Straighterline Intro to Nutrition

which of the following are substances in plant foods that are not digested in the stomach or small intestine?

Dietary fiber

The B vitamins generally function as

coenzymes

dietary fiber may play a role in the prevention of _______________ cancer

colon

the bioavailabilty of carotenoids is affected by

cooking

Which minerals work as cofactors, enabling proteins to function

copper and selenium

all of the following are results of undernutrition except

coronary heart disease

in general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the

kidney

which foods would you suggest adding to the diet of a preschool child who needs increased iron intake?

lean meats

the study of how genes determine our nutritional requirements is called

nutrigenetics

when considering physical activity for weight control, keep in mind that aerobic activity, including brisk walking, jogging, or cycling, burns more ___________________ than resistance activity

Fat

Which of the conditions below is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dl

millennium development goal 6 is to combat ___________________ and other diseases

HIV/AIDS, MALARIA

When a nutrient moves freely from an area of higher solute concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration is lower, this is called

Passive diffusion

includes daily activities as seemingly insignificant as fidgeting

Physical activity

What substances, present in fruits and vegetables, provide significant health benefits such as reducing the risk of cancer?

Phytochemicals

Raw meats, poultry, and eggs are often contaminated with _______________, which can cause fatal infections in immunocompromised populations

Salmonella

The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting intake of _____ to less than 10% of calories.

Saturated fatty acids

A warning sign or symptom of alcohol poisoning is

Semiconsciousness or unconsciousness

The ring-like muscles that retard or prevent backflow of partially digested food in the gastrointestinal tract are called

Sphincters.

which of the following is not a role of choline in human health?

Synthesis of hemoglobin

which of the following is true about lactation?

The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

of the following methods of estimating body composition, which is most accurate?

Underwater weighing

When using MyPlate to choose fruits and vegetables, one should include a vitamin C source such as citrus fruit and a dark green vegetable each day, as a source of

Vitamin A

toxicity of ______ is linked to birth defects

Vitamin A

which class of nutrients comprises 60% of body weight?

Water

phospholipids differ from triglycerides in which of the following ways?

a compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid

nutrient density can be defined as the amount of

a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of kilocalories in that serving

a food label states that a serving of a particular product provides 20 percent of the Daily value for fat. This means that

a serving of this product provides about 13 grams of fat

proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by

acting as buffers

Which absorptive process in the small intestine requires a carrier and energy to transport nutrients into absorptive cells

active absorption

a fitness program that includes 30 minutes of jogging at 6 miles per hour on 5 days per week is primarily designed to improve

aerobic fitness

it is not advised to introduce solid foods to an infant before 4 to 6 months of age because

all of these are reasons to delay the introduction of solid foods until 4 to 6 months of age

which of the following conditions does NOT lead to the breakdown of plastic water bottles

all of these conditions break down plastic

which of the following accurately describes the term hypothesis?

an educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon

the conversion of glucose to lactic acid is called

anaerobic glucose breakdown

systolic pressure refers to the pressure in the

arteries when the heart is beating

to help maintain adequate glycogen stores, an endurance athlete should eat

bagels and oranges

a person with a deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase would

become intoxicated at low levels of alcohol intake

______ is unique among the B vitamins because bacterial synthesis of the vitamin contributes to meeting human needs

biotin

which of the following is NOT a short-term storage site for carbohydrates in the body?

brain

all of the following are advantages of breastfeeding except

breast milk is free of environmental contaminants

which of the following is true about thirst among the elderly

elderly individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion

which of the following does not exemplify the dietary guidelines for americans

eliminate salt and sodium from the diet

A comparison of the kilocalorie content of a food to the weight of that food is

energy density

which of the following agencies regulates pesticides

environmental protection agency

EER refers to

estimated calorie needs for the average person of a specific height, weight, age, gender, and physical activity pattern

for those over 40 years of age, an exercise program should include all of the following except

exercise through the pain

all of the following are barriers to breastfeeding except

expense

which of the following is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption

fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein

women suffering from chronic alcoholism produce children with a recognizable pattern of malformations called

fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS)

consuming high doses of ______ can mask signs of a vitamin B-12 deficiency

folate

major fructose sources include

fruits and high fructose corn syrup

_______________ is the major monosaccharide found in the body

glucose

Bart is a wrestler. his weight is regularly higher than the weight class in which he would like to wrestle. what should he do? .

gradually reduce food intake before wrestling season

which of the following is true about fatty acid usage for energy?

