Statistics Chapter 12

Which source of variation, if significant, is typically analyzed first? a. a main effect b. the interaction

b. the interaction

For an analysis of variance, the term "two-way" refers to ______. a. the number of statistical tests in the design b. the number of ways that the data can be analyzed c. the direction that traffic should follow on a road d. the number of factors in the design

d. the number of factors in the design

A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant A × B interaction and two main effects. Which significant effect should typically be analyzed first? a. the significant main effect for one factor b. No effect needs to be analyzed further. c. the significant main effect for both factors d. the significant interaction

d. the significant interaction

A researcher computes a 4 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds two significant main effects and a significant interaction. What is typically the next appropriate step? a. compute pairwise comparisons for the interaction b. compute simple main effect tests for the interaction c. compute pairwise comparisons for each main effect d. compute simple main effect tests for each main effect

b. compute simple main effect tests for the interaction

Computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when ______. a. the levels of two or more factors are manipulated b. both A and C c. different participants are assigned to each group or cell d. the same participants are observed across groups or cells

c. different participants are assigned to each group or cell

The means and standard error or standard deviations measured in a study can be summarized in ______. a. a figure b. a table c. the main text of a report d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following correctly identifies each source of variation in the two-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. two main effects, one interaction, and error b. two between-groups, one within-groups, and error c. two interactions, one main effect, and error d. two within-groups, one between-groups, and error

a. two main effects, one interaction, and error

A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant main effect of Factor A and an A × B interaction. Which significant effect should typically be analyzed first? a. the significant interaction b. No effect needs to be analyzed further. c. the significant main effect

a. the significant interaction

A researcher measures differences in recall between participants watching a regular or a 3-D movie clip with a romance, drama, or action theme. Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study? a. two-way between-subjects ANOVA b. both B and C c. one-way within-subjects ANOVA d. one-way between-subjects ANOVA

a. two-way between-subjects ANOVA

A researcher computes a 3 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds one significant main effect and a significant interaction. What is typically the next appropriate step? a. compute pairwise comparisons for the interaction b. compute pairwise comparisons for the main effect c. compute simple main effect tests for the interaction d. compute simple main effect tests for the main effect

c. compute simple main effect tests for the interaction

Using an A × B ANOVA, a researcher concludes that Factor A is significant, independent of Factor B. In this study, this researcher found a significant ______. a. post hoc test b. main effect of Factor B c. main effect of Factor A d. A × B interaction

c. main effect of Factor A

A ______ is the combination of one level from each factor. a. interaction b. factor c. main effect d. cell

d. cell

A researcher conducts a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA. She finds a significant interaction, where mc006-1.jpg = 120 and mc006-2.jpg = 518. What is the effect size for this test using eta-squared? a. .23 b. .43 c. 4.32 d. There is not enough information to answer this question.

a. .23

A researcher conducts two studies using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares for Factor A is the same in both studies. In which study will the effect size be larger for Factor A using omega-squared? a. Study 2 b. Study 1 c. There is not enough information to answer this question.

b. Study 1

A researcher records the amount of time spent studying by male and female college students in a dormitory versus a library setting. Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study? a. one-way within-subjects ANOVA b. two-way between-subjects ANOVA c. one-way between-subjects ANOVA d. both B and C

b. two-way between-subjects ANOVA

A simple main effect test is appropriate for analyzing which significant result? a. a significant main effect, where k = 2 b. a significant main effect, where k > 2 c. a significant interaction d. all of these

c. a significant interaction

There are ______ cells or groups in a 3 × 4 ANOVA design. a. 7 b. 12 c. 4 d. 3

b. 12

A researcher computes a 2 × 3 factorial ANOVA. In this example, how many interactions can be observed? a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 6

b. 1

A researcher computes a 3 × 5 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction for this study? a. 4 b. 2 c. 8 d. 15

c. 8

Which of the following hypotheses identifies a prediction that requires that two factors be observed in the same statistical design? a. the closer a food is to a participant, the more of that food they will consume b. eating slowly will reduce total caloric intake during a meal c. intense exercise will increase cravings for high calorie foods d. mood will improve most when people consume foods that are high in sugar and fat

d. mood will improve most when people consume foods that are high in sugar and fat

A researcher computes the following 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA, in which 11 participants were observed in each group. Which effect was significant at a .05 level of significance using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. Factor B and the A × B interaction b. There were no significant effects. c. one of the main effects only d. Factor A and the A × B interaction

a. Factor B and the A × B interaction

To summarize any type of two-way ANOVA using APA format, we report each of the following except the ______. a. critical values b. p value c. degrees of freedom d. test statistic

a. critical values

A researcher conducts a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group. If SSB = 18 and SSE = 264 for this study, then what is the decision for Factor B at a .05 level of significance? a. retain the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. There is not enough information to answer this question.

a. retain the null hypothesis

Which of the following is not an assumption for computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. Participants were selected using a random procedure. b. There is homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance. c. The population being sampled from is normally distributed. d. One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation.

b. There is homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance.

