why is the Bay of Pigs in Cuba famous?
It provided a structural analysis of why Latin America was so poor in comparison to the developed world.
Why was Marxism appealing to many Latin Americans during the Cold War?
Addicted US consumers were willing to pay huge sums for illegal drugs.
Why was Pablo Escobar's Medellín cartel able to thrive?
As mothers, they were off-limits to a government that defended conservative values.
Why were Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo able to hold public demonstrations against the Argentine government without suffering violent reprisals?
