SPTE 110- Exam 4

results of recent drug testing

-2012 Summer Olympics: 5,000 tests, 9 positives -2014 Winter Olympics: 2,453 tests, 8 positives -$10 million IOC research fund to develop new technology for drug monitoring -MLB penalties for drug use—toughest in major U.S. leagues

reason for use

-Accepted Medical Uses -To Enhance Athletic Performance -To Improve Appearance

Ashe

-Arthur Ashe is the first African American to win the men's singles at Wimbledon and the U.S. Open, and the first African-American man to be ranked No. 1 in the world. -Always an activist, when Ashe learned that he had contracted AIDS via a blood transfusion, he turned his efforts to raising awareness about the disease, before finally succumbing to it on February 6, 1993

hazing vs. bullying

-Both involve an imbalance of power and status. -Bullying is always marked by aggressive behavior intended to harm. -Hazing may involve some of the same qualities but is less frequent.

group of users

-College Athletes -Olympic Athletes -Weightlifters -Professional -Athletes -Adolescent Age School Children!!!! -Others

types of devient behavior

-Deviant behavior: Behavior that is beyond "normal" behavior; can be good or bad -Not conforming to the group's rules and norms -Over conforming to the group's expectations

participation sport

-Health struggles will continue to increase. (older people) -Development programs will use sport as a vehicle to achieve social goals. (academic, integration or society, peace keeping) -The connection will become clearer between physical activity and health and quality of life. -Growth will continue in community programs, extreme sports, and college sport clubs. -Funding challenges will persist, including competition with performance sport programs for money and facilities. -Activities, such as electronic entertainment, will continue to compete for people's time. -Commitment will be needed to attract sport dropouts and increase physical activity among young people.

the government

-Helps regulate event security. -regulate super bowl and olympics

anabolic steroids

-Increase muscle size -speed -strength -ability to train soon after exhaustion -BALCO scandal (KNOW WHAT THIS IS) -increased drug testing

potential issues with drug use

-Long-term health risks (e.g., female infertility) -Bad example for youth athletes -Rejection of sport by fans, parents, kids (if we think its all artificially enhanced, may become uninterested in watching anymore) -Marginalization of non-using athletes -Withdrawal of corporate financial support -Futile if bar is raised by genetic engineering

Electronic media

-Sport action will be viewed on demand. -Fantasy teams and leagues will be interactive. Online sport wagering will grow. -Athletes will be more accessible to fans through social media. -Giants (e.g., ESPN) will continue to grow.

The IOC and Physical Activity

-Sport can help us create a safer, more tolerant, and more peaceful society. -Three core values of the Olympic movement are excellence (capitalism), friendship (socialism), and respect (socialism).

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

-Testosterone - Primary Natural Male Hormone -Also present in females in lesser amounts

Protects citizens' rights.

-age -race

social changes

-civil rights movement

How has overconformity made cheerleading more dangerous?

-made more rules -weight limits (some girls may begin eating disorders)

Curt Flood

-major league baseball player -challenged the reserve clause -reserve clause said you are bound to that particular team until they release you -flood challenged that -that led to free agency in all major sports -allowed for salaries to go up -now you have some bargaining rights -lawyer, accountant, etc, you have the right to leave your job and go somewhere else that benefits you -flood never benefitted from it, more so suffered -never got the benefits of the higher salary

short term

-masculizing -deep voice -acne -hair growth over body and face -irritability -many of these can be reversed

civil rights movement

-minority opportunities don't lag they just haven't caught there numbers up yet -minority, any group singled out and treated differently -increased diversity in sport

steve courson

-played football at USC -played on steelers during the years the steel curtain -offensive line -5'11 280 pounds -absolutely huge -later on admitted that he used steroids at the NFL -had major health issues -got on the heart transplant list -one of first athletes went upon congress to talk about the dangers of steroids with athletes -eventually got off the list and got healthy -crush and killed by a tree

1961

-president's council on physical fitness and sports -John f. kennedy

1950s

-presidents council on youth fitness formed -

Protects the public's financial interest.

