SPC midterm

What point was the author trying to illustrate about public speaking with his example of American figure skater Michelle Kwan's habit of repeating the word "ooze" to herself during choreography sessions?

By thinking of a word or phrase that concentrates the body and mind, Kwan- and by extension public speakers- can enhance a sense of self-awareness that can be so instrumental to performative excellence

Nonverbal channel

- Delivery is conveyed through the nonverbal channel - The nonverbal channel is used to reinforce the verbal. 67-93% of all communication is done through non-verbals.

Effective delivery

- Effective delivery is listener centered. It is also conversational, sounding like we are talking without listeners rather than talking at them. It should be natural, enthusiastic, confident, and direct. - Conversational= extemporaneous

Types of nonverbal communication

- Proxemics or situational audience analysis - the way in which space and distance communicates. Example, closer talker was in Seinfeld, Kramer.

Our author uses the example of eulogizing his grandmother to demonstrate which of the following?

- The expectations of our audience, often borne out of tradition, are important and should be considered in our speechmaking - We must consider the settling in which a speech will be delivered so we can craft messages appropriate to the environment and occasion - Age matters to all manners of public speaking and settings

What is delivery?

- The way we communicate our message orally, and visually through our use of voice, body and face. - The way we communicate our message, its conveyed through the nonverbal channel, and it is listener centered.

Audience analysis

- considering demographics, physiological information

Audience centered

- considering who our audience members are and making sure our speech makes sense. Showing respect and that we have taken them into account when crafting our message.

how to combat anxiety

- identify your fears- write them out! - self talk- be positive - visualize- see yourself being successful - practice - know your material -Breathe and relax - focus on your speech not your audience - avoid stimulants

Chronemics

- the meanings we attach to time.

Nonverbal communication is ...

-How we convey our message through our use of face, voice, and body -Can help us command the attention of our audiences

Which of the following did researcher Helen Lie identify as effective techniques that successful speakers intentionally used to practice for their speeches?

-If possible, record and analyze your practice sessions -Identify clearly defined speaking goals for each practice session -If possible, practice your speech in the same room in which you will be delivering the speech for real -Repeat your practice session until you get it right

Situational audience analysis refers to ...

-Our physical environment where we speak -The acoustics of the room and the noises outside -The time of day when we speak

Which of the following is a potential source for generating a speech topic?

-Personal passions -Academic Major -Work -Current events

Connectives, words and phrases used in public speaking to help our listeners "navigate" our speeches, include which of the following?

-Signposts -Internal previews and reviews -Transitions

Demographic audience analysis refers to ...

-The age and race of the audience -The education and religion of the audience -The economic and occupational background of the audience

Organization is really the study of ...

-What should follow what -How to proceed logically -How to flow from one topic to the next

Approaches to fight public speaking fears

-deliberate practice- practice your speech! -Smiling helps reduce stress -Systematic desensitization -Cognitive restructuring -Skills building

vocal quality

-is what distinguishes your voice from others -this includes: pitch, rate, volume, pronunciation (accents), enunciation (how clearly you pronounce words).

Conclusions should ...

-signal the conclusion by reinforcing the main ideas/central idea, briefly restate main points and motivate listeners to remember with a clincher.

What point was the author trying to illustrate with his example of broadcaster Gary McCord's banishment from The Masters golf tournament after he referred to "body bags" piling up next to the "bikini waxed" surfaces of the putting greens on the famed Augusta National golf course?

-what might appropriate for some audiences will not be for others -even though McCord's television audience by-and-large did not complain about his remarks, Masters tournament organizers felt that McCord failed to uphold the standard of decorum for their dignified event, thus proving that what might be appropriate for one audience could be quite offensive to others

What are some of the elements of your classroom public speaking environment that should function to alleviate "state apprehension"?

-you will have some flexibility to select most if not all of your speech topics -You will be speaking in relatively small and familiar classrooms where the acoustics are good -Your teacher will work with you to help you succeed as a public speaker -Your audience will be eager to see you succeed

When it comes to closing an informative speech versus a persuasive, our author makes a distinction: which of the following is NOT included in the closing of an informative speech, but is an essential component of a persuasive speech?

A call to action

When a speaker repeats the same sounds, either at the beginning of words or in the syllabus stressed (e.g., "nattering nabobs of negativity"), s/he is using this figure of speech: ______.

Alliteration

According to our author, which of the following is the best way to settle on an organizational pattern for your speech?

Allow the purpose to determine the pattern

Television commercials are known for them. Geico, for example, recently described happy customers as "happier than a bodybuilder directing traffic," "happier than Gallagher at a farmer's market," and "happier than a witch in a broom factory." Public speakers would be wise to employ these _______ used to add clarity and often humor to a speech.

Analogies

The author defines metaphors as comparisons between two seemingly different things that share something important in common. _______ metaphors are ones that resonate deeply across time and cultures, and are used to dramatize fundamental aspects of human experience such as "light and darkness," "the seasons," and height ("high" and "low").

