S.S chapter 14 Robertson

What were some push factors for immigrants coming to the USA?

Farmers were pressured for land reform and low prices, wars, religious persecution

What problems did the city have?

Filthy, Unpaved streets, sanitation problems and conditions perfect fro breeding epidemics

Once in America, what did immigrant have to do?

Find home, Work, learn English and new customs

Why did immigrants come to the USA?

For religious and political freedoms, economic opportunities and to escape wars

What did many people believe was American society and what group did it exclude?

"Melting pot"; Asian immigrants

When did the fear of "New" immigrants destroying American culture come?

1870s

Chinese exclusion act

1882 law that prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers

How much did the foreign born population of the USA increase by between 1870 and 1900?

2x

True or false. More people had more money, and less products were available.

False

Tenements

Apartment buildings in which multiple families rented rooms or apartments and often had little sanitation or safety

Who did ethnic and special interest publishers cater to?

Array of urban dwellers(immigrants)

What did these Robert Henri develop?

Ashcan School

Americanization

Assimilation of immigrants into American society in the belief that it would make them more loyal citizens

Why did many immigrants and farmers move to cities?

Became increasingly difficult to make a living in a farm

What happened to many neighborhoods as the population grew rapidly?

Became overcrowded

1900s

Beginning of period of upsurge in American urbanization

Nativism

Belief that native born white Americans were superior to newcomers

What led to longer life expectancy?

Better sanitation and medical care

How did Boston solve traffic congestion in 1897 and eventually, New York City in 1904?

By building the first subway system

How did people begin to measure success?

By what they could buy

Why did people prefer the city as compared to the country

Children could attend city schools, churches, theaters, social clubs, and museums offered companionship and entertainment, most city workers were able to enjoy a higher standard of living and some moved to the growing middle class

What did officers do at the stations to process immigrants?

Conducted legal and medical inspections

By 1870s, many cities had what? And what did this tube into?

Department stores; shopping turned to form of entertainment

Ashcan school

Depicted squalor of New York slums

Safety elevators

Elevators would not break even if lifting rope broke, made elevators safer

Ghettos

Ethnic neighborhoods

Sensationalistic

Exaggerating the truth

True or false. Immigrants children didn't become more Americanized

False

What did immigrants form and what did they provide?

Fraternal associations based on ethnic and religious identity which provided social services and financial assistance

Who designed many well known parks like New York city's Central Park?

Fredrick law Olmsted

How much did the number of newspapers increase by between 1870 and 1900?

From 600 to more than 1,600

How did immigration transform American society?

Fueled industrial growth, helped build railroads, worded in factories, mills and mines, traditions mixed with American traditions, became active in labor unions and politics and demanded reforms

In the 1840s and 1850s, who immigrated to the USA? And were their children able to blend into American society?

German and Irish Catholics; yes

Where did most immigrants live?

Ghettos

What is the late 19th century called?

Gilded age

How was problems of city dwellers met?

Governments and city planners tried to alleviate dangerous conditions and make cities better, safer places to live

Why were tenements often unhealthy and unsafe?

Had few windows, and little sanitation

What did immigrants do to hold onto their own traditions?

Had own fraternal lodges, schools, religious institutions

What are some good ways cities grew?

Had subways, skyscrapers, suburbs, automobiles, department stores and retail shops, banks and government offices

What did literature and art explore?

Harsh realities

What does gilded mean?

Having a rotten core covered with gold paint

Who wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work?

Horatio Alger

Angel island

Immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910 and was used for Asia immigrants coming to the United States

"Old" immigrants

Immigrants that were Protestants that came from northern and Western Europe in the pre-1870s with their families and settled on farms, usually had money, a skill or trade it an education

Who did the other law that congress passed in 1882 prohibit?

Immigration of Immigrants who were criminals, a pauper, immoral or likely needed public assistance

Ellis island

Island in New York harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants from Europe that arrived in the United States

What The were immigrants and rural Americans attracted by?

Jobs in factories or service industries

This person believed that the job of a newspaper was to inform the people and to stir up controversies.

Joseph Pulitzer

This novelist depicted society as gilded

Mark Twain

Urbanization

Mass movement of people from rural areas to cities; growth of cities

What gained popularity in the 1900s?