-public school -relates to sports facilites -big stadiums and arenas -government helps mange it

concussions

-who takes longer to recover -who it affects more

spectatorship

...

Performance Sport: International

1. Soccer participation and spectatorship will increase—in the United States and globally. 2. The Olympics will become more professional. 3. Female sport will continue to grow. 4. Drug-testing programs will be expanded

Owens

American track-and-field athlete who won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. His long jump world record stood for 25 years. (Adolf hitler, olympics back then) FDR did not meet to congratulate him, didn't get congratulated until 1976 by Ford

influence of youth sport

Coach's role—to teach young athletes the rules Citizenship Through Sports Alliance

others...

Include HGH, doping, amino acids

Sport can also change society

Jesse Owens, Arthur Ashe

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Links research on physical activity and quality of life. Sets recommendations for physical activity.

androgenic

Masculinizing Effects - Growth of Facial Hair - Growth of Body Hair - Deepening of the Voice (this will effect women too)

discussion

Near the end of a football game, announcers often say that the ref should "hold the flag" (refrain from calling a penalty) in order to "let the players decide" the outcome. When should we follow the rules, and when should officials let things go?

gambling in sport

Perennial issue for sport organizers: If the public doubts the integrity of the game, the game's popularity declines.

Chapter 17

Politics in sport

types of drug used by modern athletes

Prescription and OTC Stimulants Anabolic steroids Others: Include HGH, doping, amino acids

prescription and OTC

Promote healing, mask pain, carry long-term risk.

rule breaking in sport

Rules are learned. Rule breaking results in consequences, such as penalties and suspensions.

3. gambling

Some will try to legalize sport gambling. to try to tax so gov can get money from it

International Outreach Through Sport

The WHO emphasizes conditions and diseases that can be addressed through physical activity. More than 60% of adults worldwide do not engage in sufficient physical activity.

referee examples

Tim Donaghy (NBA) (working with gamblers, to make different calls to fix the point spread not exactly the outcome of the game) 2006 World Cup, soccer match fixing

eating disorders in sport

Types are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, disordered eating, and compulsive exercise. Up to 33% of female athletes report having an eating disorder (more than nonathletes). The percentage for male athletes is 10%. Athletes' discipline and determination can lead to eating disorders if taken too far.

capitalism

competition, hard work, winners

Michael jordan

criticism because he didn't speak put

Lebron

criticized for speaking out

CDC

department of health and human services

olympics

designates U.S. olympics but does not fund it

CH.20

deviance and sport

Sport distracts from difficult times

distraction = passivity

2. At-risk prevention programs

e.g., YMCA, Boys & Girls Clubs, Up2Us -(kids who may be dropping out)

female participation

increased, but educational and athletic leaders need to embrace Title IX.

IOC

international olympic committee

some $2.5 billion

is bet illegally each year on March Madness

1 in 10 male athletes (10%)

report to having an eating disorder

1 in 3 female athletes (33%)

report to having an eating disorder

socialism

teamwork, fitness, friendship

Students with a gambling problem

tend to have other issues (e.g., binge eating, heavy drinking, tobacco or marijuana use).

Politics

the art and science of governing influencing policy or controlling a government

participation sport

there performed or played for pleasure or for help

as women age,

they look to extend their participation in physical activity and sport

offenders make it

typically 7 times before reported

ch. 19

violence and rule breaking

development

what it meant not athlete development but us as human beings -different stages -youth -old age

devieance in sport

whats it mean--- being different??

3. professional sports

will continue to dominate; more may develop true world championships

1. pay-per-view and internet viewing

will continue to revolutionize fan experiences

1. Youth participation

will increase among those who can afford it. (high level) (like expensive traveling or club sport)

4. competition

will increase for fans' time and commitment.

