Sport Psychology Ch1

Current issues in Sport Psychology: Ethics

- a sport psychologist must display competence, integrity, professional and scientific responsibility, respect for people's rights and dignity, concern for others welfare, social responsibility -potential issues - knowledge of drug use, recruiting violations, sexual assault, or gambling activity -moral objection to particular sports - providing consultation to peers - the field lacks diversity, needs to attract more women and people of color -research needs to include more diverse samples -much past research has been with white males -researchers need to be aware of multicultural issues that influence athletes

Performance

- performing well under intense pressure -improving team cohesion, goals, communication -maintaining motivation -reinforcing skills and habits, reduce burnout

How do we study Sport Psychology?

-Propose a question (hypothesis) -Choose a research method -collect data -analyze data -develop a theory

Dimensions of sport psychology

-clinical -developmental -personality -educational -social -cognitive -psychophysiology -psychology of sports injury -experimental

Dorthy Yates

-clinical psychology professor at San Jose State-whether psychological factors could improve performance in boxers -Alongside of growth in US-Europe was on the rise and two labs were established in 1920

Current issues in Sport Psychology: Empirical Basis

-lack of emphasis on empirical research -the effectiveness of techniques is sometimes unverified through scientific research -not enough experimental research with random assignment, manipulation of variables and use of a control group

becoming a sport psychologist

-strong interpersonal skills -knowledge of both sport science and psychology -must know the particulars of a sport, as well as strategies for enhancing performance -sport psychologists often work in academic settings, as it can be difficult to obtain a position working with an elite athlete or team -some work in related areas: exercise psychology or performance psychology

Ethics in Sport Psychology

1. Using the title of "psychologist." 2. Coach approval of sport psychology intervention. 3. Testing using proper tests for that particular athlete or situation ensuring test validity properly interpreting test scores to athletes and sports coaches. 4. Separating clinical work from performance enhancement. 5. Confidentiality. 6. Team role of the SP or MSC 7. Developing trust between the sport psychology consultant, the team's coaches, and the athletes.

pierre de coubertin

1890 president of IOC published an article la psychologie du sport

norman tripplet

1897 social psychologist IU conducted research on cyclist - noted faster when racing against others than when alone -social facilitation fishing reel with children - first known study to examine psychological factors and influence on sport performance

The formative years

1950-1980 moved from exercise physiology and motor learning to learning how psychological factors influence athletic skills and performance Optimal stress arousal Imagery Managing anxiety Personality and sport performance First graduate studies developed by Dorthy Harris at PSU Research-applied shift 1966 Bruce Ogilvie & Thomas Tutko-problem athletes and how to handle them Bruce Ogilvie-father of Applied Sport Psychology in NA Provided services to elite & professional athletes International Society of Sport -Rome (1965) North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (1966)

Personality Sport Psychology

Can personality tests predict future sport success? The relationship between certain personality traits, dispositions, or behavioral tendencies on performance outcomes. Examples: trait/state anxiety, coping style, mental toughness, confidence, optimism, self-esteem, pre-performance routines. Effectiveness of talent identification programs.

Experimental/Cognitive Sport Psychology

Effects of interventions on selected outcomes (e.g., performance, thoughts/cognitions, emotions, attitudes). Determining and predicting the psychological antecedents, mechanisms, or causes of certain behavioral outcomes (e.g., factors that influence sport participation or sport dropout). The relationship between performer characteristics and both situational and environmental factors that explains performance. Influence of cognitive strategies on performance or other outcomes. The psycho-behavioral profile of elite athletes. Psychological factors that improve motivation. Influence of goal-setting on performance outcomes. Ways to improve intrinsic motivation.

Social Psychology of Sport

Examining different leadership styles and their effect on team cohesion and individual/team performance. Influence of environmental and situational factors on sport performance quality (e.g., audience, pressure, competition, coaching interventions). The role of gender on psychological aspects in sport settings.

coleman griffith

Father of American Sport Psychology -1923 First Class at University of Illinois - Psychology & Athletes -1925 First Sport Psychology Lab -Published studies -"personality factors & physical performance" -"psychological growth from sport participation" -Cubs His Involvement sparked more to make labs UC PSU IU University of Maryland

Developmental Sport Psychology

How are the psychological needs of child athletes (under age 14 yrs.) different from their adult counterparts? What are the special needs of child (as opposed to adolescent or adult) athletes that should influence coach and parent behavior? Why do some children voluntarily participate in competitive sports? Why do some of them drop out of sports?

