SPTE 110- Exam 4
results of recent drug testing
-2012 Summer Olympics: 5,000 tests, 9 positives -2014 Winter Olympics: 2,453 tests, 8 positives -$10 million IOC research fund to develop new technology for drug monitoring -MLB penalties for drug use—toughest in major U.S. leagues
reason for use
-Accepted Medical Uses -To Enhance Athletic Performance -To Improve Appearance
Ashe
-Arthur Ashe is the first African American to win the men's singles at Wimbledon and the U.S. Open, and the first African-American man to be ranked No. 1 in the world. -Always an activist, when Ashe learned that he had contracted AIDS via a blood transfusion, he turned his efforts to raising awareness about the disease, before finally succumbing to it on February 6, 1993
hazing vs. bullying
-Both involve an imbalance of power and status. -Bullying is always marked by aggressive behavior intended to harm. -Hazing may involve some of the same qualities but is less frequent.
group of users
-College Athletes -Olympic Athletes -Weightlifters -Professional -Athletes -Adolescent Age School Children!!!! -Others
types of devient behavior
-Deviant behavior: Behavior that is beyond "normal" behavior; can be good or bad -Not conforming to the group's rules and norms -Over conforming to the group's expectations
participation sport
-Health struggles will continue to increase. (older people) -Development programs will use sport as a vehicle to achieve social goals. (academic, integration or society, peace keeping) -The connection will become clearer between physical activity and health and quality of life. -Growth will continue in community programs, extreme sports, and college sport clubs. -Funding challenges will persist, including competition with performance sport programs for money and facilities. -Activities, such as electronic entertainment, will continue to compete for people's time. -Commitment will be needed to attract sport dropouts and increase physical activity among young people.
the government
-Helps regulate event security. -regulate super bowl and olympics
anabolic steroids
-Increase muscle size -speed -strength -ability to train soon after exhaustion -BALCO scandal (KNOW WHAT THIS IS) -increased drug testing
potential issues with drug use
-Long-term health risks (e.g., female infertility) -Bad example for youth athletes -Rejection of sport by fans, parents, kids (if we think its all artificially enhanced, may become uninterested in watching anymore) -Marginalization of non-using athletes -Withdrawal of corporate financial support -Futile if bar is raised by genetic engineering
Electronic media
-Sport action will be viewed on demand. -Fantasy teams and leagues will be interactive. Online sport wagering will grow. -Athletes will be more accessible to fans through social media. -Giants (e.g., ESPN) will continue to grow.
The IOC and Physical Activity
-Sport can help us create a safer, more tolerant, and more peaceful society. -Three core values of the Olympic movement are excellence (capitalism), friendship (socialism), and respect (socialism).
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
-Testosterone - Primary Natural Male Hormone -Also present in females in lesser amounts
Protects citizens' rights.
-age -race
social changes
-civil rights movement
How has overconformity made cheerleading more dangerous?
-made more rules -weight limits (some girls may begin eating disorders)
Curt Flood
-major league baseball player -challenged the reserve clause -reserve clause said you are bound to that particular team until they release you -flood challenged that -that led to free agency in all major sports -allowed for salaries to go up -now you have some bargaining rights -lawyer, accountant, etc, you have the right to leave your job and go somewhere else that benefits you -flood never benefitted from it, more so suffered -never got the benefits of the higher salary
short term
-masculizing -deep voice -acne -hair growth over body and face -irritability -many of these can be reversed
civil rights movement
-minority opportunities don't lag they just haven't caught there numbers up yet -minority, any group singled out and treated differently -increased diversity in sport
steve courson
-played football at USC -played on steelers during the years the steel curtain -offensive line -5'11 280 pounds -absolutely huge -later on admitted that he used steroids at the NFL -had major health issues -got on the heart transplant list -one of first athletes went upon congress to talk about the dangers of steroids with athletes -eventually got off the list and got healthy -crush and killed by a tree
1961
-president's council on physical fitness and sports -John f. kennedy
1950s
-presidents council on youth fitness formed -
Protects the public's financial interest.