2. growing spectatorship

will increase participation unless undercut by boom in electronic spectatorship.

2. schools

will invest more in college athletic programs but still face financial struggles (other media type revenue)

W H O

world health organization -similar to CDC -emphasizes conditions and diseases that can be addressed through physical activity -high blood pressure, high cholesterol. -physical activity can impact health

The olympic charter and social responsibility What does this quote mean?

"The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of humanity, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity." -human dignity as it relates to sport and physical activity? everyone having the ability TO participate

how the government uses sport to improve citizens' quality of life

(functionalist theory)

Discuss a change in the sport world that you believe could happen in the next five years.

-

IOC initiatives to achieve this goal:

-Bringing sport to rural and underdeveloped communities -Aiding local economic development (if were going to have sport programs, facilities will go along with that, getting equipment, employing people) this all help, also used to meetings etc. -Rehabilitating war victims -Helping prevent HIV/AIDS (in Africa sport has been used to bring people together to educate them what leads to the spread of HIV/AIDS) -Bringing hope and joy to refugee camps (refugees playing soccer with a ball of tap, bringing some happiness together from all of the disappear)

Sport and change

-Champion athletes have a platform—if they choose to use it. -Notable examples include Muhammad Ali and Billie Jean King (American tennis great Billie Jean King broke down barriers by pushing for equal prize money for women and becoming one of the first well-known openly gay athletes.) -Not all athletes who use the platform are successful or liked (e.g., Curt Flood

athlete examples (Know these)

-Chicago "Black Sox," (their owner was known for being a cheap owner, players didn't feel like they were being paid enough, players took Money from gamblers to throw the World Series) -college basketball (shaving points) -Pete Rose(you can't bet on baseball) he was found to bet on baseball, bet on a lot of things

scandals

-East Germans -Chinese Swimmers -Cyclists -Ben Johnson (Ben Johnson didn't just disappoint himself when he was stripped of his 1988 Olympic gold medal, he let down an entire nation.)(Championship gold medal were stripped after stanozolol, a type of steroid, was found in his urine. Johnson went from hero to zero in what seemed like 9.79 seconds.) -Major League -Baseball Players -Others

eating disorders in sport...

-Eating disorders have increased since Title IX was enacted (more female participants). -These disorders can be encouraged inadvertently by coaches and parents. -Female athlete triad

Technology

-Equipment and facility improvements will result in better performances. -Training methods will be improved. -People will develop new drugs and performance enhancers. -The process of recovering from injury will be improved.

U.S. Social Trends That Will Affect U.S. Sport (continued)

-Expansion of sport management -Record breaking due to scientific advances -Changing attitudes toward gambling (how can we find a way to regulate it) -Increase in coaching competence

U.S. Social Trends That Will Affect U.S. Sport

-Global trends (e.g., terrorism, global economy) -Increase in number of older athletes -Protection of citizens' rights -Protection of sport investments

professional leagues using

-Increased use and scandals (e.g., Alex Rodriguez- admits for using performance enhancing drugs , Ryan Braun- cream, lied about it) -Random drug testing in the Olympics and some professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings

Potential Funding Sources for Sport Development Programs how do we pay for these?

-International groups (e.g., UNESCO, IOC) -Multinational corporations (Nike, mcdonalds, coca-cola) -Government groups -Social organizations (e.g., community centers, schools, recreation departments, faith-based organizations) -Charitable organizations

Developmental Possibilities for Sport

-Not development in traditional sense (athlete development, economic development). -Growing area that recognizes sport as social capital has opportunities to improve lives for social and personal development for all populations, especially disenfranchised. -Body of research, programming growing.

methods of administration (know all of the meanings of these)

-Orally (Swallowing) -Sublingually -By Injection (Intramuscularly) -Topically

nationalism and sport

-Patriotic symbols and colors at international competitions -National anthem played before games -Army-Navy college football game -Historic Olympic boycotts -1980 Moscow -1984 LA

sport and politics

-Politicians congratulate successful athletes. -Championship teams visit the White House. -Some athletes become politicians (e.g., Bill Bradley) played in the NBA -National sport boards and the NCAA operate as political organizations.

violence against women

-Rape culture at universities -One in five women is raped. -Rape is committed by a rising proportion of athletes and men at military academies. -Title IX and sexual violence cases -Domestic abuse and athletes -Sense of entitlement?