Role of Sport Psychologist

Individual, team, or workshops Assess the needs of the client provide teaching of mental skills training Goals of SP interventions improve performance outcomes Improve emotional well-being Transfer MST to other domains SP Attempts to understand and, at times, alter the thoughts (i.e., cognition) and emotions of physical performers (e.g., primarily athletes, but also exercisers, rehabilitation patients, dancers, actors, musicians, the corporate sector).

Educational Sport Psychology

Influence of proper instructional strategies on learning and remembering sports skills. Ways to improve speed and accuracy of information processing. Use of different communication techniques on changing the athlete's mental or emotional status and performance.

Contemporary Years

Large growth over the past 40 years 1980 Olympics developed advisory board 1985 first full time SP hired by OC 1988 first official SP accompanied U.S. Olympic team AAASP-AASP APA-Division 47 Society for Sport, Exercise, & Performance Psychology Numerous Grad Programs CC-AASP-Now CMPC* Adoption or evolution to performance, executives, military

How SP may be used

Olympics-hire SPs to assist in performing under pressure Collegiate-teams, individuals, team cohesion, team goals, improve communication Recreation athlete-adopt SP goals to assist in training for athletic goals (coach to 5k, marathon) Youth Coaches-implement skills, assist in building PYD, leadership, and reduce burnout

Clinical Sport Psychology

Providing athletes or exercisers with counseling to overcome certain thought processes, emotions, or behavioral tendencies. Helping participants deal with Depression chronic anxiety irrational thinking low self-esteem relationship problems Substance use other psychopathological issues.

Psychology versus Sport Science

The contentious issue: Who should govern the field of sport psychology: Psychology or Sport Science? Who should be the "gatekeepers" of this field in terms of student education academic departments, course content, Practitioners research in-service training professional organizations certification of expertise

explaining behavior

We attempt to explain the causes of performance outcomes, such as poor performance under pressure conditions (choking).

Predicting behavior

We attempt to predict performance quality due to psychological (i.e., personal) and social (i.e., environmental) factors.

Describing behavior

We observe how personal and situational factors influence performance quality.

Exercise Psychology

What are the personal and situational factors that lead to developing exercise habits? What interventions best promote exercise participation and adherence? What factors separate individuals who maintain healthy habits (e.g., exercise, proper diet) from persons who do not? What is the effect of exercise on personal characteristics such as confidence, anxiety, and mental health?

Sport Psychophysiology

What are the physiological mechanisms or processes that influence sport performance (i.e., accuracy, speed, steadiness)? What are the underlying physiological factors that influence sport performance when experiencing stress or anxiety? How do physiological measures (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, muscular tension) predict performance quality?

Performer

a person who is trained and requires set of skill to perform action or activity. Person takes action in front of an individual or group of people

Athlete

a person who is trained or skilled in exercises, sports, or games requiring physical strength, agility, or stamina Competitive Non-Competitive

Sport Psychology

a science in which the broad principles of psychology are applied, in a sport or exercise setting, to enhance a persons performance and maximize their potential.

Sport

an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment.

researchers

ask questions about psychological factors that predict athletic performance, and design research studies to answer these questions

Sport psychology

is about describing, explaining, and predicting performance.

The Field of Sport Psychology

kinesiology - exercise science psychology - clinical and counseling social psychology

therapists/clinical psychologists

provide mental health care to those struggling in some way with their sport

teachers

teach college courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels that focus on the impact of psychology on athletic performance

The application of psychological theory

the study of behavior resulting from or directly related to involvement in sport, physical activity, and performance based activities Examining the psychological and emotional factors that influence sport performance, performances and exercise behavior.

consultants

work with coaches and teams to improve overall team performance