Spanish Final Study Guide

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

In the 17th century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy and rulers feared creating martyrs.

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests. newly ennobled or upper middle class

in return for financial support what did Charles II of england secretly promise louis XIV of France

English laws against Catholics would be used in English gradually re-catholicized

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional gov.?

Growth in armed forces

How did Fredrick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the Junker's privleges, including their authority over the serfs.

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.

Frances strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean Baptiste Colbert

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

How did the Treaty of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united. promote religious and civil peace.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly. consolidation of serfdom.

Louis XIV selected counselors from the

Newly ennobled or upper middle class

What's mistaken belief did the count duke of olivares hold that brought disaster to spain

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the 16th century in order to solve his economic and political difficulties

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

The subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans

In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

consolidation of serfdom.

Political power in the Dutch republic was

controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants.

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

military dictatorship

The ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities known as...

millets

French foreign policy under Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute but derived from an implicit contract with the governed.