How Sport Can Contribute to Peace Building

-Security (safe place to go to play sport) -Rebuilding of economies and traumatized populations -Political structure and open communication (war, natural disaster,etc. a place of trauma) -Reconciliation in torn societies (helps rulers and government realize how sport brings people together) -Second International Forum of 2011

performance enhancers

-Some athletes use steroids or other drugs. -Usage is not a new phenomenon but does get more media exposure now.

gambling facts from the NCAA

-The Internet has made it easier to gamble. -Student athletes are viewed as easy "marks." -The NCAA prohibits athletes and athletic department personnel from any type of sport wagering.

Peace Initiatives Through Sport

-The Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group works with governments to develop sport systems. (can sport can develop peace and help people to work together) -Strong societies depend on tolerance and friendship among disparate groups. -Sport provides a safe place to face conflict in a structured environment.

Should the United States fund sport clubs to produce more Olympians and win more gold medals? Why or why not? (sole purpose to get more medals)

-U.S. spends no public money on olympic sport -

use of sport to promote social values

-U.S. view of sport as teaching mainstream values -Capitalism -Socialism -Potential to integrate people from diverse backgrounds in areas of conflict

adults

-close relationships, self-challenge, less priority on physical activity -may be more into challenging ourselves(running race, playing at higher level of golf or tennis, lifting heavier weights)

female athlete triad

-disordered eating -amenorrhea -osteoporosis

Accepted Medical Uses (reason for use)

-for kids hormonal growth -the first use was for burn victims who lost a lot of muscle tissue

social theories and change

-functionalist -conflict -feminist -interactionist -critical

deviance

-going off and doing something different -can be good or bad -ANYTHING THAT IS NOT NORMAL -society decides what is normal

colin Kapernick

-kneeling for national anthem -form of protested used might've challenged what he was trying to get across -did he do it in an appropriate way, but would he get his point across if he did it a different way

children

-learning to walk, run, fundamental skills of sport, play (learn to interact), learn to get along, are we good or bad, are we comfortable, are we interested -fast development of skills, social interaction, rule following, self-concept

performance enhancers

-legitamance -categories

long term effect

-liver disease -testicles shrinking or not working -reproductive issues -men can develop breasts not reversible

Promotes equal opportunity.

-new laws -title IX

university of oregon

-opponents faking injuries -running plays so fast

Why have many people been reluctant to speak out against hazing?

-people will feel weak -feel like they won't be accepted if they speak out against it

politics in sport

-proper role of government in sport -how athletes and teams use religion -both socialism and capitalism can use sport to reinforce values -gov played roles in fitness -what gov agencies benefit public -what presidents signed bills? -some cities and region use sport to build identity for themselves, what countries?

long term effects not very well documented

-secretly -not formal medical studies -know some but not that well

should the Olympics be a celebration of nationalism?

-shares cultures -it can go overboard at times

physiological effects

-short fuse don't have the edge anymore

disenfranchised

-special populations (mentally, or physically) -any group that would not be normally thought to put together sporting opportunities

What message should be sent to reach this goal, and to whom should it be delivered?

-sport has benefit and not just benefit of the sport itself, sport can benefit everyone, message needs tone delivered to everyone

rule breaking and violence in sport

-sport increase violence? -on field and off field violence? -what sports may be more violent? -Show Cause????

youth (mid elementary-highschool)

-transitions, critical time for dropouts -narrowing down to a certain sport we enjoy or are good at -critical time of drop outs of sports

Cities and countries hold special sporting events.

