Sport First Aid and Safety

What can an athlete do to help prevent asthma attacks? (6)

- be aware of athletes with asthma - encourage them to manage it - remind them to bring meds - monitor the athletes - give them frequent rests during activity - send athlete to physician if severe

What injuries are considered so serious that an athlete should not be moved until emergency medical assistance arrives? (12)

- breathing difficulties - head, neck or back injuries - shock - profuse bleeding - internal injuries - unresponsiveness - large joint dislocations - compound fractures - fractures of the spine, pelvis, hip, thigh, shoulder girdle, upper arm, kneecap, or shin - displaced fracture of the ribs or Grade III sternoclavicular joint sprain - first-time seizures - serious eye injuries

What signs indicate when a throat contusion is potentially life threatening? (10)

- gasping for air - breathing rate may increase - swelling or discoloration where object hit - deformity in throat area - crunchy or grating sound when touched - voice changes - difficulty swallowing - wheezing - coughing - coughing up or spitting blood

What can be done to help prevent neck burners or stingers? (5)

- incorporate neck strengthening exercises - prevent players from using helmets as point of contact - athletes with prior neck injuries wear neck rolls - prohibit diving into water less than 6 feet deep - require spotters

What are the signs and symptoms of a minor/petit mal seizure? (6)

-Dazed or inattentive manner -Confusion -Loss of coordination -Possibly loss of speech -Repetitive blinking or other small movements -Seizures are brief lasting only seconds

What are the signs and symptoms of a major/grand mal seizure? (8)

-Eyes are generally open -Body appears stiff/rigid -Muscles contract violently in spasms or convulsions (one or two minutes) -May temporarily stop breathing or appear to not be breathing, deep breathing after seizure -Bluish skin or lips -Unresponsiveness -Uncontrolled urination during seizure -Temporary confusion after seizure

What are the signs that a splint is applied too tight? (4)

-Numbness -Skin blue or gray -Skin feels cold -Nail beds appears blue

Under what two conditions may you move a critically injured athlete?

-The athlete is in danger of further harm -It is necessary to move or reposition the athlete to provide first aid for a life-threatening condition

List some common causes of seizures. (10)

-epilepsy -head injuries -brain infection or tumor -drug abuse -respiratory arrest -high fever -heatstroke -hypoglycemia -drug reactions -medication discontinuation

What quick first aid care can you provide to help minimize an insulin reaction? (5)

1) Remove the athlete from all activity. 2) Give the athletes sugar, candy, pop, or fruit juice. 3) Get emergency medical assistant (if doesn't recover). 4) Monitor breathing and give CPR if needed. 5) Inform parent/guardian.

How should a splint be applied for fractures or for severe sprains? (8)

1. Don't move athlete (unless have to) 2. Contact emergency medical personnel 3. If emergency help takes longer than 20 minutes, splint injury in position you found it in; spine fractures just stabilize head, prevent athlete from moving 4. Cover ends of exposed bones with sterile gauze 5. Splint with rigid or bulky materials that are well padded 6. for fractures or for severe joint sprains IMMOBILIZE THE BONES ABOVE AND BELOW THE JOINT 7. secure splint with ties or elastic wraps 8. periodically check

Can you describe the steps of the two person walking assist? (5)

1. Instruct assistance to follow your direction 2. Stand on opposite sides of athlete 3. Place athlete's arms around your shoulders 4. Hold athlete's waist 5. Slowly walk to sidelines

Can you describe the steps of the two handed carrying assist? (6)

1. Instruct assistant to follow your directions 2. Stand behind injured athlete facing partner 3. Grasp each other's forearms nearest athlete 4. Instruct athlete to sit on arms and put arms around shoulders 5. Support athletes back with free arms 6. Slowly lift by straightening legs

Can you describe the steps of the one person walking assist? (3)

1. Instruct athlete to place arm around your shoulder 2. Grasp athlete around waist 3. Instruct athlete to lean on you

Can you describe the steps of the four or five person rescue? (7)

1. Leader directs everyone at the head of athlete 2. individual grasps head, holding on to both sides of the head and jaw 3. leader instructs rescuers into position at the shoulder, hips, and legs 4. fifth rescuer places the spine board next to the athlete 5. leader uses commands "ready" then "up" to instruct everyone to roll the athlete as a unit, being sure to keep the head, neck, shoulders, trunk, hip, and legs in alignment 6. fifth rescuer slides board next to the athlete's back 7. leader, using "ready" and "down" to instruct everyone to slowly roll athlete onto the board as a unit

Can you describe the steps of the four handed carrying assist? (5)

1. Make assistance follow direction 2. Stand behind athlete face each other 3. Grasp your right forearm with your left hand 4. Grasp each other's left forearm with your right hand 5. Instruct athlete to sit on your arms and place arms around shoulders

What first aid care can you provide for early stage ketoacidosis? (5)

1. Remove athlete from all activity. 2. Recommend that the athlete check blood glucose levels and take insulin. 3. Send for emergency medical assistant (if doesn't recover). 4. Monitor breathing and CPR. 5. Inform parent/guardians.

