Statistics

What are some solutions to non-response?

1 - offer rewards and incentives 2 - attempt callbacks

The technique used to obtain the individuals in a sample that favors one part of the population over another.

sampling bias

A(n) __________ is a numerical summary of a population.

parameter

A ______________ is a quantitative variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values (countable).

discrete variable

A(n) __________ _________ design is one in which each experimental unit are paired up.

matched-pairs design

When individuals selected to be in a sample do not respond the survey is ___________.

non-response bias

Measures the value of the response variable without attempting to influence the value of either the response or explanatory variables.

observational study

A(n) ___________ variable allows for classification of individuals based on some attribute or characteristic.

qualitative

A(n) ____________ variable provides numerical measures of individuals. Arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be used.

quantitative

Every possible sample of size n has an equally likely chance of occurring is called a ___________________.

random sample

The process of using chance to select individuals from a population to be included in a sample.

random sampling

When the answers on a survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent is called _______________.

response bias

A sample size n from a population of size N is obtained through ______________.

simple random sampling

A(n) __________ is a numerical summary of a sample.

statistic

A(n) ______________ is obtained by dividing the population into homogeneous groups and randomly selecting individuals from each group.

stratified sample

Which sampling techniques does not require a frame?

systematic

A(n) ________________ s obtained by selecting every kth individual from the population. The first individual selected corresponds to a random number between 1 and k.

systematic sample

Three sources of bias in sampling:

1. sampling bias 2. non-response bias 3. response bias

Sampling bias can also occur because of _________.

undercoverage

A simple random sample is always preferred because it obtains the same information as other sampling plans but requires a smaller sample size?

False because, quite often, the goal is not to obtain the best sample, but to obtain as much information as possible about the population at the least cost. With this goal in mind, it may be advantageous to use sampling techniques other than simple random sampling.

Inferences base on voluntary response samples are generally not reliable?

True - because the individuals that participate in the sample are not chosen randomly.

When conducting a cluster sample, it is better to have fewer clusters with more individuals when the clusters are heterogeneous?

True because a heterogeneous cluster likely resembles the heterogeneity of the population. In other words, each cluster is a scaled-down representation of the overall population.

When taking a systematic random sample of size n, every group of size n from the population has the same chance of being selected?

False

What is a population?

A population is all the individuals or group to be studied.

What is a sample?

A sample is a subset of the population.

When the results of the sample are not representative of the population is called ________.

bias

A(n) _____________ is obtained by dividing the population into groups and selecting all individuals from within a random sample of groups.

cluster sample

A(n) __________ _________ design is one in which each experimental unit is randomly assigned to a treatment.

completely randomized design

A _______________ is a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable (measurable).

continuous variable

A sample in which the individuals are easily obtained and not based on randomness is ______________.

convenience sample

When a researcher intentionally changes values of an explanatory variable and records the value of the response variable.

designed experiment