Archetypal

Which Ancient Greek philosopher and rhetorician was responsible for naming the three types of appeals or proofs—ethos, logos, and pathos—that public speakers should use to craft ethical and effective persuasive speeches?

Aristotle

One way to avoid slipping into a "robotic spell" when delivering your speech is to involve your audience by posing strategic questions to them within your speech. Why is this important?

Assuming we give our audience time to contemplate and/or answer our question(s) directly, asking questions forces us to be present in the moment rather than racing through our speech

Monroe's Motivated Sequence, a version of the problem-solution organizational pattern, includes which of the of following five distinct steps?

Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action

The infamous "Twinkie Defense" refers to ...

Bad casual logic

Why was Aristotle so critical of delivery, which can be defined as the means used to perform a speech live before an audience?

Because a pleasant sound and appearance often trumps the substance of the reader's message

Vocal Variety

changing the rate/pitch/volume as well as the effective stressing of words and pauses.

- Ten simple things to help ensure clarity

o Be accurate- use words that precisely procure the meaning we are trying to convey. o Use words correctly o Use standard English o Be specific and concrete o Be economical- wordy speeches are not always better, use simple sentences and structures will create better meaning and you'll receive better listening. o Be respectful and inclusive- be politically correct- be fair and offer respect for different groups, and use bias free language o Have verbal immediacy o Suit level of formality to the occasion o Omit vocal litter- avoid vocalized pauses and vocal fillers Be yourself

Insulated listening

opposite of selective listening, in that when a topic arises that we'd rather not deal with, we simply avoid it—we fail to hear or acknowledge it. We may nod or answer, and then quickly forget.

Our adrenaline tends to accelerate different bodily processes before we get up to give a speech, including our heart rate, muscle tension, and our rate of speech. As a result, what is the best thing we can do to manage our body's stress in such circumstances?

Deliberately slow down- not just your rate of speech during your presentation- but try and self consciously slow down every aspect of your daily routine on the day of a speech

Primacy- recency effect

we are more likely to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series than the items in between. this is why the conclusion and introduction are important.

stage hogging

when we are only interested in expressing what we have to say and we really don't care about what anyone else has to say.

What was the Socratic method, and what purpose did it serve?

Developed by the classical Greek philosopher Socrates, the Socratic method utilized a sequence of questions to illuminate ideas and expose truth and bias

When it comes to establishing our own credibility in a speech, our author suggests we should be _______.

Direct

A dialogic approach to beginnings means that we should ...

Engage our audience with direct questions

Aristotle called ______ the "controlling factor" in compelling speechmaking.

Ethos

What point was the author trying to illustrate with his example of former basketball great Bill Russell's habit of pre-game vomiting before important games?

Even the best performers experience severe anxiety

According to Aristotle, ethos refers to both your ____ and ____.

Expertise and character

True or False: "To inform my audience about the Mountain Pine Beetle" is a good Specific Purpose statement.

False

True or False: "Trait apprehension" is defined as a fear of speaking brought about by a unique set of speaking circumstances such as speaking off the cuff before a large audience of experts in an unfamiliar setting.

False

True or False: Concluding a speech by returning to the introduction is often a great way to end.

False

Critical listening

when we hear, understand, evaluate, and assign worth to a message. The goal is to think about the message and react analytically to it. This includes doing: hear the message, interpret the message, evaluate, and react.

Appreciative listening

when we listen for pure enjoyment. The purpose is to enjoy the beauty of what one is hearing.

Discriminative listening

when we listen for the hidden meaning. The listener must be attentive to both verbal and nonverbal cues.

Comprehensive listening

when we listen in order to understand. The purpose is to gain and retain knowledge. In order to do so you must hear and discriminate verbal and nonverbal messages first.

Empathetic listening

when we listen to someone else's problem or situation in order to lend support not advice. In order to lend support one must hear, discriminate the nonverbal and verbal messages, and comprehend the message first.

Selective listening

when we respond only to the parts of a speaker's remarks that interest us, and reject everything else.

The most appropriate type of style to use when delivering a speech to praise, memorialize, or celebrate—also known as commemorative speaking—is the _______ style.

Grand

Rhetorical theorist Walter R. Fisher's claim that we are homo sapiens and also homo narrans best indicates which of the following?

Hardwired to tell stories

The following occasions might call for a little _______ to reduce tension, deflect an audience's attention away from an awkward situation, and/or increase an audience's attention to your speech: 1) a construction worker fires up a jackhammer right outside the room where you are giving your speech; 2) a car alarm is tripped outside your speech classroom and nobody deactivates it; or 3) while sharing pictures of a campus event posted to your Facebook page with students, a friend instant messages you a rather ribald greeting.

Humor

As a Sophist, Gorgias believed that truth was often relative to circumstances and depended upon kairos. What is kairos?

Kairos represents a speaker's ability to take advantage of the right moment or opportune timing to make a convincing argument

Which word best describes the art of eloquence, or the use of words to inspire others?

Magical

Aristotle referred to this style of speaking as a "golden mean," such that speakers aiming to advocate for some type of course of action or change should often aim for a style between the colloquial or everyday language and an ornamental or formal style of speech.