Can you describe the first aid techniques for an overdose or adverse reaction to depressants and stimulants? (6)

1. Rest 2. Send for emergency medical assistance (with breathing problems or altered responsiveness) 3. Monitor breathing and provide CPR 4. Place an unresponsive athlete in recovery or HAINES position 5. Treat for shock 6. Speak to parent/guardian

How do you stop profuse bleeding? (8)

1. put on gloves and goggles 2. send for emergency medical assistance 3. cover the wound with sterile gauze pads 4. apply firm, direct pressure over the wound 5. apply elastic roller gauze/elastic bandage over gauze pads (not too tight) 6. if initial ones become soaked with blood, place more over those 7. monitor breathing/CPR 8. monitor and treat for shock

What should you do if an athlete has a collapsed lung caused by a hole in the chest? (5)

1. send for emergency assistance 2. reassure athlete 3. place the athlete in a semi-reclining position (w/o furthering injury) 4. cover wound with aluminum foil 5. monitor breathing and CPR

Can you describe the steps of the one person drag? (4)

1. squat down behind athlete's head 2. place hands under armpits and cradle head with forearms 3. partially straighten your knees to protect your back 4. slowly drag athlete to safe place

How do you correctly apply a compression wrap on the thigh? (3)

1. start several inches below the injury 2. wrap upward in an overlapping spiral, starting with even and somewhat snug pressure, the gradually wrapping looser once above injury 3. periodically check skin color, temperature and sensation

What should you do if an athlete is hyperventilating? (5)

1. talk calmly and reassure the athlete 2. place athlete in a seated or semi-reclining position 3. encourage the athlete to breathe normally 4. instruct athlete to inhale slowly, hold one second, then exhale slowly through pursed lips 5. send for medical assistance, monitor breathing, CPR, and check for other problems

What are the cons of using cold whirlpools and ice bucket immersion? (3)

1. typically don't tolerate well 2. doesn't allow for elevation 3. inconvenient

Define anaphylactic shock

A severe allergic reaction to a substance causing the body to respond with swelling of the throat, lips or tongue

What is the difference between arterial and venous bleeding? (Causes and signs of each)

ARTERIAL Causes: very deep incision, laceration, or puncture of an artery Signs: bright red blood, rapid or spurting bleeding VENOUS Causes: deep incision, avulsion, or puncture of a vein Signs: dark red blood, rapid bleeding

What happens in the brain during a seizure?

Abnormal electrical activity within the brain

How does asthma affect an athlete's lung?

Air passages in the lungs constrict and interfere with normal breathing

What two criteria should be met before performing a physical assessment?

Complete emergency action steps Establish that breathing is normal

What causes gastroenteritis?

Direct contact with bacteria, viruses, and certain parasites or germs that cause gastroenteritis. Can spread through inhalation, personal contact, contact with contaminated surfaces, consumption of contaminated foods or fluids, and handling of contaminated pets or animals.

How does having the "wind knocked out" affect the body?

Doesn't allow for breathing in (inhalation)

What is the technique for effective elevation?

Elevate injured part above the heart as much as possible for the first 72 hours, or longer if swelling persists. Use in combination with ice and compression

What causes an insulin reaction?

High levels of insulin, which may result from medications taken to control blood glucose levels

When doing a physical assessment, what does the HIT process mean?

History- additional information about how the injury or illness happened Inspection- look for obvious signs of an injury or illness Touch- gently touch the injured area with your fingertips

When should an athlete with bronchitis or pneumonia not participate in activity?

If athlete has fever, coughing and congestion

Discuss the difference between insulin reaction and diabetic ketoacidosis (4/4)

Insulin Reaction- too high insulin; sugar levels drop; provide the athlete plenty of sugary foods; can't participate until it is controlled/stabilized Ketoacidosis- too low insulin; sugar levels are too high; provide athlete with plenty fluid breaks; can't play until it is controlled/stabilized

Explain the cause of ketoacidosis.

Low insulin levels may result from stress, certain medications, too much food, or not enough exercise.

When is it acceptable for an athlete with a mild traumatic brain injury to return to activity?