-public school -relates to sports facilites -big stadiums and arenas -government helps mange it
concussions
-who takes longer to recover -who it affects more
spectatorship
...
Performance Sport: International
1. Soccer participation and spectatorship will increase—in the United States and globally. 2. The Olympics will become more professional. 3. Female sport will continue to grow. 4. Drug-testing programs will be expanded
Owens
American track-and-field athlete who won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. His long jump world record stood for 25 years. (Adolf hitler, olympics back then) FDR did not meet to congratulate him, didn't get congratulated until 1976 by Ford
influence of youth sport
Coach's role—to teach young athletes the rules Citizenship Through Sports Alliance
others...
Include HGH, doping, amino acids
Sport can also change society
Jesse Owens, Arthur Ashe
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Links research on physical activity and quality of life. Sets recommendations for physical activity.
androgenic
Masculinizing Effects - Growth of Facial Hair - Growth of Body Hair - Deepening of the Voice (this will effect women too)
discussion
Near the end of a football game, announcers often say that the ref should "hold the flag" (refrain from calling a penalty) in order to "let the players decide" the outcome. When should we follow the rules, and when should officials let things go?
gambling in sport
Perennial issue for sport organizers: If the public doubts the integrity of the game, the game's popularity declines.
Chapter 17
Politics in sport
types of drug used by modern athletes
Prescription and OTC Stimulants Anabolic steroids Others: Include HGH, doping, amino acids
prescription and OTC
Promote healing, mask pain, carry long-term risk.
rule breaking in sport
Rules are learned. Rule breaking results in consequences, such as penalties and suspensions.
3. gambling
Some will try to legalize sport gambling. to try to tax so gov can get money from it
International Outreach Through Sport
The WHO emphasizes conditions and diseases that can be addressed through physical activity. More than 60% of adults worldwide do not engage in sufficient physical activity.
referee examples
Tim Donaghy (NBA) (working with gamblers, to make different calls to fix the point spread not exactly the outcome of the game) 2006 World Cup, soccer match fixing
eating disorders in sport
Types are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, disordered eating, and compulsive exercise. Up to 33% of female athletes report having an eating disorder (more than nonathletes). The percentage for male athletes is 10%. Athletes' discipline and determination can lead to eating disorders if taken too far.
capitalism
competition, hard work, winners
Michael jordan
criticism because he didn't speak put
Lebron
criticized for speaking out
CDC
department of health and human services
olympics
designates U.S. olympics but does not fund it
CH.20
deviance and sport
Sport distracts from difficult times
distraction = passivity
2. At-risk prevention programs
e.g., YMCA, Boys & Girls Clubs, Up2Us -(kids who may be dropping out)
female participation
increased, but educational and athletic leaders need to embrace Title IX.
IOC
international olympic committee
some $2.5 billion
is bet illegally each year on March Madness
1 in 10 male athletes (10%)
report to having an eating disorder
1 in 3 female athletes (33%)
report to having an eating disorder
socialism
teamwork, fitness, friendship
Students with a gambling problem
tend to have other issues (e.g., binge eating, heavy drinking, tobacco or marijuana use).
Politics
the art and science of governing influencing policy or controlling a government
participation sport
there performed or played for pleasure or for help
as women age,
they look to extend their participation in physical activity and sport
offenders make it
typically 7 times before reported
ch. 19
violence and rule breaking
development
what it meant not athlete development but us as human beings -different stages -youth -old age
devieance in sport
whats it mean--- being different??
3. professional sports
will continue to dominate; more may develop true world championships
1. pay-per-view and internet viewing
will continue to revolutionize fan experiences
1. Youth participation
will increase among those who can afford it. (high level) (like expensive traveling or club sport)
4. competition
will increase for fans' time and commitment.
