Speech Final

symbolic

Language is ________ which means words stand for things, so they can have multiple meanings

target audience

the focus of your persuasive efforts as they represent the portion of the whole audience that you want to influence

written language

use to help people remember what you said (bulleted lists: items that are related but in no particular order- membership), (numbered lists: sequence- proper order of steps in a process, priority-listing by importance), or (tables: words and numbers) not in complete sentences, enhances ethical communication as well as speaker credibility

diagrams

visual representation that shows relationships between abstract ideas, info is no quantitative, composed of text, boxes, lines, and arrows that give form and direction to your topic

illustrations/paintings

visuals that resemble what the represent, pictures of nouns, items you can point to in the physical world

Human perspective

we have a responsibility both to ourselves and to others to be open, gentle, compassionate, and critically reflective in our choices one of the 4 standards used to make ethical communication decisions

posture

weight distributed evenly on both legs and your feet approximately shoulder width apart, make sure to start your speech with your arms comfortably by your side, shows you're are confident and increases credibility.

ad hominem

(against the person) occurs when a speaker attacks the character of the person making an argument rather than the itself, attempts to divert attention away from argument

false dilemma

(either-or) asserts that a complicated question has only two answers, when more actually exists, easily identified by the words "either" and "or;"

6 behaviors to improve listening

1.Remove, if possible, the physical barriers to listening. 2) Focus on the speaker's main idea. 3) Listen for the intent, as well as the content of the messages. 4) Give the other person a full hearing. 5) Remember the saying that meanings are in people, not in words. 6) Concentrate on the other person as a communicator and as a human being.

group

a gathering of people who interact with one another for a common purpose, 3 or more people (just two make a pair or a dyad)

ethics

a set of standards that offer guidance about the choices we make and explain why we behave as we do

qualifiers

admit exceptions and demonstrate that argumentation is not an exact science, acknowledging your degree of certainty safeguards you against the appearance you are taking is an unreasonable position on the topic 1 of 6 elements of an argument

photographs

also pictures of nouns (people, places), be careful these can be manipulated

apprehensive listening

an individual process because it involves personal enjoyment (music)

persuasive public speaking

any message that is intended to shape, reinforce, or change the responses of another or others

remembering

apply what you have to future situations

National Communication Association Credo for Ethical Communication

because of the various perspectives that may be used in decision making, the NCA adopted a credo or a code of ethics to guide our communication behaviors. In order to evaluate other people's messages, you must understand the ethical principles that communication scholars use to guide their behaviors. This credo is based on the first amendment, respect for others, access to information, democratic decision making, and responsibility for our behavior

evidence credibility statements

brief statements that establish the quality of the information you are using to support your ideas 1 of 6 elements of an argument

pausing

by having a well-timed moment of silence can help vary your rate and speak volumes to an audience

enhnocentrism

comparing and judging other cultures to your own, believing your own culture is superior to others

understanding

comprehending what you are listening to- comes with practice- process within us that requires reflection

fact

concerned with what is or is not true, what does or does not exist, what did or did not happen; may focus on whether something did or did not happen in the past (past fact), whether something is true or not currently (present fact), or whether something will be true or not true in the future (projection) (burdens of proof: speaker working with a factual persuasive claim faces the burden of proving the facts to support his/her position, essential that speaker clearly defines key terms)

value

concerns what you might consider to be right or wrong, moral or immoral, just or unjust, good or bad (burdens of proof: must also clearly define key terms, must also identify some criterion- or standard- by which the judgment is made)

design principles

contrast, repetition, alignment, and proximity

values

deeply held, stable conviction about what is good or bad, right or wrong with respect to human existence, including such concepts as fairness, justice, freedom, love, security, and honesty

