starred terms

During Tammy's eye exam, a buzzer rings, and a puff of air is blown into her eye, which makes her blink. This happens several times. Then Tammy blinks when she hears the buzzer because she expects that a puff of air will be blown into her eye. In this example, Tammy is showing ________ learning.

associative

Remmy is watching a tragic love story at the movie theater. She notices feelings of sadness come over her, followed by tears filling her eyes. The idea that our minds are quick to process emotions but our bodies take a few seconds longer is consistent with the

cannon-bard theory

memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because our

capacity to pay attention is limited

focuses on how the interactions of thinking, emotion, creativity and problem-solving abilities affect how and why you think the way you do

cognitive psychology

the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions

decision making

when you read your textbook, your bain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that can use. In memory, this process is called

encoding

You are studying for your exam when the power goes out. In order to have enough light to read your textbook, you put your cell phone in front of the page and use the light from the screen to read the book. You are able to successfully study for your exam because you avoid

functional fixedness

Billy's upstairs neighbor wakes up early every day to take a shower. When Billy first moved into his apartment, the noise of the water starting always woke him up. Then Billy became accustomed to the noise, and now he remains asleep. In this example, Billy is showing learning through

habituation

Margo is very good at learning to do new things quickly and flexibly. Margo is most likely considered to be ________ intelligence

high in fluid

Niya did well on her midterm psychology exam. She decides that in order to do well on her upcoming final, she needs to wear the same outfit that she did for the midterm and also use the same pencil. This type of superstitious behavior reflects which cognitive bias?

illusory correlation

form of long-term memory that doesn't require any conscious retrieval(like riding a bike)

implicit memory

An advantage of the prototype model in describing how we think about concepts is that

it gives room for all examples of a concept to be equally important

Simone's desk at her new job is right next to an air conditioner. After a week of being chilly, she brings a sweater to work. Simone's change in behavior, which is based on her prior experience, is an example of

learning

Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Vincent's life would be problematic according to Maslow's need hierarchy because the hierarchy holds that

lower needs must be met before higher needs

a theory of psychology explaining human motivation based on the pursuit of different levels of needs

maslow's hierarchy of needs

Lulu has a hard time sitting still and concentrating when doing her homework. Lulu's father says to her, "If you can sit still and focus for 10 minutes and get these three math problems right, then we can play soccer together for a while." Lulu's father is trying to motivate a change in her behavior by

offering Lulu an incentive to finish the math homework

You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out. You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door. By creating consequences for your dog's behavior, you have used ________ to train him.

operant conditioning

Antoinette is a real risk-taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk-taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. The fact that these preferences differ in their level of physiological activation suggests that Antoinette and Benita differ in their

optimal levels of arousal

Joffrey's wife asked him to go to the store and buy milk, bacon, apples, juice, butter, and cereal. Joffrey did not write down the items and ended up only remembering to buy milk and bacon at the store. This demonstrates the ________ effect.

primacy

Using heuristics in decision-making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________.

requiring minimal thinking; not always working

As you read your textbook, you can help your brain retain the information you are learning by taking notes. Note taking aids your memory by enhancing the process of

retrieval

which memory store maintains the physical characteristics of a stimulus very briefly?

sensory storage

Based on the three-part model of memory storage, the sequence of memory storage is

sensory storage, short-term storage, and long-term storage

uses working memory to help maintain information

short-term storage

Emmanuel's grandmother often baked treats for him, and he learned to come running whenever he heard her kitchen timer ding. One day he came running into the kitchen when the microwave timer beeped and expected a freshly baked treat from his grandmother. Emmanuel's response is due to

stimulus generalization

Some mental shortcuts can cause errors in thinking. For example, simply because you can remember an example of something very quickly and easily does not mean that you should rely on that information for making accurate probability judgments. This error in thinking reflects

the availability heuristic

A prototype represents ________ in a category. An exemplar represents ________ in a category.

the most typical example; one of many examples

Jason's face gets flushed and his heart beats fast every time he walks into his physics class. Jason has never really liked science, so he does not think that his reaction is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's attribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent with which theory of emotion?

two-factor theory

When you encounter a snarling dog on the sidewalk, your heart begins racing and you feel afraid. Because this is an unlearned response, in terms of classical conditioning, it would be called a(n)

unconditioned response

Which dimension in the circumplex model of describing emotions corresponds with how positive or negative an emotion is?

valence