2. growing spectatorship
will increase participation unless undercut by boom in electronic spectatorship.
2. schools
will invest more in college athletic programs but still face financial struggles (other media type revenue)
W H O
world health organization -similar to CDC -emphasizes conditions and diseases that can be addressed through physical activity -high blood pressure, high cholesterol. -physical activity can impact health
The olympic charter and social responsibility What does this quote mean?
"The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of humanity, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity." -human dignity as it relates to sport and physical activity? everyone having the ability TO participate
how the government uses sport to improve citizens' quality of life
(functionalist theory)
Discuss a change in the sport world that you believe could happen in the next five years.
-
IOC initiatives to achieve this goal:
-Bringing sport to rural and underdeveloped communities -Aiding local economic development (if were going to have sport programs, facilities will go along with that, getting equipment, employing people) this all help, also used to meetings etc. -Rehabilitating war victims -Helping prevent HIV/AIDS (in Africa sport has been used to bring people together to educate them what leads to the spread of HIV/AIDS) -Bringing hope and joy to refugee camps (refugees playing soccer with a ball of tap, bringing some happiness together from all of the disappear)
Sport and change
-Champion athletes have a platform—if they choose to use it. -Notable examples include Muhammad Ali and Billie Jean King (American tennis great Billie Jean King broke down barriers by pushing for equal prize money for women and becoming one of the first well-known openly gay athletes.) -Not all athletes who use the platform are successful or liked (e.g., Curt Flood
athlete examples (Know these)
-Chicago "Black Sox," (their owner was known for being a cheap owner, players didn't feel like they were being paid enough, players took Money from gamblers to throw the World Series) -college basketball (shaving points) -Pete Rose(you can't bet on baseball) he was found to bet on baseball, bet on a lot of things
scandals
-East Germans -Chinese Swimmers -Cyclists -Ben Johnson (Ben Johnson didn't just disappoint himself when he was stripped of his 1988 Olympic gold medal, he let down an entire nation.)(Championship gold medal were stripped after stanozolol, a type of steroid, was found in his urine. Johnson went from hero to zero in what seemed like 9.79 seconds.) -Major League -Baseball Players -Others
eating disorders in sport...
-Eating disorders have increased since Title IX was enacted (more female participants). -These disorders can be encouraged inadvertently by coaches and parents. -Female athlete triad
Technology
-Equipment and facility improvements will result in better performances. -Training methods will be improved. -People will develop new drugs and performance enhancers. -The process of recovering from injury will be improved.
U.S. Social Trends That Will Affect U.S. Sport (continued)
-Expansion of sport management -Record breaking due to scientific advances -Changing attitudes toward gambling (how can we find a way to regulate it) -Increase in coaching competence
U.S. Social Trends That Will Affect U.S. Sport
-Global trends (e.g., terrorism, global economy) -Increase in number of older athletes -Protection of citizens' rights -Protection of sport investments
professional leagues using
-Increased use and scandals (e.g., Alex Rodriguez- admits for using performance enhancing drugs , Ryan Braun- cream, lied about it) -Random drug testing in the Olympics and some professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings
Potential Funding Sources for Sport Development Programs how do we pay for these?
-International groups (e.g., UNESCO, IOC) -Multinational corporations (Nike, mcdonalds, coca-cola) -Government groups -Social organizations (e.g., community centers, schools, recreation departments, faith-based organizations) -Charitable organizations
Developmental Possibilities for Sport
-Not development in traditional sense (athlete development, economic development). -Growing area that recognizes sport as social capital has opportunities to improve lives for social and personal development for all populations, especially disenfranchised. -Body of research, programming growing.
methods of administration (know all of the meanings of these)
-Orally (Swallowing) -Sublingually -By Injection (Intramuscularly) -Topically
nationalism and sport
-Patriotic symbols and colors at international competitions -National anthem played before games -Army-Navy college football game -Historic Olympic boycotts -1980 Moscow -1984 LA
sport and politics
-Politicians congratulate successful athletes. -Championship teams visit the White House. -Some athletes become politicians (e.g., Bill Bradley) played in the NBA -National sport boards and the NCAA operate as political organizations.
violence against women
-Rape culture at universities -One in five women is raped. -Rape is committed by a rising proportion of athletes and men at military academies. -Title IX and sexual violence cases -Domestic abuse and athletes -Sense of entitlement?
