S.S chapter 14 Robertson
What were some push factors for immigrants coming to the USA?
Farmers were pressured for land reform and low prices, wars, religious persecution
What problems did the city have?
Filthy, Unpaved streets, sanitation problems and conditions perfect fro breeding epidemics
Once in America, what did immigrant have to do?
Find home, Work, learn English and new customs
Why did immigrants come to the USA?
For religious and political freedoms, economic opportunities and to escape wars
What did many people believe was American society and what group did it exclude?
"Melting pot"; Asian immigrants
When did the fear of "New" immigrants destroying American culture come?
1870s
Chinese exclusion act
1882 law that prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers
How much did the foreign born population of the USA increase by between 1870 and 1900?
2x
True or false. More people had more money, and less products were available.
False
Tenements
Apartment buildings in which multiple families rented rooms or apartments and often had little sanitation or safety
Who did ethnic and special interest publishers cater to?
Array of urban dwellers(immigrants)
What did these Robert Henri develop?
Ashcan School
Americanization
Assimilation of immigrants into American society in the belief that it would make them more loyal citizens
Why did many immigrants and farmers move to cities?
Became increasingly difficult to make a living in a farm
What happened to many neighborhoods as the population grew rapidly?
Became overcrowded
1900s
Beginning of period of upsurge in American urbanization
Nativism
Belief that native born white Americans were superior to newcomers
What led to longer life expectancy?
Better sanitation and medical care
How did Boston solve traffic congestion in 1897 and eventually, New York City in 1904?
By building the first subway system
How did people begin to measure success?
By what they could buy
Why did people prefer the city as compared to the country
Children could attend city schools, churches, theaters, social clubs, and museums offered companionship and entertainment, most city workers were able to enjoy a higher standard of living and some moved to the growing middle class
What did officers do at the stations to process immigrants?
Conducted legal and medical inspections
By 1870s, many cities had what? And what did this tube into?
Department stores; shopping turned to form of entertainment
Ashcan school
Depicted squalor of New York slums
Safety elevators
Elevators would not break even if lifting rope broke, made elevators safer
Ghettos
Ethnic neighborhoods
Sensationalistic
Exaggerating the truth
True or false. Immigrants children didn't become more Americanized
False
What did immigrants form and what did they provide?
Fraternal associations based on ethnic and religious identity which provided social services and financial assistance
Who designed many well known parks like New York city's Central Park?
Fredrick law Olmsted
How much did the number of newspapers increase by between 1870 and 1900?
From 600 to more than 1,600
How did immigration transform American society?
Fueled industrial growth, helped build railroads, worded in factories, mills and mines, traditions mixed with American traditions, became active in labor unions and politics and demanded reforms
In the 1840s and 1850s, who immigrated to the USA? And were their children able to blend into American society?
German and Irish Catholics; yes
Where did most immigrants live?
Ghettos
What is the late 19th century called?
Gilded age
How was problems of city dwellers met?
Governments and city planners tried to alleviate dangerous conditions and make cities better, safer places to live
Why were tenements often unhealthy and unsafe?
Had few windows, and little sanitation
What did immigrants do to hold onto their own traditions?
Had own fraternal lodges, schools, religious institutions
What are some good ways cities grew?
Had subways, skyscrapers, suburbs, automobiles, department stores and retail shops, banks and government offices
What did literature and art explore?
Harsh realities
What does gilded mean?
Having a rotten core covered with gold paint
Who wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work?
Horatio Alger
Angel island
Immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910 and was used for Asia immigrants coming to the United States
"Old" immigrants
Immigrants that were Protestants that came from northern and Western Europe in the pre-1870s with their families and settled on farms, usually had money, a skill or trade it an education
Who did the other law that congress passed in 1882 prohibit?
Immigration of Immigrants who were criminals, a pauper, immoral or likely needed public assistance
Ellis island
Island in New York harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants from Europe that arrived in the United States
What The were immigrants and rural Americans attracted by?
Jobs in factories or service industries
This person believed that the job of a newspaper was to inform the people and to stir up controversies.
Joseph Pulitzer
This novelist depicted society as gilded
Mark Twain
Urbanization
Mass movement of people from rural areas to cities; growth of cities
What gained popularity in the 1900s?