Middle class lifestyle

What did African American migration pave the way for?

Much larger migration after World War I

What large cities have huge immigrant populations by 1890?

New York, San Francisco, Chicago

What challenges did city dwellers face?

Noise, dirt, and crime, hardships of factory work, and overcrowded, dangerous conditions of tenements

Where were manufacturing and transportation cities mostly located?

Northeast, on pacific coast, and asking waterways of midwest

What were some pull factors for immigrants to come to the USA?

Offered inexpensive western farmland as well as employment, able to join family in USA, religious and political freedom

"Melting pot"

Society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture

What did people with money do?

Open shops

Rural-to-urban migrant

People that move from agricultural areas to cities

How did cities respond to threats of fire and crime?

Professional firefighting teams, uniformed city police forces and new electric streetlights

What all did the Chinese exclusion act do?

Prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited rights of chinese immigrants in USA, forbade naturalization of Chinese residents

What were some changed for men during the gilded age?

Public transportation allowed families to live farther from cities, often has to commute long distances to work and men worked hard but American culture taught that hard work would lay off

Mass transit

Public transportation systems that carried large numbers of people

Conspicuous consumerism

Purchasing of goods and services for he purpose of impressing others

In what ways were streetcars better?

Quieter, cleaner and more efficient than coal driven commuter trains or horse drawn trolleys

What did settlements homes do?

Ran Americanization programs to help immigrants learn English and adopt American dress and diet

How did the government and city planners try to solve city problems?

Regulate housing, sanitation, sewers, public health, began to take water from clean reservoirs and use water filtration systems

Why did immigrants often deal with nativism?

Religious differences sparked suspicion, competition for jobs and housing led to divisions and prejudices

What did mass transit do?

Reshaped nations cities

Suburbs

Residential communities surrounding cities

In 1860, where did most Americans live?

Rural areas

What did cities do as they grew?

Set aside space for heavy industry, financial institutions, homes and public spaces

Mass culture

Similar culture patterns in a society or large area

What bad ways did cities grow in?

Smog, and slums grew in number

What were some changes for woman?

Some tasks were mad easier by store bought clothing, prepackaged food, and indoor plumbing, rising expectation of cleanliness and more complicated meals made some task harder and many woman had to work outside home to archive middle class lifestyle

"New" immigrants

Southern and Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920 and they were often poor and unskilled and were Jews or Catholics; they often came alone and settled in cities

What did the majority of Native Americans do?

Stayed in southern cities

Skyscrapers

Steel frame buildings ten stories or taller, built because o delimited room left on the ground

Who wrote about New York slums?

Stephan crane

In 1888, Richmond Virginia started what?

Streetcars powered by overhead electric cables

Central heating systems

Systems made to carry heat to all parts of a building

What was the gilded age?

Term coined by mark Twain describe post reconstruction era in America

Steerage

The worst Third-class accommodations on a steamship, which were usually overcrowded and dirty, usually immigrants were located in this part of the ship, the lowest part of the ship

What impact did immigrants have on American society?

They adopted parts of American culture, and Americans adopted parts of immigrant cultures

How did industrialization and urbanization change the lives of American workers?

They began to work for wages Tagen then for themselves on farms

How did department stores attract costumers?

Through widespread advertising and variety of high quality goods at fair prices

What did mass transit allow for the classes to do?

To move to suburbs

What was hard for farmers?

To work on rigid schedules in crowded factories

What kept streetcars from running on schedule?

Traffic congestion

In what ways enabled people to become more alike in their consumption patterns?

Transportation, communications and advertising

True or false. Despite peacekeeping efforts of police, conflicts between different racial groups, classes and neighborhoods remained.

True

True or false. In gilded age, cost of living decreased and longer life expectancy increased.

True

True or false. Public education expanded rapidly.

True

True or false. The American culture created then would persist for the next century

True

True or false? Many Chinese immigrants were turned away.

True

By 1900, where did most Americans live?

Urban area

How long did the officers detain Chinese immigrants from angel island for?

Weeks or months

This person believes about sensationalistic newspapers and competed with Pulitzer's papers.

William Randolph Hearst

What could women now do that they couldn't before?

Work in factories, take in boarders, or be domestic servants

Did people have a higher standard of living?

Yes