How Sport Can Contribute to Peace Building
-Security (safe place to go to play sport) -Rebuilding of economies and traumatized populations -Political structure and open communication (war, natural disaster,etc. a place of trauma) -Reconciliation in torn societies (helps rulers and government realize how sport brings people together) -Second International Forum of 2011
performance enhancers
-Some athletes use steroids or other drugs. -Usage is not a new phenomenon but does get more media exposure now.
gambling facts from the NCAA
-The Internet has made it easier to gamble. -Student athletes are viewed as easy "marks." -The NCAA prohibits athletes and athletic department personnel from any type of sport wagering.
Peace Initiatives Through Sport
-The Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group works with governments to develop sport systems. (can sport can develop peace and help people to work together) -Strong societies depend on tolerance and friendship among disparate groups. -Sport provides a safe place to face conflict in a structured environment.
Should the United States fund sport clubs to produce more Olympians and win more gold medals? Why or why not? (sole purpose to get more medals)
-U.S. spends no public money on olympic sport -
use of sport to promote social values
-U.S. view of sport as teaching mainstream values -Capitalism -Socialism -Potential to integrate people from diverse backgrounds in areas of conflict
adults
-close relationships, self-challenge, less priority on physical activity -may be more into challenging ourselves(running race, playing at higher level of golf or tennis, lifting heavier weights)
female athlete triad
-disordered eating -amenorrhea -osteoporosis
Accepted Medical Uses (reason for use)
-for kids hormonal growth -the first use was for burn victims who lost a lot of muscle tissue
social theories and change
-functionalist -conflict -feminist -interactionist -critical
deviance
-going off and doing something different -can be good or bad -ANYTHING THAT IS NOT NORMAL -society decides what is normal
colin Kapernick
-kneeling for national anthem -form of protested used might've challenged what he was trying to get across -did he do it in an appropriate way, but would he get his point across if he did it a different way
children
-learning to walk, run, fundamental skills of sport, play (learn to interact), learn to get along, are we good or bad, are we comfortable, are we interested -fast development of skills, social interaction, rule following, self-concept
performance enhancers
-legitamance -categories
long term effect
-liver disease -testicles shrinking or not working -reproductive issues -men can develop breasts not reversible
Promotes equal opportunity.
-new laws -title IX
university of oregon
-opponents faking injuries -running plays so fast
Why have many people been reluctant to speak out against hazing?
-people will feel weak -feel like they won't be accepted if they speak out against it
politics in sport
-proper role of government in sport -how athletes and teams use religion -both socialism and capitalism can use sport to reinforce values -gov played roles in fitness -what gov agencies benefit public -what presidents signed bills? -some cities and region use sport to build identity for themselves, what countries?
long term effects not very well documented
-secretly -not formal medical studies -know some but not that well
should the Olympics be a celebration of nationalism?
-shares cultures -it can go overboard at times
physiological effects
-short fuse don't have the edge anymore
disenfranchised
-special populations (mentally, or physically) -any group that would not be normally thought to put together sporting opportunities
What message should be sent to reach this goal, and to whom should it be delivered?
-sport has benefit and not just benefit of the sport itself, sport can benefit everyone, message needs tone delivered to everyone
rule breaking and violence in sport
-sport increase violence? -on field and off field violence? -what sports may be more violent? -Show Cause????
youth (mid elementary-highschool)
-transitions, critical time for dropouts -narrowing down to a certain sport we enjoy or are good at -critical time of drop outs of sports
Cities and countries hold special sporting events.