extemporaneous speaking

deliver your presentation from a prepared outline or speaking notes, often preferred in classroom presentation as it allows you to experience what it is like to communicate a message that is well conceived and planned. Your preparation and speaking outlines help build your confidence to deliver your presentation to the class. Extemporaneous speaking allows you to gauge your audience's reactions and adapt your message accordingly, also helps you talk to your audience in a more conversational way- audiences do not enjoy being read to, it is preferred that you stumble on a word when you look up from your notes rather than read to the audience, there may be elements of other delivery methods incorporated into the extemporaneous speaking method. 1 of 4 methods of delivery

consumption

describes what happens when we consume info (reading, listening, interpreting)

production

describes what happens when we produce info (writing, speaking, creating)

evidence

employed to substantiate a speaker's claim and may take several forms including statistics, analogies, facts, examples, and testimony 1 of 6 elements of an argument

cultural relativsm

engage in some perspective taking, we are able to judge another persons culture by its own values a beliefs

interdependence

everything that one member does will influence the entire group (ex. someone missing a meeting changes the productivity of the meeting)

physical distractions

external sources of inference, includes any distractions from our environment that keep us from focusing on the speaker and messages (ex. time of day, temperature, noises)

paper

handouts, large prints, posters

memorization

helpful if your message is going to be somewhat brief, you could remember all or parts of your presentation, a good strategy for special occasions such as introducing other speakers or making a toast at a wedding, many speakers will memorize the attention getter and conclusion of their presentation to make sure they have a strong opening and a memorable close (certain quotes may need to be memorized to make sure they are accurate) you will want to rephrase the presentation in a way that does not sound like it is memorized- memorize how to emphasize certain words as well as determine times to look at the audience -remember to concentrate on the audience more than memorizing the words. 1 of 4 methods of delivery

political perspective

helps us to understand ethical practices based on a value system. You must understand the values of that political system. one of the 4 standards used to make ethical communication decisions

proximity

if two or more items are related, group them closely, and if they are different spread them out

screen

include the use of overhead transparencies, computer/video projectors, and computer/television monitors

critical listening

involves making judgments about the messages you receive, if the info you receive is useful, meaningful, clear, valid, consistent, or reliable

interpreting

involves the ability to see a situation from another person's perspective

hearing

involves the physiological process of accurately receiving sounds, must focus your attention and concentrate to begin the process of listening

visual literacy

is "the learned ability to interpret visual messages accurately and to create such messages," from this we can see that fully literate communicators must be able to not only interpret visual information but express themselves visually as well; two types: consumption and production

pronunciation

is how a word is said and stressed

articulation

is the clear formation of words

volume

is the loudness and softness with which you speak

vocal variety

is the way you vary your volume, rate, pauses and pitch

manuscript

is when a presentation needs to be read word for word as it needs to be precise and has time constraints, effective manuscript speakers will practice out loud to make their speech sound more natural, make advanced decisions on when to pause, emphasize, look at the audience, and so forth, do not read your entire class presentation to the audience 1 of 4 methods of delivery

intentional plagiarism

is when you knowingly steal someone else's ideas or words and pass them off as your own (global level: taking entire passages or speeches; partial level: using key words and phrases within your own speech) make sure you attribute the information to each source

arbitrary

language is _______ meaning words have n meaning in and of themselves, they get their meaning from the people who use them

appropriateness

language used in the presentation is appropriate to the topic, the occasion, and the audience, audiences respond differently to certain words or phrases, use appropriate language; use inclusive language (considers and respects all types f people regardless of gender, race, sexual orientation, etc- avoids excluding anyone for any reason, avoids making assumptions about who can and cannot engage in certain activities, respects listeners and helps speakers accomplish their goals 1 of 4 considerations for effective word choice

culture

made up of the values and beliefs learned by a group of people who share the same social heritage and traditions, a way of life that is learned over time

accuracy

make sure your presentation is grammatically and structurally correct, use the right words at the right time, words have different meanings, so make sure you are using terms correctly (denotative: meaning is the literal dictionary meaning of the word VS connotative: emotional response to the word ex. terrorist) 1 of 4 considerations for effective word choice