Middle class lifestyle
What did African American migration pave the way for?
Much larger migration after World War I
What large cities have huge immigrant populations by 1890?
New York, San Francisco, Chicago
What challenges did city dwellers face?
Noise, dirt, and crime, hardships of factory work, and overcrowded, dangerous conditions of tenements
Where were manufacturing and transportation cities mostly located?
Northeast, on pacific coast, and asking waterways of midwest
What were some pull factors for immigrants to come to the USA?
Offered inexpensive western farmland as well as employment, able to join family in USA, religious and political freedom
"Melting pot"
Society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture
What did people with money do?
Open shops
Rural-to-urban migrant
People that move from agricultural areas to cities
How did cities respond to threats of fire and crime?
Professional firefighting teams, uniformed city police forces and new electric streetlights
What all did the Chinese exclusion act do?
Prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited rights of chinese immigrants in USA, forbade naturalization of Chinese residents
What were some changed for men during the gilded age?
Public transportation allowed families to live farther from cities, often has to commute long distances to work and men worked hard but American culture taught that hard work would lay off
Mass transit
Public transportation systems that carried large numbers of people
Conspicuous consumerism
Purchasing of goods and services for he purpose of impressing others
In what ways were streetcars better?
Quieter, cleaner and more efficient than coal driven commuter trains or horse drawn trolleys
What did settlements homes do?
Ran Americanization programs to help immigrants learn English and adopt American dress and diet
How did the government and city planners try to solve city problems?
Regulate housing, sanitation, sewers, public health, began to take water from clean reservoirs and use water filtration systems
Why did immigrants often deal with nativism?
Religious differences sparked suspicion, competition for jobs and housing led to divisions and prejudices
What did mass transit do?
Reshaped nations cities
Suburbs
Residential communities surrounding cities
In 1860, where did most Americans live?
Rural areas
What did cities do as they grew?
Set aside space for heavy industry, financial institutions, homes and public spaces
Mass culture
Similar culture patterns in a society or large area
What bad ways did cities grow in?
Smog, and slums grew in number
What were some changes for woman?
Some tasks were mad easier by store bought clothing, prepackaged food, and indoor plumbing, rising expectation of cleanliness and more complicated meals made some task harder and many woman had to work outside home to archive middle class lifestyle
"New" immigrants
Southern and Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920 and they were often poor and unskilled and were Jews or Catholics; they often came alone and settled in cities
What did the majority of Native Americans do?
Stayed in southern cities
Skyscrapers
Steel frame buildings ten stories or taller, built because o delimited room left on the ground
Who wrote about New York slums?
Stephan crane
In 1888, Richmond Virginia started what?
Streetcars powered by overhead electric cables
Central heating systems
Systems made to carry heat to all parts of a building
What was the gilded age?
Term coined by mark Twain describe post reconstruction era in America
Steerage
The worst Third-class accommodations on a steamship, which were usually overcrowded and dirty, usually immigrants were located in this part of the ship, the lowest part of the ship
What impact did immigrants have on American society?
They adopted parts of American culture, and Americans adopted parts of immigrant cultures
How did industrialization and urbanization change the lives of American workers?
They began to work for wages Tagen then for themselves on farms
How did department stores attract costumers?
Through widespread advertising and variety of high quality goods at fair prices
What did mass transit allow for the classes to do?
To move to suburbs
What was hard for farmers?
To work on rigid schedules in crowded factories
What kept streetcars from running on schedule?
Traffic congestion
In what ways enabled people to become more alike in their consumption patterns?
Transportation, communications and advertising
True or false. Despite peacekeeping efforts of police, conflicts between different racial groups, classes and neighborhoods remained.
True
True or false. In gilded age, cost of living decreased and longer life expectancy increased.
True
True or false. Public education expanded rapidly.
True
True or false. The American culture created then would persist for the next century
True
True or false? Many Chinese immigrants were turned away.
True
By 1900, where did most Americans live?
Urban area
How long did the officers detain Chinese immigrants from angel island for?
Weeks or months
This person believes about sensationalistic newspapers and competed with Pulitzer's papers.
William Randolph Hearst
What could women now do that they couldn't before?
Work in factories, take in boarders, or be domestic servants
Did people have a higher standard of living?
Yes