-try to tie -Indianapolis, indiana- culture around amateur sports, try to make it there identity**
Will certain sports (e.g., college football, professional basketball) recover their home-game fan base? Can the 'in person" experience rival the "at home" experience?
-we want to make it easy for fans to spend their money at live games
Governments use sport to distract citizens from societal inequities (opiate of the masses)
-we're not being distracted
Performance Sport: United States... (high performance sport)
-youth participation -schools -professional sport
Muhammed Ali
Arguably boxing's most celebrated athlete, heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali was also known for his public stance against the Vietnam War and his longtime battle with Parkinson's disease.
4. interactionist
Athletes will force changes from the bottom up (individuals change, some college athletes have stood up and talked about change, NFL former players speak up about concussions)
concussions and sports
Children and teens are more likely than adults to be concussed and recover more slowly. Concussions doubled in the last 10 years. Two of five concussed high school athletes return to play before they have recovered. Strict concussion guidelines are needed.
aggression
Definition: behavior directed toward another person and intended to dominate or master
on-feild violence in sport
Demands of collision and contact sports "Enforcer" roles Societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality -"Part of the game" (hockey, biggest defender) Examples: Richie Incognito (NFL's Incredible Hulk), Ndamukong Suh (NFL players)
5. critical
Educators can take the lead in determining the value and place of sport in society.
female athlete triad
Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which eating disorders (or low energy availability), amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea, and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis and osteopenia) are present. -Energy imbalance with or without an eating disorder. -Menstrual disturbances. -Decreased bone mineral density with or without osteoporosis.
Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity
Fun Better health Social integration Moral development Personal development Cognitive development
examples of rule breaking
Illegally modifying equipment Committing a foul Faking injury to cause a time-out Participating in a brawl Taking other disallowed actions for strategic advantage
stimulants
Increase arousal and energy; have been in use for decades
emotion and sport: fans
Increased excitement and arousal with tailgating and alcohol use Hooliganism
government intervention
Intervenes to address scandals or social issues in sport (e.g., MLB steroid use and drug testing
off-field violence
It is unclear whether on-field violence leads to off-field violence. Alcohol increases the incidence of violence; athletes are more prone to binge drinking. Some sports may not cause violent off-field behavior but attract more-violent people. Challenges to manhood can arise off the field.
concussions and the NFL
Long-term effects can include dementia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. NFL legal settlement involves 18,000 retired players.
study list
Most alarming group that uses perfmoance enhancers Progression theory Name of gamecock and pitt steelr line man- steroid Hazing- what it is Eating disorders What groups have higher What are the diff disorders Female atheltes triad Definition of those Gambling stats Why sport org. warry More groups suseptable to have problem Hooliganism- spontaneous violence may be different About 50 questions
2. conflict
Participation sport programs allow more people to participate (we should be spending more money on participation sport, we will do good for our society if more people are participating)
VIOLENCE
Perception that athletes are more violent than other people Perception fed by media exposure and occasional leniency given to accused athlete offenders Sport as mirror of society in violent acts and acceptance of violent acts
now
President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition (for people of all ages)
effects of steroid use
Short-Term vs. Long-Term Physical and Physiological vs. Psychological Long-Term Effects not very well documented. Many short-term effects are reversible when use ceases.
Consequences of On-Field Violent Behavior
Shortened career (and reduced earnings) Pressure to return from injury Concussions: recent change in perspective Negative publicity for teams, leagues, organizations Poor behavior modeling
1. functionalist
Sport can be changed from the inside. (lets change in structure)
we do rally (opiate of the masses)
Sport is used to rally citizens for a united cause in both developed and developing countries.