discriminative listening

most basic type of listening and occurs when we distinguish between verbal and nonverbal messages (words vs actions)

films/videos/animations

not just two dimensional, includes time (and sometimes sound)- make sure clip is short and does not overwhelm the rest of the presentation

rebuttals

not only state the other sides or counterarguments to your position but also attacks them head on, one-sided message: give arguments in favor of the speaker's position on the issue, multi-sided: present the multiple perspectives of the controversial issue 1 of 6 elements of an argument

factual distractions

occur when we concentrate so hard on a speaker's message that we miss the main point, can occur when you become so overwhelmed with the details of his message that you overlook the underlying purpose and importance of it

semantic distractions

occur when we have an emotional response to particular words or concepts the speaker is presenting, the words a speaker uses can stop you from listening, you now have a mental distraction caused by words or phrases

unintentional plagiarism

occurs because of carelessness, either you neglected to take careful notes while researching or failed to cite your source appropriately, even if your paraphrase you have to cite and give them credit

slippery slope

occurs when a speaker asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another down a steep slope towards disaster, in most cases there are a series of steps between events that lead toward an ultimate conclusion

fallacy

occurs when an argument is based on unsound reasoning or evidence

groupthink

occurs when members of the group are more concerned with getting the task done as opposed it getting it done right (sometimes because of looming deadlines)

synergy

occurs when the whole group is more successful than each member within it, all members pool their knowledge, experience, expertise, and resources, the end result of group work is better than anything you could have done yourself

comprehensive listening

occurs when we are attempting to understand a message for a particular reason- to gain knowledge or complete a task, not just understand the message but also retain the info (directions, lectures)

empathetic listening

occurs when we want to support or help another person (empathy- ability to feel for the other person) sole purpose is to listen not to talk, (when someone is venting)

plagiarism

occurs when you present someone else's words or ideas as if they were your own.

mental distractions

occurs when your mind wanders from the subject at hand, when our mind gets in the way of our ability to concentrate and listen

data graphics

pictures of numbers, makes complex info easier to understand (charts, graphs) pie graphs: constructed from small data sets and the values are reported as percentages that equal 100%, line graphs: one or more variables plotted against a time interval, bar/column graphs: can also be a time series graphic- although the data set is usually not as large as the one you would use in a line graph- allows for quick comparisons between groups- can be used without a time-series element, data maps: unlike time-series plots- compared in space- not time (ex. map of us during presidential elections)

warrants

provides the justification and reasoning to connect the evidence with your claim, explains how the evidence substantiates your point and demonstrates that making the mental leap from on to the other is rational 1 of 6 elements of an argument

pathos

refers to appeals to emotion, speakers can target emotions in their audience such as fear, anger, pity envy, love, and pride, emotional appeals can operate as powerful persuasive tools

ethos

refers to credibility, speakers are only as credible as their listeners perceive them to be, (credibility: competence, character, and goodwill)

argument

refers to the process of advancing claims supported by evidence and reasoning; 6 elements

logos

refers to the rational proofs you use to support the argument you make in a persuasive speech (rational proofs are made up of a series of premises, or declarative statements, that lead to a conclusion)

attitudes

relatively enduring set of beliefs around a person, group, idea, or event that predispose an individual to respond in a particular way

claims

represents the assertion or point that a speaker advocates, can be advanced as claims of fact, value, or policy 1 of 6 elements of an argument

appeal to authority

rests on the assumption that because and authority figure says something, it must be true

ethical communication

results when we apply ethical standards to the messages we produce and consume

facial expressions

should compliment your message and support the emotion your message is supposed to convey (varying your facial expressions and making sure they match your verbal message will enhance your credibility)

impromptu

speaking happens with you are called to talk "off the cuff" This means you have little or no time to prepare what you are going to say, it happens on a day-to-day basis, this could happen when being asked for directions, participating in a class discussion, or a simple conversation with a friend, do not plan in advance what to say, but can think of how to convey your message in the best way possible, think of key words and phrases you would like to use 1 of 4 methods of delivery

repetition

stick with the same color scheme, background, illustration styles, typeface, etc- can confuse the audience thinking it means something

bandwagon

suggests that something is correct, good , or true because many other people agree with it or are doing it

Situational perspective

takes into account the context of the communication event. Some factors include: the role of the communicator for the audience, what is reasonable for the audience, how aware the audience is of the communicator's techniques, what the audience's goals and values are, and what the audience's standards are for ethical communication. one of the 4 standards used to make ethical communication decisions

beliefs

the acceptance that something is true even if we can't prove it is true

pitch

the highness or lowness of your voice

Dialogical perspective

the interactions between people should promote the development of self, personality, and knowledge. Each participant in a communication event should make decisions based on his or her ability to improve mutual understanding and dialog between participants one of the 4 standards used to make ethical communication decisions

rate

the speed at which you speak

gestures

the use of your body in some way to reinforce an idea, natural in communication, many of us use them without knowing, plan your gestures, unintended and unplanned gestures (nervous fidgeting, fiddling with notes, or repeatedly raising your hand) can be distracting movement: making use of available space, can help you reduce your level of anxiety, can convey that you are approachable and confident in your message, should be meaningful and planned out (emphasis or transition) your body communicates to your audience how you feel about your message.

red herring

they introduce irrelevant information into an argument in an attempt to mask the real issue under discussion

objects

three dimensional object, make sure its large enough for the audience to see and small enough to carry with you to the presentation

evaluating

through past experiences, attitudes, and values- analyze the message we receive through these

screen and paper

two ways to display your presentation aid

vivid

use language to evoke a certain emotion or image from their audience to appeal to the audience's senses, make speeches more descriptive, imaginative, and memorable to listeners (simile: direct comparison of unlike things using the words like or as; metaphor: implied comparisons of unlike things; extended analogies: recalls previous example and extends it- further explain metaphors in detail; personification: gives human qualities to inanimate objects, ideas, or animals; alliteration: a repetition of sounds that are near each other; antithesis: used to show contrasting ideas to create a memorable effect- try to explain what something is by describing what it is not; onomatopoeia: uses sounds that mimic the meaning of words; repetition: t beginning or end of sentences to call attention to a particular point) 1 of 4 considerations for effective word choice

clairty

use words that are specific and familiar to your audience, because they cannot look up words they do not understand. It is the speakers responsibility to choose words that when said the first time provide clarity for the audience (use concrete language: detailed, tangible, specific language, not abstract language: general and vague- in order to get speaker and listener to share the same interpretations) (avoid using jargon: language that s specific to a particular group, like acronyms: first-letter abbreviations for longer terms) (use active, subject preforms the action, instead of passive, the subject is acted upon, voice- sometimes passive voice reveals a lack of knowledge or, at worst, deception) (do not use vocalized pauses -like, you know, um- can cause listener to become distracted) 1 of 4 considerations for effective word choice

contrast

vary the size of the visual elements you use, headings should be larger than table elements, use contrasting colors (ex. white on blue)

policy

what should be done, what law should be changed, or what policy should be followed, policy claims can be easily identified by the word "should" as well as the existence of an agent of action (the entity who is responsible for taking actions) (burdens of proof: define key terms, must prove that some problem or harm exists, also must prove that the status quo won't or can't solve the problem, or the speaker must establish that some inherent barrier exists that is preventing the status quo from acting to solve the problem, speaker must establish his/her recommended course of action will solve the problem)

responding

what we will do w the info

eye contact

when a speaker looks out to the audience, the audience is more likely to listen, also helps gauge the audience's feedback, allows speakers to communicate with their audience rather than just speaking at them.

alignment

with visual elements, try to fill up call of the corners, align them on their tops bottoms and sides, makes things look less messy and more organized

triangle of meaning

words have a __________ (symbol-lower left, thought- top, referent: the actual thing itself- lower right)