Middle

A statement or question that has nothing to do with the subject matter at hand is what the Romans called _______, which literally translates to 'does not follow.'

Non-sequitur

The problem-solution design is most useful for ...

Persuasive speeches

The Romans categorized different forms of style as plain, middle, or grand. Which style emphasizes getting your point across with clarity, simplicity, and precision?

Plain

This is perhaps the most important way to manage your anxiety about giving a public speech:

Practice your speech several times, preferably in the same room which you'll be delivering your speech, and/or infront of a small audience

The nonverbal cue of _______ refers to the way in which we use space and distance to communicate.

Proxemics

Which of the following best represents the stance the author takes towards addressing the classical Greek roots of public speaking within the new context of a digital age?

Re-energizing the past and the digital present by understanding what they can teach each other

Taboo topics usually ...

Rely on generalizations about groups of people

One form of eloquence that the author cites as a frequent stylistic device used by speakers such as President Barack Obama, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill is _______.

Repetition

If we show movement in a speech based on direction, we are engaged in _____.

Spatial Design

A topical organization approach refers to ...

Subdividing a whole into smaller parts

When it comes to the speech classroom as an environment for public speaking, which of the following adjectives best describes an audience's attitude towards student public speakers?

Supportive

The example Houck cites of baseball commentators referring to "arms" (for pitchers) and "bats" (for hitters) is an example of what figure of speech?

Synechdoche

When it comes to our audience, our author highlights all of the following as important factors to consider EXCEPT _______.

Taste important factors: Age, Politics, Economics

A Venn Diagram was used in this chapter to demonstrate which of the following?

The "football" shaped area in the middle of the diagram-where your interests and that of your audience overlap- is the "go spot" for topics

Why do many students approach their first public speaking course with a certain degree of resistance and/or hostility?

They are afraid to speak in public

Why were the Platonic Socrates and Aristotle suspicious of orators in their day?

They were suspicious of seductive "figures of speech" that would prevent audiences from carefully dissecting public arguments

True or False: "State apprehension" is defined as a fear of speaking brought about by a unique set of speaking circumstances such as speaking off the cuff before a large audience of experts in an unfamiliar setting.

True

True or False: Our author asserts our very multicultural world has rendered a lot of traditional audience analysis categorizing and generalizing as quaint and out-of-date, perhaps even dangerously misleading.

True

True or False: Ted should have informed his speech teacher about his plans with the razor blade.

True

Plato attempted to connect or pair ...

Types of souls with types of speeches

The psychological theory of primacy-recency suggests which of the following?

We are more likely to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series than what comes in between

context-based communication apprehension

When a person is anxious whenever he or she has to speak in a particular setting. Examples include public speaking, meetings, group discussion situations, and one-on-one situations.

Pseudo listening

an imitation of the real thing, when we're on the phone, watching TV, mentally distracted, or just too lazy or rude to pay attention

Three key elements of language and style

appropriateness, clarity and vividness.

Taking into account the unique dynamics or our audience when crafting speeches is to be _______.

audience centered

According to our author, which of the following is the 'best' phrased specific purpose?

to persuade my audience to donate blood at the next campus blood drive

Aristotle's moment of dramatic release was called a ________.

Catharisis

Of the organizational speech patterns discussed by our author, which pattern is premised on time—usually a movement from early to late, or beginning to ending, or that can also relate to things involving a process?

Chronological

Intrapersonal Communication

Communicating with oneself. This can be done through journal writings, self talk, or when we make decisions in our heads.

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between people who have an identifiablerelationship with each other. Interviewing, counseling, relationships. Takes place in a speech when we self-disclose to audience.

Impersonal Communication

Communication between two people about general topics.

things to critique on a speech

Content- quality and quantity of material and evidence structure- does the speech include all of the necessary components? attention catcher, clincher, preview, main points, transitions, use of language delivery- rate, volume, vocal variety, fillers, facial expressions, attire, enthusiasm.

Stress

is emphasis placed on words to indicate the importance of the ideas expressed. Pausing- useful when marking important ideas. Always aim for silent pausing.

True or False: The reference to Adolf Hitler's autobiography Mein Kampf was used to illustrate the point that the 'magical' properties of public speech will, in the end, always be used to support good and just causes.

false

A central idea refers to ...

ideas/central idea, briefly state main points

Appropriateness and clarity can

increase understanding, foster inclusion, arouse emotion, boost confidence.

A specific purpose statement ...

is what you hope to accomplish in the speech

Deliberate Practice is used by elite public speakers to:

practice your speech!

Introductions should ...

starts with an attention getter by asking a question, quotation, story, startling fact or statistic, action, humor. It involves the audience and gets them engaged. Clearly reveal the topic, establish relevance, establish credibility, and preview main points. Clearly tell the audience what your speech is about and why it is important.

Aristotle was a believer in the Middle Way, which refers to his concept of _____.

the golden mean

Of the three general types of survey questions: the fixed-alternative question; the scaled question; or the open-ended question, which offers a range of possible answers?

the scaled question