SPC2608 FINAL

kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

imagery

use of vivid language to create mental images concrete words -call up mental impressions of sight, sounds, touch, smell, and taste simile -with eyes glued to their phones, pedestrians walk the streets like zombies -avoid cliches - busy as a bee, hungry as a bear metaphor American cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society

connotative

variable, figurative, and subjective what work suggests or implies gives words intensity and emotional power arouses feelings of anger, pity, love, fear, friendship, nostalgia, greed, guilt, and the like

two outlines for the speech

- detailed preparation -brief speaking

ethics and emotional appeal

-Make sure it is appropriate to the topic -Most often inappropriate on questions of fact -they must be used to build on facts and reason--not to replace

importance of persuasion

-accounts for up to 30% of U.S. GDP -vital to being informed citizen and consumer -advocate

good speakers...

-aware of meaning of words -know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, appropriately, and inclusively

have a backup plan

-distribute outline via email -move speech to audio only call -share text through document -turn real time online speech to recorded -reschedule

guidelines for informative speaking

-don't over estimate what audience knows -relate subject directly to audience -don't be too technical -avoid abstractions with descriptions, comparisons, and contrasts -personalize your ideas -be creative

special nature of online environment

-gauging responses is difficult -dont know if they're distracted interference -physical space where listeners are located = noise, someone is with them -technology = drop call, lagging, buffering

presentation technology

-integrate variety of visual aids pluses and minuses -avoid distractions from programs like Prezi -avoid boring text filled powerpoints which end up sounding like manuscripts planning to use 1. decide where to use program to greatest advantage -spots in speech where they will enhance message -too many can be more harm than good

importance of outlines

-keep related ideas together -thoughts flow from one to another -structure is coherent

consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation

-main points = roman numerals -subpoints = capital letters and indented -most important ideas to the left, and gets less important as you move right with indentation -sub, then sub-sub ex. I. President A. Vice Pres. 1.Manager a. Assistant. b. Assistant

using language clearly

-speakers meaning must be immediately comprehensible use familiar words -simple plain talk choose concrete words -tangible object, people places and things eliminate clutter -lean and lively -before vs prior too -if vs in the eventuality of

speakers voice

volume -voice sounds louder to you than to listener -look at ppl farthest and see if they seem like they can hear pitch -highness or lowness of voice -inflections = changes in pith -avoid hypnotic pitch patters rate -speed -in U.S. ppl 120-150 wpm -depends on vocal attributes of speaker, mood they're trying to create, composition of audience, nature of occasion pauses -at end of thought units -do not fill silence with uh, er, or umm = vocalized pauses can create negative perceptions about intelligence and make speaker seem deceptive vocal variety -conviction and desire to communicate pronunciation -words have triple life = read, written, and spoken -usually dont know when were mispronouncing ex. genuine gen-u-wine vs gen-u-win articulation -crisp and distinct words ex. want to vs wanna didn't vs dint dialect -distinctive accent, grammar, and vocabulary

appealing to emotions

what are emotional appeals? -pathos - fear, compassion, pride, anger, guilt, reverence generation emotional appeal -use emotional language -develop vivid examples -speak with sincerity and conviction

persuasive speeches on questions of fact

what are questions of fact -no final answers -question about the truth or falsity of assertion analyzing questions of fact -nonpartisan- informative speech = speaker acts as lecturer giving information -partisan- when the speaker acts as an advocate organizing speeches on questions of fact -usually topically -each point is a reason why

persuasive speeches on questions of policy

what are questions of policy? -whether a specific course of action should be taken or not -involve questions of fact and value -usually include the word "should" types of -speeches to gain passive agreement = get audience to agree but not to enact that policy -speeches to gain immediate action = motivate them to act, call for action analyzing questions of policy -need = show a need for the policy, show there is a serious problem -plan= to solve the need -practicality = will the plan work, can it be implemented organizing speeches on questions of policy -problem - solution order = 1. need 2. solution -problem- cause solution order 1. identify problem 2. analyze cause of problem 3. solution -comparative advantages order (when audience already agrees) 1. why solution is preferable to other solutions -monroe's motivated sequence 1. attention 2. need 3. satisfaction 4. visualization 5. action

persuasive speeches on questions of value

what are questions of value? -question about worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action -value judgements analyzing questions of value -justify claim 1. define what you mean or establish standards 2. how your plan measures up to those standards -give special thought to the standards for value judgement organizing speeches on questions of value -topically 1. define standards 2. apply standards

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts general concepts, qualities, or attributes ex: humility, science, progress, philosophy

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects -specific -people, places, and things ex: carrot, pencil, nose, door

Practicing Delivery

1. go through prep outline aloud 2. prepare speaking outline 3. practice speech aloud several times using only speaking outline 4. begin to polish and refine delivery 5. give speech a dress rehearsal under conditions close to those in class

informative speech criteria

1. is the information communicated accurately? 2. is the information communicated clearly? 3. is the information made meaningful and interesting to the audience?