Sport in this context includes physical activities such as the following:
Strength training Running and walking Swimming Pilates Yoga
emotion and support: athletes
Stress of competition Being consumed by emotion Optimal levels of arousal and intensity Role of anger
anabolic
Tissue-Building Effects - Increases in Muscle Cell Size - Increases in Strength? (do you get stronger from the steroid or is it just the motivation in your head)
rational rule breaking
To help the team (or individual) win Because "everyone is doing it" As acceptable behavior when a rule is considered bad
discussion
What should be the result when an athlete (male or female) sexually assaults someone? Does it matter if the athlete is a collegiate player or professional?
3. feminist
Women will assume more leadership positions in sport.
In 2008, 30% of male athletes and 7% of female athletes
admitted betting on sport events.
who was the most alarming group of users
adolescent age school children simply to look better -why is that alarming? we are not done developing at this young age
most states have laws
against hazing
all but 2 US states
allow some type of gambling.
nonathletes
are more likely to bet at casinos.
male students
are more likely to gamble than female students.
kids
at least 1 hour of daily aerobic activity
test
ch. 16-21
Benefits and Challenges of Sport at Different Ages** know this
children birth-early elementary youth adults older adults
What is the role of a coach or athletic director in regard to hazing?
coaches and AD should set things straight right at the beginning and expectations should be set
since title 9 (IX)
eating disorders have increase
athletes speaking out
for change -for sure inappropriate ways to speak out for change -theres a time and place to speak for change
a lot of attacks
go unreported
college athletes
have a higher rate of problem gambling than nonathletes.
As competition increases, rules may become looser, and coaches and players may try to win at all cost. However, NCAA punishments for coaches for violations have increased.
high school and collegiate sport
Politics not just science?
if it was science it would just be a step by step thing, but every politician has there way of getting stuff done in the best way
**hazing
is any action that inflicts mental or physical harm or anxiety or demeans or degrades— regardless of intent or consent. -all athletes are at risk
roughly $85 million
is bet legally each year on March Madness through Las Vegas
development programs for children and youth
know the 4 categories
adults
least 150 minutes of weekly moderate-intensity activity
drugs can lead to
liver or kidney damage
Sport helps maintain status quo
male dominance, traditional values
women
must be recruited and nurtured in sport leadership roles.
people who have a disability
need continuing opportunities in sport and physical activity.
Latina and Hispanic girls and women
need to be integrated into lifelong physical activity
LGBT individuals
need to be welcomed into sport and leadership positions
about 75%
of college athletes report having been hazed. (back in the day the percentage was definitely higher)
85%
of the rapers are known to the victim
Age-group competition
opportunities will continue to grow for older adults
the NCAA and professional sport leagues
oppose legalized gambling
Sport can promote politicians (photo ops, athletes-turned-politicians).
photo ops, athletes-turned-politicians
Cities try to attract pro sport in order to increase their attractiveness.
practically and image -increase community pride -makes people think we are a major league city -pro and entertainment venues have been shown they are directly correlated to companies moving into their city, bring in better employees, b/c there is more to offer in city
Typical gambling debts
range from $100 to $5,000 or even more.
what did or said that sport is the most liked what other institution
religion---- is the most other liked thing over sport!! color barrier by Jackie Robinson---- (Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier when he became the first black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century. He joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 and was named Rookie of the Year that year, National League MVP in 1949 and a World Series champ in 1955.) title 9----
3. Academic enrichment and sport programs
safe haven combining school and sport -(combine school and sport together)
hazing is
seen by some as a rite of passage.
hooliganism
seen more with fans of Britain soccer
1. Stand-alone sport and physical activity programs
skill-focused, foundational -purely sport
older adults
social and health reasons for participation -our doctors think we need to stay more physically active, hangout with other people their age
4. Academic development and sport
sport as vehicle to develop academic skills -we use sport tolerant academic skills -trying to learn how to calculate a batting average
gamblers will try to get other info
they will try to figure out if an athlete is sick, hurt, in trouble, etc to see how the game could change