Physician release (NFHS)

Describe the first aid care for fainting. (3/4)

Responsive: 1. Make athlete sit with head between knees or lie down. 2. Monitor and treat for shock, send for help if needed. 3. Send for emergency medical assistant if not better Unresponsive: 1. Monitor breathing and CPR if needed 2. Send for emergency medical assistant if doesn't recover 3. Place athlete in recovery position (uninjured), and HAINES position (injured), not on back. 4. Monitor and treat for shock

What are some signs and symptoms of head injury? (15/6)

SIGNS - confusion - unsteadiness - inability to multitask - short-term memory loss - mood swings - unresponsiveness to touch or voice - irregular breathing - bleeding or wound at point of blow - blood/fluid leaking from mouth, nose, ears - arm or leg weakness or numbness - neck pain with a decrease in motion - bump or deformity at point of blow - convulsions - abnormalities in pupils - vomiting SYMPTOMS - headache - dizziness - ringing in the ears - grogginess - nausea - blurred or double vision

What are some signs and symptoms of a spine injury? (6/2)

SIGNS - responsiveness - inadequate breathing - profuse bleeding - blood or fluid leaking from mouth, nose, ears - spine deformity - paralysis SYMPTOMS - pain over or near spine - numbness or tingling in hands or feet

What are the signs and symptoms of shock? (11/6)

SIGNS -cool and clammy skin -pale greyish skin -weak and rapid pulse -slow and shallow breathing -dilated pupils -blank stare -confusion -possible unresponsiveness -sweating -shaking/shivering -bluish lips/fingernails SYMPTOMS -weakness -fatigue -dizziness -nausea -thirst -anxiety

What are the symptoms and signs of a serious testicular injury? (2/4)

SYMPTOMS - pain - nausea SIGNS - testicles drawn upward - bloody or cloudy urine - vomiting - spasm of testicles

What are the advanced symptoms and signs of a potentially life-threatening kidney injury? (3/8)

SYMPTOMS - pain moves to the low back, outside thighs or front pelvic area - feels faint - dizziness SIGNS - abdominal swelling - increased heart rate - frequent and burning urination - cloudy or bloody urine - vomiting - rigid back muscles over injury site - skin cool - pale

What are the symptoms and signs of a ruptured spleen? (1/3/2/6)

SYMPTOMS: Early stage: pain in the left upper abdominal area Advanced stage: pain progresses to left shoulder or neck, feels faint, dizziness SIGNS: Early stage: tenderness over left upper abdominal area, abrasion or bruise over injured area Advanced stage: pale, rapid pulse, vomiting, rigid abdominal muscles, low BP, shortness of breath

What are the signs and symptoms of an overdose or adverse reaction to stimulants? (8/6)

Signs: -dilated pupils; -increased body temperature; -rapid pulse; -hallucinations; -paranoia; -cardiac arrest; -confusion; -mood changes. Symptoms: -lack of fatigue; -irritability; -feeling of hyperstimulation; -sense of mental clarity; -restlessness; -anxiety

What are the signs and symptoms of an overdose or adverse reaction to depressants? (11/3)

Signs: -pale/cold/clammy skin; -constricted pupils; -rapid/weak pulse; -possible unresponsiveness; -shallow breathing; -coma; -seizures; -anterograde amnesia; -hallucinations; -delirium; -impaired motor function Symptoms: -relaxed feeling; -fatigue; -depression

What are the symptoms and signs of influenza? (3/6)

Symptoms: headache, muscle achiness, fatigue Signs: fever, dry cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, runny nose, watery eyes

What are the symptoms and signs of gastroenteritis? (6/5)

Symptoms: nausea, headache, abdominal pain, muscle aches, weakness, chills Signs: diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting, low-grade fever, dehydration

Why should an athlete with a possible internal organ injury not be given food or fluid?

The food or fluid could leak out into the abdominal cavity, increasing the risk of infection. Also could increase the likelihood of vomiting and potential aspiration during general anesthesia

When is it acceptable to splint an unstable injury?

To prevent further damage and to do no harm

When is it acceptable for an athlete with a burner or stinger to return to activity?

after a physician releases them

What are some substances that depress the central nervous system? (6)

alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, GHB, rohypnol, and ketamine

What are some substances that stimulate the central nervous system? (2)

cocaine and amphetamines

What two things must be done before moving an athlete with a closed, non-displaced fracture, or a strain or sprain?

control profuse bleeding immobilize or splint all unstable injuries

What two methods can be used to move a critically injured athlete?

one-person drag four- or five-person rescue

What four methods can be used to move a non-critically injured athlete?

one-person walking assist two-person walking assist four-handed carrying assist two-handed carrying assist

Describe the injury mechanism for a burner or stinger.

when a group of nerves coming out of the neck and running to the shoulder are overstretched

When can an athlete who has a wound that is bleeding slow and steady return to activity?

Once bleeding stops and the athlete was not sent to a physician. Must cover the wound.

What does PRICE stand for?

Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation

What can you do to help prevent the spread of the flu and gastroenteritis among your athletes? (3)

- Prevent direct contact of an infected athlete with other athletes - Prevent indirect contact with an infected athlete via water bottles, towels, eating utensils, etc. - Make athletes was hand

What causes hyperventilation? (2)

- an overexcited athlete breathes too rapidly - a blow to the solar plexus

If an athlete is injured and you suspect head, neck, or back injuries and yet the athlete must be moved, what guidelines must be followed?

manually stabilize the head, neck, and back before repositioning the athlete