reasoning

1. make sure your own reasoning is sound 2. get listeners to agree with reasoning reasoning from specific instances -moves from particular facts to general conclusion ex. my physical education course was easy, roommates was easy, brothers was easy = physical education courses are easy -sample must be large enough before coming to conclusion -instances = fair, unbiased, representative -reinforced with stats or testimony reasoning from principle -moving from general principle to specific conclusion -opposite of ^^ -ex. all people are mortal, socrates is a person = socrates is mortal causal reasoning -establish relationship bw causes and effects -dont assume events only have one cause analogical reasoning -compare two similar cases and infers what is true for first is true for second -ex. if youre good at tennis your prob good at pingpong -questions of policy

Slippery Slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented -ex. now that everyone is always using technology, it wont be long until people forget how to write complete sentences and english falls apart

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion ex. how dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption when we are working to improve quality of life for all people in america -have nothing to do with each other

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

speeches about concepts

a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like more abstract usually topical more complex, avoid technical language, define terms clearly, use examples

speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech most widely recommended form of notes for extemporaneous speeches help you remember contain key words and phrases, stats, quotes include info NOT in preparation outlines like cues to direct and sharpen delivery

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes -exact wording is chosen at moment of delivery advantages 1. more precise control over thoughts and language than impromptu 2. greater spontaneity and directness than manuscript or memory 3. encourages conversational quality talking with the audience rather than declaiming to

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

Hasty Generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence -most common in reasoning from specific instances -jump to conclusion based on atypical cases or too few cases ex. college drop outs make excellent business leaders: look at mark zuckerberg and bill gates.

False Cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second -post hoc, ergo propter hoc -after this, therefore because of this -no causal connection

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute -against the man

either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist -false dilemma ex. government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor -over simplified complex issue -these aren't the only choices

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation 1. state point you are answering 2. state point you wish to make 3. support point 4. summarize point

memory speech

a speech given entirely from memory -memorize so thoroughly you will be able to concentrate on communicating with audience

manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience -certain speeches must be ex. presidential because one word can cause an international incident -avoid being wooden and artificial -use same directness and sincerity you would use speaking extemporaneously

speeches about processes

a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product how something is made, how something is done, how something works two types 1. so listeners will understand it better -how something works 2. so listeners will be able to perform the process -learn a skill usually arranged in chronological order when focusing on major principles or techniques = topical order concise organization is especially important

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike ex. in great britian general election last ab a month. we should be able to do the same in the U.S. -us and britian have extremely different governments and factors leading to elections

speeches about events

anything that happens or is regarded as happening history of event = chronological features, origins, implications, benefits = topical

speeches about objects

anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form may have moving parts or be alive, pay include places, structures, animals, or even people specific purpose = ONE aspect of object -precise not too broad -organize chronologically, spatially, topically limit speech between 2-5 main points keep main points separate use same pattern of wording balance time developed for each main point

4 reasons listeners are persuaded

because they perceive the speaker as having high credibility because they are won over by the speakers evidence because they are convinced by the speakers reasoning because their emotions are touched by the speakers idea or language

speech titles

brief, attract attention, encapsulate main trust "sex appeal" ex. gambling addition vs. against all odds vs. do you really think you can beat the odds? the rage to diet vs. the art of wishful shrinking vs. diets: how effective are they?

visual aids

can enhance almost EVERY aspect of a speech -make speaker seem better prepared, more credible, more professional -heighten audience interest, shift attention away from speaker, giver speaker greater confidence

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

guidelines for online speaking

control the visual environment -setting = quiet room, plain background, not clutter -lighting = avoid windows behind -framing = 2-3 feed away -eye contact = talking to webcam NOT computer screen -personal appearance = professional dress, solid colors, avoid white green and purple adapt nonverbal communication -magnified dramatically -planned gestures -be mindful of eyes adjust pacing -online audiences have more ways to tune out -alter what appears on audience screen = rotate between you and your visuals -keep moving at brisk crisp tempo don't forget audience -still communicate with them practice! -camera is less forgiving, you need to practice more 1. practicing recorded online- record your practice sessions 2. practicing real-time online- practice with computer software, use screen recording function

meaning of words

denotative and connotative

guidelines for presenting visual aids

display visual aids where listeners can see them avoid passing visual aids among the audience -lose attention display visual aids only while discussing them explain visual aids clearly and concisely talk to your audience, not to your visual aid practice with your visual aids check the room and equipment -bring backup

what is good delivery?