-try to tie -Indianapolis, indiana- culture around amateur sports, try to make it there identity**

Will certain sports (e.g., college football, professional basketball) recover their home-game fan base? Can the 'in person" experience rival the "at home" experience?

-we want to make it easy for fans to spend their money at live games

Governments use sport to distract citizens from societal inequities (opiate of the masses)

-we're not being distracted

Performance Sport: United States... (high performance sport)

-youth participation -schools -professional sport

Muhammed Ali

Arguably boxing's most celebrated athlete, heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali was also known for his public stance against the Vietnam War and his longtime battle with Parkinson's disease.

4. interactionist

Athletes will force changes from the bottom up (individuals change, some college athletes have stood up and talked about change, NFL former players speak up about concussions)

concussions and sports

Children and teens are more likely than adults to be concussed and recover more slowly. Concussions doubled in the last 10 years. Two of five concussed high school athletes return to play before they have recovered. Strict concussion guidelines are needed.

aggression

Definition: behavior directed toward another person and intended to dominate or master

on-feild violence in sport

Demands of collision and contact sports "Enforcer" roles Societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality -"Part of the game" (hockey, biggest defender) Examples: Richie Incognito (NFL's Incredible Hulk), Ndamukong Suh (NFL players)

5. critical

Educators can take the lead in determining the value and place of sport in society.

female athlete triad

Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which eating disorders (or low energy availability), amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea, and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis and osteopenia) are present. -Energy imbalance with or without an eating disorder. -Menstrual disturbances. -Decreased bone mineral density with or without osteoporosis.

Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity

Fun Better health Social integration Moral development Personal development Cognitive development

examples of rule breaking

Illegally modifying equipment Committing a foul Faking injury to cause a time-out Participating in a brawl Taking other disallowed actions for strategic advantage

stimulants

Increase arousal and energy; have been in use for decades

emotion and sport: fans

Increased excitement and arousal with tailgating and alcohol use Hooliganism

government intervention

Intervenes to address scandals or social issues in sport (e.g., MLB steroid use and drug testing

off-field violence

It is unclear whether on-field violence leads to off-field violence. Alcohol increases the incidence of violence; athletes are more prone to binge drinking. Some sports may not cause violent off-field behavior but attract more-violent people. Challenges to manhood can arise off the field.

concussions and the NFL

Long-term effects can include dementia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. NFL legal settlement involves 18,000 retired players.

study list

Most alarming group that uses perfmoance enhancers Progression theory Name of gamecock and pitt steelr line man- steroid Hazing- what it is Eating disorders What groups have higher What are the diff disorders Female atheltes triad Definition of those Gambling stats Why sport org. warry More groups suseptable to have problem Hooliganism- spontaneous violence may be different About 50 questions

2. conflict

Participation sport programs allow more people to participate (we should be spending more money on participation sport, we will do good for our society if more people are participating)

VIOLENCE

Perception that athletes are more violent than other people Perception fed by media exposure and occasional leniency given to accused athlete offenders Sport as mirror of society in violent acts and acceptance of violent acts

now

President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition (for people of all ages)

effects of steroid use

Short-Term vs. Long-Term Physical and Physiological vs. Psychological Long-Term Effects not very well documented. Many short-term effects are reversible when use ceases.

Consequences of On-Field Violent Behavior

Shortened career (and reduced earnings) Pressure to return from injury Concussions: recent change in perspective Negative publicity for teams, leagues, organizations Poor behavior modeling

1. functionalist

Sport can be changed from the inside. (lets change in structure)

we do rally (opiate of the masses)

Sport is used to rally citizens for a united cause in both developed and developing countries.

