Spring AST set
Describe the five stages of ostegenesis?
1 inflammation, 2blood clot formation, b. cellular proliferation . Fibrin and capillary formation. Macrophage 3. Callus formation 4. ossification 5 remodeling
delayed union
A delay in the healing of the ends of a fracture
compound fracture
A fracture in which a bone fragment punctures the skin and exposes the bone; also referred to as an open fracture
amphiarthrosis
A joint that is slightly movable
cartilage
A nonvascular fibrous connective tissue that is located in the joints, larynx, trachea, thorax, nose, and ear
acromioclavicular joint
A part of the pectoral girdle located at the top of the shoulder that is an articulation between the lateral end of the clavicle and the flattened, small process located on the border of the acromion
splint
A rigid device that is placed on one side of an extremity to immobilize and support while healing takes place; available in many forms (plastic, wood, metal, plaster)
comminuted fracture
A type of bone fracture consisting of three or more fragments
cancellous bone
A type of bone tissue found at the ends of bone and lining the medullary marrow cavity; composed of columns of trabeculae with large spaces in between; also referred to as spongy bone due to its appearance
What is ankylosis?
Ankylosis is an abnormal stiffness or fixation of a joint, usually resulting from the destruction of articular cartilage.
Epiphyseal Plate
Area of active bone growth
flexion
Bending of a joint
valgus
Bent or twisted away from the midline
Short bones
Carpal and tarsal bones
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
Tendon
Connects muscle to bone
Cortical
Hard cone - cortical bone found in diaphyisis or shafts of long bones
Long bones
Humerus, femur, tibia, and fibula
abduction
Move away from the midline or turn outward
adduction
Moving toward the midline or turning inward
proximal
Nearer to the origin of a structure
What is used to retrieve the Achilles tendon for repair? What position is the patient in, and how is the foot positioned for the repair? Suture used ?
Retrieval with the tendon-pulling forceps or other atraumatic clamp. prone position. 2-0 nonabsor. braided polyester ethibond
Flat bones
Ribs, sternum, cranial bones
. While the surgeon is irrigating the cut, he instructs the ST to prepare the cement. What precautions are necessary for this process?
ST is responsible for mixing the sterile powder and liquid to create the cement
marrow
Semisolid tissue found in the spaces of cancellous bone; there are two types: red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
distraction
Separation of joint surfaces by extension without injury or dislocation of the parts
Why is irrigation used at the end of the arthoscopy procedure?
Small pieces of tissue that are not irrigated out can get wedged in the joint, causing the knee to lock into place.
Bursa
Small sac lubricates for joint movement
Cancellous
Spongy bone contains trabeculate - found in epiphysis and in center of flat bones
cortical bone
Type of bone tissue that is hard and dense, and that surrounds the marrow cavity; also referred to as compact bone
Irregular bones
Vertebrae, facial fones
How does the ACL injury ususally occur?
When the foot is placed and a quick pivot move in the opposite direction is made; this is called a valgus twisting injury.
AC joint
acromioclavicular joint
Why is exercise important for bone formation?
bones are meant to bear normal weight and stress
The hormone _____ from the thyroid gland activates osteoblasts to build more osteocytes when the calcium level is stable.
calcitonin
Where is the graft placed?
intercondylar notch
What are some of the structures that must be preserved during the procedure?
metatarsal neck the neurovascular bundle the floor ballucis longus tendon
what type of suture will be used in te preparation of the graft?
nonabs. synthetic suture 2 or 5
The ______ are stimulated by the parathyroid gland to dissolve bone and release calcium into the vascular system for important functions such as the actions of muscle.
osteoclasts
What bones are fused in triple arthrodesis?
subtalar, calcaneocuboid, and talonavicular joints
Name the procedures commonly used to treat bunions
the Aken, Chevron, McKeever, Keller, and McBride techniques. (MMACK)
What is the purpose of a lateral knee post during arthroscopy?
to facilitate placing counteraction on the knee joint to open the medial side.
Joint
Articulation
What can be used to repair the ligament?
Autografts, synthetic ligament, or allograft.
What is the common goal of the procedures used to treat a bunion?
Correct deformity by removing the exostosis, restore normal range of motion, remove abnormal bony portions
Periosteum
Covering of bone anchors tendons and ligaments; nourishes bone
osteogenesis
Development of bone tissue
compartmental syndrome
Elevation of tissue pressure within a closed fascial compartment, causing a decreased arteriovenous pressure and decreased muscular perfusion.
nonunion
Failure to unite, as in a fractured bone that fails to heal completely
Yellow bone marrow
Fat center of shaft in adults
Sesamoid bone
Found within tendons
diarthrosis
Freely movable joint
Red bone marrow
Produces RBCs, platelets, and WBC's
Which ligament of the knee is commonly injured?
The anterior criuciate ligament is the most commonly injured ligaments.
When retracting the capsule, it is essential to remember that " Just enough is enough? What are some of the structures that must be preserved during the procedure?
The attachment of the capsule to the metatarsal neck the neurovascular bundle, and the floor ballucis longus tendon must be preserved
shoulder joint
The ball-and-socket joint composed of the head of the humerus that rests in the glenoid fossa
avascular necrosis
The consequence of temporary or permanent cessation of blood flow to the bones. The absence of blood causes the bone tissue to die, resulting in fracture or collapse of the entire bone.
malunion
The joining of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty position, forming an imperfect alignment, shortening, deformity, or rotation
epiphysis
The proximal portion of a long bone
What is the difference between osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and arthritis?
The term arthritis is a general term for an inflammation of the joint. Osteoarthritis is a particular type usually due to aging. rA. crippling autoimmune disease.
Define hematopoietic tissue. Where can you find this type of tissue?
There are two types of hematopoietic tissue: myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue. Myeloid tissue is found primarily in the bone marrow. It produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets. Lymphoid tissue is found in the mucosa
Why is a triple arthrodesis performed?
Triple arthrodesis is used for individual suffering form a forefoot or bind foot deformity.