doesn't call attention to itself -conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience -directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication an art not a science -what works for one may fail for another when planning first speeches -speak intelligibly, avoid distracting mannerisms, and establish eye contact

fallacies

errors in reasoning

building credibility

factors of credibility -competence = how audience regard speakers intelligence on subject -character = how audience regards speakers sincerity and trustworthiness types of credibility -initial = credibility given before speaker speaks -derived = produced by everything speaker says and does during the speech -terminal = at end of the speech enhancing credibility -explain competence = experience or research etc. -establish common ground with audience = show how POV is same as audience beliefs -deliver speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

guidelines for speaking outline

follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline -use indentation make sure the outline is legible -use large lettering, leave space between lines, ample margins, write or type on only one side of paper -most ppl prefer 4x6 or 5x8 size index card keep the outline as brief as possible -maintain eye contact give yourself cues for delivering the speech -how you want to say it ex. eye contact, slow down, pause, louder

using evidence

how evidence works -think where the audience would object or what they are thinking and support with evidence tips for using evidence -use specific = numbers and stats not just statements -use novel = new to audience -credible sources -clear point of evidence = draw them to conclusion you want, make sure they understand point you're making

degrees of persuasion

if listeners are neutral or only moderately committed, you can realistically hope your speech can persuade

use language vividly

imagery rhythm

using language accurately

knowledge vs expertise vs education all synonyms but used differently

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors importance: U.S. is becoming more diverse avoid "he" -use they/them and he or she avoid "man" -mankind vs human kind avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender -businessman vs businessperson use names that groups use to identify themselves -homosexuals vs lesbian and gay men -handicapped people vs people with disabilities not a matter of political correctness but personal curtesy (P.C.)

ethics and persuasion

make sure goals are ethically sound -defend them if questioned study topic thoroughly so you wont mislead audience be honest in what you say use ethical methods to communicate your ideas no ethical shortcuts (maintain credibility) use emotional appeal appropriately

methods of delivery

manuscript memorized impromptu extemporaneous

speech delivery is a matter of

nonverbal communication

labeling transitions

not included in system of symbolization and indentation labeled separately and inserted in outline where they will appear in speech ex. Transition: ...

kinds of visual aids

objects and models -some may be too big, too small, or unavailable photographs and drawings -use presentation program graphs -help audience understand complex series of numbers -most common is line graph = shows changes in statistics over time -pie graph = distribution patters -bar graph = comparions charts -summarizing large blocks of info -clear, simple, and uncluttered -rarely exceed 7-8 items video -no more than 30 seconds -make sure video is cued -beware of low resolution the speaker -use own body -ex: sign language

using language appropriately

occasion -at a football game with friends "you guys", vs at work "distinguished guests" audience -friends vs boss topic -you would not use figurative language when telling how to change a tire speaker -blend your own language style with what you have learned

Visual environment

on screen elements seen by the audience during a speech

speakers body

personal appearance -first impression -lady gaga being able to wear a meet dress without effecting her reputation movement -before and after you speak is just as important as during -seem composed and confident -establish eye contact gestures -do not distract from message -should appear natural and spontaneous, help clarify or reinforce ideas, suited to audience and occasion eye contact -help gauge speaker's truthfulness, intelligence, attitudes, feelings -look at audience personally and pleasantly -avoiding eye contact = tentative or ill at ease, insincere or dishonest -HOW you look at them -try looking at whole audience

denotative

precise, literal, and objective describes object, person, place, idea, or event dictionary definition

guidelines for preparing visuals

prepare visuals well in advance -devise creative, attractive aids -use them while practicing keep visual aids simple make sure visual aids are large enough -avoid ALL CAPS use limited amount of text -briefer is better use fonts effectively -clear and easy to read -large lettering -no more than 2 on single slide -same font on all slides use color effectively -dark print on light background or light print on dark use images strategically -never add images to slide unless truly needed -make sure large enough -high resolution -include title above charts and graphs -edit video so its integrated seamlessly into slides

answering audience questions

preparing for Q&A -formulate answers to possible questions -practice delivery of answers managing the Q&A -approach questions with positive attitude -listen carefully -direct answers to entire audience -be honest and straight forward -stay on track

conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

kinds of online speeches

recorded online speeches- designed for viewing on internet -ex. TED talks real time online speech- created specifically for audience who can view it while its being delivered ex. ZOOM, Webcam

guidelines for PREPARATION outline

state the specific purpose of your speech -before outline identify the central idea -before outline label the introduction, body, and conclusion use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation -roman numerals and indentation -visual framework state main points and subpoints in full sentences label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews attach a bibliography -MLA or APA give your speech a title, if one is desired -brief, attract attention, encapsulate main ideas

psychology of persuasion

the challenge of persuasive speaking -increased audience resistance to persuasion -some listeners will not agree with you no matter what -depends on how well you tailor message to values, attitudes, and beliefs of audience how listeners process persuasive messages -engage in mental give-and-take -similar to what happens vocally during a conversation but listener is thinking internally -mental dialogue with audience -leave nothing to chance, prepare for objections and criticism the target audience -part of audience you can reach with speech -those who could be persuaded

rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words NOT like a poem parallelism- similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words ex. I speak as a republican. I speak as a women. I speak as a U.S. senator. I speak as an American. repetition - same word or sets of words at beginning or end ex. my community is rich with spirit, rich with energy, rich with compassion. alliteration - repeating initial consonant sound; used excessively it can draw attention to itself ex. i will use every possible opportunity to persuade, prod, and push for progress. antithesis- juxtaposition of contrasting ideas ex. ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas