Speech Midterm

4. Identify several categories of topics that may be used in informative speaking

. A variety of different topic categories are available for informative speaking

Explain the three principles discussed in the dialogical theory of public speaking

1. Dialogue is more natural than monologue. 2. Meanings are in people not words. 3. Contexts and social situations impact perceived meanings

. List and explain the five basic functions of an introduction

1. Gain Audience Attention and Interest 2. State the Purpose of Your Speech 3. Establish Credibility 4. Provide Reasons to Listen 5. Preview Main Ideas

Identify three components of getting your message across to others.

1. attention to message content 2. Skill in communicating content 3. Your passion for the information presented.

Understand how to write a clear thesis statement

A clear thesis statement is essential to provide structure for a speaker and clarity for an audience

14. Differentiate between direct quotations and paraphrases of information within a speech

A direct quotation is any time you utilize another individual's words in a format that resembles the way they were originally said or written. On the other hand, a paraphrase is when you take someone's ideas and restate them using your own words to convey the intended meaning

Identify different misconceptions about communication anxiety

A great deal of conventional advice for managing stage fright is misleading, including suggestions that speech anxiety is neurotic, that telling a joke is a good opening, that imagining the audience naked is helpful, that any mistake is fatal to an effective speech, that memorizing a script is useful, that audiences are out to get you, and that your audience sees how nervous you really are

Understand the nature of listening styles

A listening style is a general manner in which an individual attends to the messages of another person

Explain how to identify and use finding aids for topic selection

A speaker can investigate finding aids when searching for a good topic. Various finding aids have their positives and negatives, so we recommend investigating several different finding aids to see what topic ideas inspire you.

Understand how to use three factors of credibility in an introduction

A speaker's perceived credibility is a combination of competence, trustworthiness, and caring/goodwill. Research has shown that caring/goodwill is probably the most important factor of credibility because audiences want to know that a speaker has their best interests at heart. At the same time, speakers should strive to be both competent and honest while speaking

• Understand the basic benefits of a strong conclusion

A strong conclusion is very important because it's a speaker's final chance to really explain the importance of her or his message and allows the speaker to both signal the end of the speech and help the audience to remember the main ideas. As such, speakers need to thoroughly examine how they will conclude their speeches with power.

Identify appropriate academic sources (e.g., scholarly books, scholarly articles, computerized databases, and scholarly information on the web).

Academic sources offer more specialized, higher-level information; they include books, articles, computer databases, and web resources

Explain the action listening style

Action-oriented listeners pay attention to the physical actions a speaker wants the listener to engage in.

Explain how a listener's attention span can limit the listener's ability to attend to a speaker's message

All audiences have a limited attention span. As a speaker, you must realize how long you can reasonably expect an audience to listen to your message

Understand how to apply the National Communication Association (NCA) Credo for Ethical Communication within the context of public speaking

All eight of the principles espoused in the NCA Credo for Ethical Communication can be applied to public speaking. Some of the principles relate more to the speaker's role in communication, while others relate to both the speaker's and the audience's role in public speech

1. Revisit the function of a specific purpose

All speeches start with a general purpose and then move to a specific purpose that gives the who, what, where, and how for the speech

. Examine the three steps of an effective conclusion: restatement of the thesis, review of the main points, and concluding device

An effective conclusion contains three basic parts: a restatement of the speech's thesis; a review of the main points discussed within the speech; and a concluding device that helps create a lasting image in audiences' minds

9. Design an effective preview of your speech's content for your audience

An effective preview identifies the specific main points that will be present in the speech body

Understand how to gather and use psychographic information

Another element of audience is psychographic information, which focuses on audience attitudes, beliefs, and values

Distinguish among the six parts of an introduction

Attention-Getter, Link to Topic, Reasons to Listen, Espousal of Credibility, Thesis Statement, Preview

Explain how to adapt your speech to your audience's needs

Audience analysis requires that you adapt to the needs of your audience; this includes considering cultural diversity, making your message clear, avoiding offensive remarks, and speaking with sincerity

Understand the value of acknowledging your audience

Audience analysis should be conducted so you can acknowledge your audience and their beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes

Understand how to choose a worthwhile topic

Audience analysis should guide your choice of a topic so that you select a topic that is relevant and useful to them. Controversial topics can be excellent topics, but be sure to consider your audience when selecting your topic and deciding how to approach it

Evaluate what it means to be an ethical listener

Being an ethical listener means giving respectful attention to the ideas of a speaker, even though you may not agree with or accept those ideas

Explain the steps for citing sources within a speech

Citing sources within your speech is a three-step process: set up the citation, provide the cited information, and interpret the information within the context of your speech

Explain the nature of communication apprehension

Communication apprehension refers to the fear or anxiety people experience at the thought of being evaluated by others. Some anxiety is a normal part of the communication process

Distinguish among the four different types of communication apprehension

Communication apprehension stems from many sources, including the speaker's personality characteristics, communication context, nature of the audience, or situation

Understand and conduct a basic personal inventory

Conducting a personal inventory is a good way to start the topic selection process. When we analyze our own experiences, interests, knowledge, and passions, we often find topics that others will also find interesting and useful

Explain the content listening style

Content-oriented listeners pay attention to the meaning and credibility of a speaker's message.

Explain why having a strong conversational quality is important for effective public speaking

Conversational style is a speaker's ability to sound expressive while being perceived by the audience as natural. Conversational quality is a speaker's ability to prepare a speech and rehearse a speech but still sound spontaneous when delivering it

Understand six distinct ways to improve your ability to critically listen to speeches

Critical listening can be improved by employing one or more strategies to help the listener analyze the message: recognize the difference between facts and opinions, uncover assumptions given by the speaker, be open to new ideas, use both reason and common sense when analyzing messages, relate new ideas to old ones, and take useful notes.

Define and explain critical listening and its importance in the public speaking context

Critical listening is the process a listener goes through using careful, systematic thinking and reasoning to see whether a speaker's message makes sense in light of factual evidence. When listeners are not critical of the messages they are attending to, they are more likely to be persuaded by illogical arguments based on opinions and not facts

5. Understand how to gather and use demographic information

Demographic audience analysis focuses on group memberships of audience members.

Examine some tips and strategies for common speaking situations

Don't grip the lectern, speak slowly in large auditoriums, enunciate clearly when using a microphone

Understand the two types of feedback listeners give to speakers

During the responding stage of listening, listeners can provide speakers with two types of feedback designed to help a speaker know whether a listener is understanding and what the listener thinks of a message. Formative feedback is given while the speaker is engaged in the act of speech making. Summative feedback is given at the conclusion of a speech

Identify advantages and disadvantages of different presentation aid media

Each presentation aid vehicle has advantages and disadvantages. As such, speakers need to think through the use of visual aids and select the most appropriate ones for their individual speeches.

Examine the basics of entertaining speech topics and some common forms of entertaining speeches

Entertainment speeches can be after-dinner, ceremonial, or inspirational. Although there may be informative or persuasive elements to your speech, your primary reason for giving the speech is to entertain the audience

Clearly identify why an audience should listen to a speaker

Establishing how your speech topic is relevant and important shows the audience why they should listen to your speech

Understand how to use sources ethically in a speech

Ethically using sources means avoiding plagiarism, not engaging in academic fraud, making sure not to mislead your audience, providing credentials for your sources so the audience can make judgments about the material, and using primary research in ways that protect the identity of participants

Explain the role of careful planning and good execution when using presentation aids.

Every presentation aid should be created with careful attention to content and appearance

. Explain the importance of eye contact in public speaking

Eye contact helps capture and maintain an audience's interest while contributing to the speaker's credibility

Identify common difficulties that may fluster even experienced speakers

Forgetting key information or missing a notecard. Just think through what you want to do next

Discuss the First Amendment to the US Constitution in terms of free speech and Describe how free speech relates to other freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution

Free speech helps us to enact other freedoms protected by the First Amendment, including freedom of assembly and freedom of religion. Without free speech, we would not be able to assemble in groups to publicly debate and challenge government policies or laws. Without free speech, we would not be able to exercise our rights to express our religious views even when they are at odds with popular opinion

Define the concept of free speech and discuss its origins

Freedom of speech is the right to express information, ideas, and opinions free of government restrictions based on content and subject only to reasonable limitations.

. Understand how to establish research needs before beginning research.

Get a general idea of your research needs even before going to the library so that you can take the most advantage of the library's resources and librarians' help

Understand how to practice effectively for good speech delivery

Good delivery is a habit that is built through effective practice.

Know how to use notecards to stay organized while you make audience contact

Good notecards are carefully based on key words and phrases to promote recall

Know how to use notecards to free you from your manuscript.

Good notecards keep you from reading to your audience

Understand how to develop effective notecards for a speech

Good notecards should enhance your relationship with listeners

Understand the differences between listening and hearing

Hearing is the physiological process of attending to sound within one's environment; listening, however, is a focused, concentrated approach to understanding the message a source is sending.

Understand when to use each of the four methods of speech delivery

Impromptu speaking involves delivering a message on the spur of the moment, as when someone is asked to "say a few words." Extemporaneous speaking consists of delivering a speech in a conversational fashion using notes. This is the style most speeches call for. Manuscript speaking consists of reading a fully scripted speech. It is useful when a message needs to be delivered in precise words. Memorized speaking consists of reciting a scripted speech from memory. Memorization allows the speaker to be free of notes

Understand how to use a variety of strategies to help audience members keep up with a speech's content: internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

In addition to major transitions between the main points of a speech, speakers can utilize internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts to help focus audience members on the information contained within a speech

3. Differentiate between research time and speech preparation time

In conducting research for a speech, commit adequate time and plan your schedule. Consider both the research time, or time spent gathering information, and the preparation time needed to organize and practice your speech

Understand the different tools speakers can use to gain their audience's attention.

In developing the introduction to your speech, begin by deciding upon a statement to capture the audience's attention. Attention-getters can include references to the audience, quotations, references to current events, historical references, anecdotes, startling statements, questions, humor, personal references, and references to the occasion.

Create effective tools for gathering audience information

In order to create effective tools for audience analysis, interview and survey questions must be clear and to the point, focus groups must be facilitated carefully, and you must be aware of multiple interpretations of direct observations or existing research about your audience

Examine the basics of informative speech topics and some common forms of informative speeches

Informative speeches can focus on objects, people, events, concepts, processes, or issues. It is important to remember that your purpose in an informative speech is to share information with an audience, not to persuade them to do or believe something

Explain the importance of accuracy, clarity, and listener interest in informative speaking

Informative speeches must be accurate, clear, and interesting for the listener.

Explain the general length of an introduction

Introductions are only 10-15 percent of one's speech, so speakers need to make sure they think through the entire introduction to ensure that they will capture an audience. During an introduction, speakers attempt to impart the general and specific purpose of a speech while making their audience members interested in the speech topic, establishing their own credibility, and providing the audience with a preview of the speech structure

Explain the benefits of listening

Learning how to be an effective listener has numerous advantages. First, effective listening can help you become a better student. Second, effective listening can help you become more effective in your interpersonal relationships. Third, effective listening can lead others to perceive you as more intelligent. Lastly, effective listening can help you become a stronger public speaker

Explain the importance of using graphs while speaking

Line graphs, bar graphs, and pie graphs are commonly used by speakers to help present numerical information. The information presented on a graph should be clean and easily understandable from a distance

Name some common mistakes speakers make in trying to gain attention

Linking the attention-getter to the speech topic is essential so that you maintain audience attention and so that the relevance of the attention-getter is clear to your audience.

Understand the types of noise that can affect a listener's ability to attend to a message

Listeners are often unable to accurately attend to messages because of four types of noise. Physical noise is caused by the physical setting a listener is in. Psychological noise exists within a listener's own mind and prevents him or her from attending to a speaker's message. Physiological noise exists because a listener's body is feeling some sensation that prevents him or her from attending to a speaker's message. Semantic noise is caused by a listener's confusion over the meanings of words used by a speaker

Analyze how a listener's personal biases can influence her or his ability to attend to a message

Listeners must be aware of the biases they have for speakers and the topics speakers choose. Biases can often prevent a listener from accurately and competently listening to a speaker's actual message

Identify various factors that cause communication apprehension

Many factors exaggerate communication apprehension. Formality, familiarity, novelty, perceived similarity, and subordinate status are a few of the factors that influence our tendency to feel anxious while speaking

Differentiate among Miller's (1946) ten concluding devices

Miller (1946) found that speakers tend to use one of ten concluding devices. All of these devices are not appropriate for all speeches, so speakers need to determine which concluding device would have the strongest, most powerful effect for a given audience, purpose, and occasion. Challenge, Quotation, Summary, Visualizing the Future, Appeal, Inspirational, Advice, Proposal of Solution, Question, Reference to Audience

Understand the process of extending a general purpose into a specific purpose

Moving from a general to specific purpose requires you to identify the who, what,when, where, and why of your speech

Identify appropriate nonacademic sources (e.g., books, special-interest periodicals, newspapers and blogs, and websites

Nonacademic sources are a good place to gain general knowledge of a topic; these include books, general or special-interest periodicals, newspapers and blogs, and websites

3. Understand how the physical setting of a speech is an element that calls for preparation.

Not every speaking setting happens in a classroom. As such, different environments call for speakers to think through their basic speaking strategies. Speakers need to be prepared to deal with five common challenges in speaking contexts: using a lectern, large or small space, speaking in the outdoors, using a microphone, and audience size

Differentiate between objects and models

Objects are physical items that can be held up and used during a speech. Models, on the other hand, refer to tangible items that can be held during a speech, but are not the actual object but rather a facsimile of it

Discuss why speaking to inform is important.

One important reason for informative speaking is to provide listeners with information so that they can make up their own minds about an issue

Describe several approaches to developing a topic.

One way to develop your topic is to focus on areas that might be confusing to the audience. If the audience is likely to be confused about language or a concept, an elucidating explanation might be helpful. If a process is complex, a quasi-scientific explanation may help. If the audience already has an erroneous implicit idea of how something works then a transformative explanation might be needed.

Examine the importance of polling one's audience to determine speech topics.

One way to ensure a successful speech is to identify your audience's interests or needs. When the speaker's topic is immediately useful for the audience, the audience will listen to the speech and appreciate it.

Explain the people listening style

People-oriented listeners pay attention to the personal details of a speaker and not to the speaker's actual message

Explain effective physical manipulation during a speech.

Physical manipulation is the use of one's body to add meaning and emphasis to a speech. As such, excessive or nonexistent physical manipulation can detract from a speaker's speech

Explain twelve strategies for avoiding plagiarism

Plagiarism is a huge problem and creeps its way into student writing and oral presentations. As ethical communicators, we must always give credit for the information we convey in our writing and our speeches

Describe some basic strategies for dealing with unexpected events during a public speech

Plan ahead for how to cope with unexpected difficulties such as forgetting part of your speech content, having technical trouble with visual aids, or being interrupted by external distractions.

Recognize the general options available for stress reduction and anxiety management

Positive visualization and systemic desensitization

Explain two ways in which presentation aids can increase audience understanding of a message.

Presentation aids help an audience more clearly understand a speaker's message in two ways: they help clarify and they help emphasize. Presentation aids can help the audience to understand complex ideas or processes and can also show which ideas are most important in the speech.

Understand why it is important to keep presentation aids organized and simple

Presentation aids must be organized and simple. The universal principles of good design can be a useful guide. Material in presentation aids must be limited in quantity. Remember, presentation aids are supposed to aid a speech, not become the speech itself

Make sure your presentation aids work together as a cohesive set.

Presentation aids must visually look like they were designed as a set. When presentation aids look unprofessional, they can decrease a speaker's credibility. Always practice with your presentation aids, and be prepared for unexpected problems

. Differentiate between primary and secondary research

Primary and secondary sources are quite common in research literature. Primary research is where the author has conducted the research him or herself and secondary research is when an author reports on research conducted by others

Define receiver apprehension and the impact it can have on a listener's ability to attend to a message

Receiver apprehension is the fear that a listener might be unable to understand the message, process the information correctly, or adapt thinking to include new information coherently. Speakers need to make sure their messages are appropriate to the audience's knowledge level and clearly define and explain all terms that could lead to increased anxiety

Describe four common types of representations

Representations are presentation aids designed to represent a real process or object. Commonly used representations in public speaking include diagrams, maps, photographs, and video or audio recordings

Explain why research is fun and useful

Research is a fascinating and fun process because it allows us to find answers to questions, it exposes us to new ideas, and it can lead us to pursue new activities

Distinguish among the three parts of a conclusion

Restate Thesis, Review Main Points, Concluding Device

Demonstrate an understanding of how a topic is narrowed from a broad subject area to a manageable specific purpose

Selecting a topic is a process. We often start by selecting a broad area of knowledge and then narrowing the topic to one that is manageable for a given rhetorical situation

Learn several tools for gathering audience information

Several options exist for learning about your audience, including direct observation, interviews, surveys, focus groups, and using existing research about your audience

. Be able to narrow a speech from all the possible points to the main points.

Shorter speeches will have two main points while longer speeches will generally have three or more main points. When creating your main points, make sure that they are united, separate, balanced, parallel, and logical

Understand how to gather and use situational information

Situational analysis of the occasion, physical setting, and other factors are also critical to effective audience analysis

Know which academic disciplines you are more likely to use, American Psychological Association (APA) versus Modern Language Association (MLA) style

Social science disciplines, such as psychology, human communication, and business, typically use APA style, while humanities disciplines, such as English, philosophy, and rhetoric, typically use MLA style

Differentiate among the common speech organizational patterns: categorical/topical, comparison/contrast, spatial, chronological, biographical, causal, problem-cause-solution, and psychological

Speakers can use a variety of different organizational patterns, including categorical/topical, comparison/contrast, spatial, chronological, biographical, causal, problem-cause-solution, and psychological. Ultimately, speakers must really think about which organizational pattern best suits a specific speech topic

Understand the range of media choices for presentation aids

Speakers in professional contexts are expected to be familiar with presentation software, such as PowerPoint. Computer-based media can produce very professional-looking presentation aids, but as with any other media, the universal principles of good design apply. Speakers using computer-based media need to practice ahead of time with the computer they intend to use in the speech

Identify why speakers may use people as presentation aids

Speakers often will use their own bodies or the bodies of other people to help them illustrate a part of a speech. When using another person, it is very important to coach that person prior to the speech to ensure that he or she will not upstage the speaker. Using animals as presentation aids is generally not recommended

Identify and be able to use a variety of transition words to create effective transitions within a speech.

Specific transition words, like those found in Table 10.1 "Transition Words", can be useful in constructing effective transitions

Integrate the seven tips for creating specific purposes

State your specific purpose in a sentence that includes the general purpose, a description of the intended audience, and a prepositional phrase summarizing the topic. When creating a specific purpose for your speech, first, consider your audience. Second, consider the rhetorical situation. Make sure your specific purpose statement uses clear language, and that it does not try to cover more than one topic. Make sure you can realistically accomplish your specific purpose within the allotted time

Identify strategies for making information clear and interesting to your speaking audience.

Strategies to make information clear and interesting to an audience include adjusting the complexity of your information to the audience, avoiding jargon, creating concrete images, limiting information only to what is most relevant, linking information to what the audience already knows, and making information memorable through language or personalization

Understand what style is

Style focuses on the components of your speech that make up the form of your expression rather than your content

Cite sources using the sixth edition of the American Psychological Association's Style Manual

The APA sixth edition and the MLA seventh edition are the most current style guides and the tables presented in this chapter provide specific examples of common citations for each of these styles.

. Explain the value of speaking with credibility.

The audience needs to know they can trust the speaker's motivations, intentions, and knowledge

Explain how the three levels of the ethics pyramid might be used in evaluating the ethical choices of a public speaker or listener

The ethics pyramid is a pictorial way of understanding the three fundamental parts of ethics: intent, means, and ends. Intent exists at the base of the ethical pyramid and serves as a foundation for determining the ethics of specific behavior. Means are the tools one uses to accomplish a goal and constitute the second layer of the ethical pyramid. Finally, ends are the results that occur after a specific behavior has occurred and exist at the top of the pyramid

Explain the evaluating stage of listening

The evaluating stage of listening occurs when a listener judges the content of the message or the character of the speaker.

Distinguish between the interactional models of communication and the transactional models of communication.

The interactional models of communication provide a useful foundation for understanding communication and outline basic concepts such as sender, receiver, noise, message, channel, encoding, decoding, and feedback. The transactional model builds on the interactional models by recognizing that people can enact the roles of sender and receiver simultaneously and that interactants cocreate meanign through shared fields of experience.

List the physiological symptoms of communication apprehension

The psychological threat individuals perceive in the communication situation prompts physiological changes designed to help the body respond. These physical reactions to stress create the uncomfortable feelings of unease called speech anxiety and may include sweaty palms, shaking, butterflies in the stomach, and dry mouth

Explain the receiving stage of listening

The receiving stage of listening is the basic stage where an individual hears a message being sent by a speaker

Explain the remembering stage of listening

The remembering stage of listening is when a listener either places information into long-term memory or forgets the information presented

Explain the responding stage of listening.

The responding stage of listening occurs when a listener provides verbal or nonverbal feedback about the speaker or message

Explain the serial position effect and its importance on public speaking

The serial position effect is the idea that people remember ideas that are stated either first (primacy) or last (recency) in a list the most. It is important to speech conclusions because restating your main ideas helps you to take advantage of the recency effect and helps your audience remember your ideas.

Explain the understanding stage of listening

The understanding stage of listening occurs when a receiver of a message attempts to figure out the meaning of the message.

List four reasons why presentation aids are important in public speaking

There are four basic reasons to use presentation aids. First, they increase audience understanding of a speaker's message. Second, they help audiences retain and recall a speaker's message after the fact. Third, they make a speech more interesting by adding variety. Lastly, by making a speaker's overall speech more polished, presentation aids can increase an audience's perception of the speaker's credibility

1. Differentiate among the four methods of speech delivery

There are four main kinds of speech delivery: impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized

Explain steps for managing anxiety in the speech preparation process.

There are many steps you can take during the speech preparation process to manage your communication apprehension, including thinking positively, analyzing your audience, clearly organizing your ideas, adapting your language to the oral mode, and practicing

Differentiate among the three types of general speech purposes

There are three general purposes that all speeches fall into: to inform, to persuade, and to entertain. Depending on what your ultimate goal is, you will start by picking one of these general purposes and then selecting an appropriate speech pattern that goes along with that general purpose

3. Examine the basics of persuasive speech topics and some common forms of persuasive speeches

There are two basic types of persuasion: pure and manipulative. Speakers who attempt to persuade others for pure reasons do so because they actually believe in what they are persuading an audience to do or think. Speakers who persuade others for manipulative reasons do so often by distorting the support for their arguments because they have an ulterior motive in persuading an audience to do or think something. If an audience finds out that you've been attempting to manipulate them, they will lose trust in you

Explain the time listening style

Time-oriented listeners pay attention to messages that are short and concise as a result of limited attention spans or limited time commitments

Discuss how you can build your credibility during a speech.

To be an effective speaker, you should convey all three components of credibility, competence, trustworthiness, and caring/goodwill, by the content and delivery of your introduction

2. Understand how to make the transition from a specific purpose to a series of main points.

Transitioning from the specific purpose to possible main points means developing a list of potential main points you could discuss. Then you can narrow your focus by looking for similarities among your potential main points and combining ones that are similar

Understand the importance of transitions within a speech

Transitions are very important because they help an audience stay on top of the information that is being presented to them. Without transitions, audiences are often left lost and the ultimate goal of the speech is not accomplished

4. Explain how to prepare meaningful main points

Uniting Your Main Points, Keeping Your Main Points Separate, Balancing Main Points, Creating Parallel Structure for Main Points, and Maintaining Logical Flow of Main Points

Identify the advantages of using notecards while presenting your speaking outline

Using notecards for your speaking outline helps with delivery and makes it easier to find information if you lose your place or draw a blank

Understand how charts can be used to present information

Various types of charts can aid audience understanding of a speaker's message. Statistical charts help audiences see and interpret numerical information. Sequence-of-steps charts show how a process occurs. Decision trees help audience members see how a specific decision can be made in a logical fashion

. Define vocalics and differentiate among the different factors of vocalics

Vocalics are the nonverbal components of the verbal message. There are six important vocalic components for a speaker to be aware of: volume (loudness or softness), pitch (highness or lowness), rate (fastness or slowness), pauses (use of breaks to add emphasis), vocal variety (use of a range of vocalic strategies), and pronunciation (using conventional patterns of speech formation).

Explain the difference between academic and nonacademic sources

We live in a world dominated by information, but some information is filtered and some is not. It's important to know the difference between academic and nonacademic sources

Evaluate George's (2008) six questions to analyze sources

What Is the Date of Publication?, Who Is the Author?, Who Is the Publisher?, Is It Academic or Nonacademic?, What Is the Quality of the Bibliography/Reference Page?, Do People Cite the Work?

Understand the four primary constraints of topic selection

When finalizing a specific purpose for your speech, always ask yourself four basic questions: (1) Does the topic match my intended general purpose?; (2) Is the topic appropriate for my audience?; (3) Is the topic appropriate for the given speaking context?; and (4) Can I reasonably hope to inform or persuade my audience in the time frame I have for the speech?

Understand how you can apply ethics to your public speaking preparation process

When preparing a speech, it is important to think about the ethics of public speaking from the beginning. When a speaker sets out to be ethical in his or her speech from the beginning, arriving at ethical speech is much easier

Define three types of outlines

Working outlines help you with speech logic, development, and planning. The full-sentence outline develops the full detail of the message. The speaking outline helps you stay organized in front of the audience without reading to them

7. Identify effective techniques for coping with anxiety during delivery and Recognize the general options available for stress reduction and anxiety management

You can employ a variety of techniques while you are speaking to reduce your apprehension, such as anticipating your body's reactions, focusing on the audience, and maintaining your sense of humor

Recognize how your audience analysis can help you alter your speech while speaking

You can use your audience analysis to help you make adjustments to your speech in terms of both how you present the speech within a given environment and also how you adapt your content and delivery based on audience feedback during the speech

Understand how you can use your audience analysis when you prepare a speech

You can use your audience analysis to provide you further information about what types of content would be appropriate and meaningful for your specific audience

Outlines help organize a message that the audience can understand by visually showing the balance and proportion of a speech

Your outline can help you organize your message by making sure that all of your main points are well developed

Outlines can help you deliver clear meanings by serving as the foundation for speaking notes you will use during your presentation

Your outline can help you stay focused during your presentation by forming the foundation for your speaking outline, which lets you connect to your audience and be clear in the message you're presenting

Outlines help maintain the speech's focus on the thesis by allowing the speaker to test the scope of content, assess logical relationships between ideas, and evaluate the relevance of supporting ideas

Your outline can help you stay focused on the thesis of your presentation as you prepare your presentation by testing the scope of your content, examining logical relationships between topics, and checking the relevance of supporting ideas

Understand five basic principles of outline creation

it's important to follow five basic principles: singularity, consistency, adequacy, uniformity, and parallelism

What are the four dimensions of context of a speech

physical, temporal, social-psychological, and cultural. Physical- the real or touchable environment where speech occurs. Temporal- the time of day and the moment in history at the time of the speech, also includes societal events i.e. school shootings and a speech about security. Social-psychological- The relationships and roles of the audience members. Their status, background, etc. Cultural- Understand the cultural makeup of the audience to avoid any misunderstandings

Explain how to make presentation aids easy to see, hear, and understand

strong, clean lines with dark colors, don't put too much text, aesthetically pleasing

Understand how to choose the best organizational pattern, or combination of patterns, for a specific speech

you need to keep in mind your specific purpose as well as your audience and the actual speech material itself to decide which pattern you think will work best.