A researcher computes a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA test in which 11 participants were observed in each condition. If F = 5.20 for both main effect tests and the A × B interaction test, then the decision for each test ______. a. There is not enough information to answer this question. b. will be significant for both main effects and the A × B interaction c. will be significant for Factor B and the A × B interaction d. will be significant for Factor A, but not Factor B

b. will be significant for both main effects and the A × B interaction

A researcher computes a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA in which 6 participants are observed in each cell. What are the degrees of freedom error for this study? a. 60 b. 71 c. 36 d. 30

d. 30

Using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA with Factor A (gender: male, female) and Factor B (type of employment: blue collar, white collar), a researcher found that scores for men and women significantly varied across the levels of the second factor (type of employment). In this study, the researcher found a significant ______. a. post hoc test b. main effect of Factor A c. main effect of Factor B d. A × B interaction

d. A × B interaction

A researcher randomly measures social adjustment among children from different family backgrounds (levels of Factor A: divorced, married, single) who engaged in one of five social activities (Factor B). For this study, 10 children were observed in each group. If SSA = 10, mc003-2.jpg = 12, mc003-3.jpg = 48, and mc003-4.jpg = 405, then which effect was significant at a .05 level using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. Factor A (family backgrounds) b. There were no significant effects. c. the A × B interaction d. Factor B (social activities)

d. Factor B (social activities)

The statistical procedure used to analyze the simple main effects of an interaction is called ______. a. the proportion of variance b. a pairwise comparison c. estimated Cohen's d d. a simple main effect test

d. a simple main effect test

A researcher groups college students in a study based on their year in college (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) and the type of college they attend (junior, technical, university). He concludes that perceptions of academic cheating are more positive among freshman attending junior college. To reach this conclusion, which statistical test would need to be computed? a. a two-way between-subjects ANOVA b. a simple main effect test c. a post hoc test d. all of these

d. all of these

For the effects of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA, which values must be known to compute effect size using omega-squared? a. mean squares b. sum of squares c. degrees of freedom d. all of these

d. all of these

A professor compares the exam grades of students based on whether they have a learning disability (yes, no) and where they sit in the classroom (in the front, middle, or back row). Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study? a. both B and C b. one-way between-subjects ANOVA c. one-way within-subjects ANOVA d. two-way between-subjects ANOVA

d. two-way between-subjects ANOVA

Which of the following is a reason why it can be necessary to include two factors in the same statistical design? a. you want to analyze the main effects of a factor b. you want to observe two groups in the same statistical design c. you want to minimize the number of participants observed in your study d. your hypothesis may require that you observe two factors

d. your hypothesis may require that you observe two factors

A researcher computes a 3 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for Factor A for this study? a. 12 b. 3 c. 2 d. 6

c. 2

There are ______ factors in a 2 × 3 ANOVA design. a. 5 b. 3 c. 2 d. 6

c. 2

For a two-way ANOVA, the ______ should also be reported for each significant hypothesis test and for the simple main effect tests. a. effect size b. critical values c. individual participant data d. all of these

a. effect size

A researcher computes two 2 × 2 between-subjects ANOVAs. In Study 1, he observes 8 participants in each cell; in Study 2, he observes 12 participants in each cell. Which study is associated with a larger value for degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction? a. Both studies have the same degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction. b. Study 1 c. Study 2

a. Both studies have the same degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction.

A researcher conducts a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group. If SSA = 18 and SSE = 264, then what is the decision for Factor A at a .05 level of significance using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. retain the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. There is not enough information to answer this question.

b. reject the null hypothesis

The following is a summary of a significant interaction for a two-way ANOVA: F(2, 30) = 2.04, p < .05 (mc039-1.jpg = .15). Assuming the test statistic value is correct, then which of the following must be incorrect in this report? a. the effect size b. the p value c. the degrees of freedom d. the test statistic

b. the p value

For the effects of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA, which values must be known to compute effect size using eta-squared? a. mean squares b. sum of squares c. degrees of freedom d. all of these

b. sum of squares

A researcher computes a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for Factor B for this study? a. 8 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2

c. 3

Not including the total variation, how many sources of variation are measured in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA? a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 4

d. 4

The complexity of the two-way ANOVA differs from that of the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs in that ______. a. two factors can be observed using the two-way ANOVA, but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs b. an interaction can be observed using the two-way ANOVA, but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs c. three hypothesis are made with one statistical test using the two-way ANOVA, but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs d. all of these

d. all of these

An estimate of effect size with the two-way ANOVA is typically reported for ______. a. a significant main effect test b. a significant interaction test c. None; effect size is not reported for the two-way ANOVA. d. both A and B

d. both A and B

The denominator of the test statistic for the main effects and interaction in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA ______. a. is equal to mean square error b. is equal to mean square between-groups c. is equal to 0 d. is a measure of variance for differences between groups

a. is equal to mean square error