Spring AST set

Describe the five stages of ostegenesis?

1 inflammation, 2blood clot formation, b. cellular proliferation . Fibrin and capillary formation. Macrophage 3. Callus formation 4. ossification 5 remodeling

delayed union

A delay in the healing of the ends of a fracture

compound fracture

A fracture in which a bone fragment punctures the skin and exposes the bone; also referred to as an open fracture

amphiarthrosis

A joint that is slightly movable

cartilage

A nonvascular fibrous connective tissue that is located in the joints, larynx, trachea, thorax, nose, and ear

acromioclavicular joint

A part of the pectoral girdle located at the top of the shoulder that is an articulation between the lateral end of the clavicle and the flattened, small process located on the border of the acromion

splint

A rigid device that is placed on one side of an extremity to immobilize and support while healing takes place; available in many forms (plastic, wood, metal, plaster)

comminuted fracture

A type of bone fracture consisting of three or more fragments

cancellous bone

A type of bone tissue found at the ends of bone and lining the medullary marrow cavity; composed of columns of trabeculae with large spaces in between; also referred to as spongy bone due to its appearance

What is ankylosis?

Ankylosis is an abnormal stiffness or fixation of a joint, usually resulting from the destruction of articular cartilage.

Epiphyseal Plate

Area of active bone growth

flexion

Bending of a joint

valgus

Bent or twisted away from the midline

Short bones

Carpal and tarsal bones

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Cortical

Hard cone - cortical bone found in diaphyisis or shafts of long bones

Long bones

Humerus, femur, tibia, and fibula

abduction

Move away from the midline or turn outward

adduction

Moving toward the midline or turning inward

proximal

Nearer to the origin of a structure

What is used to retrieve the Achilles tendon for repair? What position is the patient in, and how is the foot positioned for the repair? Suture used ?

Retrieval with the tendon-pulling forceps or other atraumatic clamp. prone position. 2-0 nonabsor. braided polyester ethibond

Flat bones

Ribs, sternum, cranial bones

. While the surgeon is irrigating the cut, he instructs the ST to prepare the cement. What precautions are necessary for this process?

ST is responsible for mixing the sterile powder and liquid to create the cement

marrow

Semisolid tissue found in the spaces of cancellous bone; there are two types: red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

distraction

Separation of joint surfaces by extension without injury or dislocation of the parts

Why is irrigation used at the end of the arthoscopy procedure?

Small pieces of tissue that are not irrigated out can get wedged in the joint, causing the knee to lock into place.

Bursa

Small sac lubricates for joint movement

Cancellous

Spongy bone contains trabeculate - found in epiphysis and in center of flat bones

cortical bone

Type of bone tissue that is hard and dense, and that surrounds the marrow cavity; also referred to as compact bone

Irregular bones

Vertebrae, facial fones

How does the ACL injury ususally occur?

When the foot is placed and a quick pivot move in the opposite direction is made; this is called a valgus twisting injury.

AC joint

acromioclavicular joint

Why is exercise important for bone formation?

bones are meant to bear normal weight and stress

The hormone _____ from the thyroid gland activates osteoblasts to build more osteocytes when the calcium level is stable.

calcitonin

Where is the graft placed?

intercondylar notch

What are some of the structures that must be preserved during the procedure?

metatarsal neck the neurovascular bundle the floor ballucis longus tendon

what type of suture will be used in te preparation of the graft?

nonabs. synthetic suture 2 or 5

The ______ are stimulated by the parathyroid gland to dissolve bone and release calcium into the vascular system for important functions such as the actions of muscle.

osteoclasts

What bones are fused in triple arthrodesis?

subtalar, calcaneocuboid, and talonavicular joints

Name the procedures commonly used to treat bunions

the Aken, Chevron, McKeever, Keller, and McBride techniques. (MMACK)

What is the purpose of a lateral knee post during arthroscopy?

to facilitate placing counteraction on the knee joint to open the medial side.

Joint

Articulation

What can be used to repair the ligament?

Autografts, synthetic ligament, or allograft.

What is the common goal of the procedures used to treat a bunion?

Correct deformity by removing the exostosis, restore normal range of motion, remove abnormal bony portions

Periosteum

Covering of bone anchors tendons and ligaments; nourishes bone

osteogenesis

Development of bone tissue

compartmental syndrome

Elevation of tissue pressure within a closed fascial compartment, causing a decreased arteriovenous pressure and decreased muscular perfusion.

nonunion

Failure to unite, as in a fractured bone that fails to heal completely

Yellow bone marrow

Fat center of shaft in adults

Sesamoid bone

Found within tendons

diarthrosis

Freely movable joint

Red bone marrow

Produces RBCs, platelets, and WBC's

Which ligament of the knee is commonly injured?

The anterior criuciate ligament is the most commonly injured ligaments.

When retracting the capsule, it is essential to remember that " Just enough is enough? What are some of the structures that must be preserved during the procedure?

The attachment of the capsule to the metatarsal neck the neurovascular bundle, and the floor ballucis longus tendon must be preserved

shoulder joint

The ball-and-socket joint composed of the head of the humerus that rests in the glenoid fossa

avascular necrosis

The consequence of temporary or permanent cessation of blood flow to the bones. The absence of blood causes the bone tissue to die, resulting in fracture or collapse of the entire bone.

malunion

The joining of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty position, forming an imperfect alignment, shortening, deformity, or rotation

epiphysis

The proximal portion of a long bone

What is the difference between osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and arthritis?

The term arthritis is a general term for an inflammation of the joint. Osteoarthritis is a particular type usually due to aging. rA. crippling autoimmune disease.

Define hematopoietic tissue. Where can you find this type of tissue?

There are two types of hematopoietic tissue: myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue. Myeloid tissue is found primarily in the bone marrow. It produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets. Lymphoid tissue is found in the mucosa

Why is a triple arthrodesis performed?

Triple arthrodesis is used for individual suffering form a forefoot or bind foot deformity.