Sport in this context includes physical activities such as the following:

Strength training Running and walking Swimming Pilates Yoga

emotion and support: athletes

Stress of competition Being consumed by emotion Optimal levels of arousal and intensity Role of anger

anabolic

Tissue-Building Effects - Increases in Muscle Cell Size - Increases in Strength? (do you get stronger from the steroid or is it just the motivation in your head)

rational rule breaking

To help the team (or individual) win Because "everyone is doing it" As acceptable behavior when a rule is considered bad

discussion

What should be the result when an athlete (male or female) sexually assaults someone? Does it matter if the athlete is a collegiate player or professional?

3. feminist

Women will assume more leadership positions in sport.

In 2008, 30% of male athletes and 7% of female athletes

admitted betting on sport events.

who was the most alarming group of users

adolescent age school children simply to look better -why is that alarming? we are not done developing at this young age

most states have laws

against hazing

all but 2 US states

allow some type of gambling.

nonathletes

are more likely to bet at casinos.

male students

are more likely to gamble than female students.

kids

at least 1 hour of daily aerobic activity

test

ch. 16-21

Benefits and Challenges of Sport at Different Ages** know this

children birth-early elementary youth adults older adults

What is the role of a coach or athletic director in regard to hazing?

coaches and AD should set things straight right at the beginning and expectations should be set

since title 9 (IX)

eating disorders have increase

athletes speaking out

for change -for sure inappropriate ways to speak out for change -theres a time and place to speak for change

a lot of attacks

go unreported

college athletes

have a higher rate of problem gambling than nonathletes.

As competition increases, rules may become looser, and coaches and players may try to win at all cost. However, NCAA punishments for coaches for violations have increased.

high school and collegiate sport

Politics not just science?

if it was science it would just be a step by step thing, but every politician has there way of getting stuff done in the best way

**hazing

is any action that inflicts mental or physical harm or anxiety or demeans or degrades— regardless of intent or consent. -all athletes are at risk

roughly $85 million

is bet legally each year on March Madness through Las Vegas

development programs for children and youth

know the 4 categories

adults

least 150 minutes of weekly moderate-intensity activity

drugs can lead to

liver or kidney damage

Sport helps maintain status quo

male dominance, traditional values

women

must be recruited and nurtured in sport leadership roles.

people who have a disability

need continuing opportunities in sport and physical activity.

Latina and Hispanic girls and women

need to be integrated into lifelong physical activity

LGBT individuals

need to be welcomed into sport and leadership positions

about 75%

of college athletes report having been hazed. (back in the day the percentage was definitely higher)

85%

of the rapers are known to the victim

Age-group competition

opportunities will continue to grow for older adults

the NCAA and professional sport leagues

oppose legalized gambling

Sport can promote politicians (photo ops, athletes-turned-politicians).

photo ops, athletes-turned-politicians

Cities try to attract pro sport in order to increase their attractiveness.

practically and image -increase community pride -makes people think we are a major league city -pro and entertainment venues have been shown they are directly correlated to companies moving into their city, bring in better employees, b/c there is more to offer in city

Typical gambling debts

range from $100 to $5,000 or even more.

what did or said that sport is the most liked what other institution

religion---- is the most other liked thing over sport!! color barrier by Jackie Robinson---- (Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier when he became the first black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century. He joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 and was named Rookie of the Year that year, National League MVP in 1949 and a World Series champ in 1955.) title 9----

3. Academic enrichment and sport programs

safe haven combining school and sport -(combine school and sport together)

hazing is

seen by some as a rite of passage.

hooliganism

seen more with fans of Britain soccer

1. Stand-alone sport and physical activity programs

skill-focused, foundational -purely sport

older adults

social and health reasons for participation -our doctors think we need to stay more physically active, hangout with other people their age

4. Academic development and sport

sport as vehicle to develop academic skills -we use sport tolerant academic skills -trying to learn how to calculate a batting average

gamblers will try to get other info

they will try to figure out if an athlete is sick, hurt, in trouble, etc to see how the game could change