gram for gram, fatty acids provide more than twice as much energy as glucose

primary hypertension

has no clear-cut cause

when it comes to caffeine, all of the following are true except

heavy consumption leads to depression, decreased heart rate, and decreased mental alertness

the most sensitive indicator of long-term nutritional status in a child is

height

One of the main functions of water in the body is to

help regulate body temperature

the process of _______________ removes double bonds from fatty acids, giving a liquid fat a more solid consistency

hydrogenation

which of the following is the best approach to eradicating undernutrition in developing nations?

improve the infrastructure of rural regions

The American institute for cancer research recommendations for cancer prevention include all of the following except

increase consumption of red meats (e.g., beef, pork, and lamb)

Toxin-producing bacteria, such as Clostridium botulinum, that end up in food cause a disorder called a foodborne ______________

intoxication

The first trimester of pregnancy

is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and environmental exposures that could harm the fetus

Vitamin D is unique among the vitamins because

it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun

all of the following are true about "nursing bottle syndrome" except

it is associated with not brushing the infant's gums at least 3 times per week

once the chylomicrons arrive at their destination via the bloodstream, the triglycerides in the chylomicrons are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by an enzyme associated with the blood vessel called ___________ lipase

lipoprotein

Which of the following body organs produces bile?

liver

where is the chief site of alcohol metabolism

liver

the best way for a calcium-deficient pregnant woman to get the calcium she needs is to consume

low fat milk and cheese

bud has trouble with his dentures and problems chewing. which of the following foods would be best to help meet his nutritional needs?

low-fat yogurt

all of the following forms of cancer are related to excessive calorie intake except

lung cancer

the homeless in the united states are at increased risk of undernutrition. which of the following is true about the homeless?

many are members of families with children

which of the following is not true about the events during and after absorption of the products of protein digestion?

many whole proteins are absorbed and enter the blood

before they can be absorbed, triglycerides must be broken down into

monoglycerides and fatty acids

declining function of the ______ system directly affects an older adult's ability to shop for, prepare, and consume foods at home

nervous

A compound that allows for communication between one cell and the next is a

neurotransmitter

there is no easy way to test for pathogens such as

norovirus

a monounsaturated fatty acid contains

one double bond

what enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine

pancreatic amylase

a single older adult who has been losing weight involuntarily may benefit from

participation in a congregate meal program

niacin is necessary to prevent the disease

pellagra

Muscular contractions cause one-way movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract in a process called

peristalsis.

choline is a precursor for several

phospholipids

the process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called

photosynthesis

the practice of eating nonfood substances is called

pica

A ______ is generally a fake medicine used to disguise the treatments of participants in an experiment.

placebo

which of the following yield greater than 4 kilocalories per gram?

plant fat

dietary fibers primarily are

polysaccharides

low blood levels of ______ can lead to disturbances in heart rhythm, a leading cause of death among people with eating disorders

potassium

In infancy, which nutritional component is most vital for development of the nervous system?

protein

zelda is a marathon runner. she completes the marathon in 2 hours and 30 minutes. which of the following is true regarding her fuel use during the marathon

proteins may supply up to 15% of energy needs

A(n) ______________ is a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions.

proton pomp inhibitor

The villi of the small intestine

provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.

which of the following is not true about water?

provides enrergy

which of the following is an important aspect of behavior modification used for weight control?

recording eating behavior to identify situations that contribute to overeating

an association between ____________ consumption and total mortality, as well as premature mortality caused by cardiovascular disease and cancer, has been found in men and women

red meat

approximately one-third of children in developing nations are short and underweight for their age. The most frequent cause is

weaning to high-carbohydrate, low-protein diets

all of the following are socioeconomic factors affecting hunger in the Unites States except

weather

today, most females reach their full height

within 5 years after the onset of menses.

A large hamburger (e.g., whopper) sandwich contains 628 kilocalories and 36 grams of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?

52%

human milk provides approximately ______ percent of kilocalories from fat

60

when it comes to alcohol, women are advised to consume no more than ______ drink(s) per day

1

the world health organization recommends limiting added sugar intake to ______ percent of our total kilocalories

10

In a passive absorption, nutrients enter the cell

From an area of higher solute concentration to one of lower concentration

Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as ________________

A hormone

according to sports nutrition experts, the daily protein intake for a male muscle-building athlete to maintain current fitness and strength should be _____ grams per kilogram body weight.

1.0 to 1.2

triathletes and marathoners may need up to ______ grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of weight per day to prevent chronic fatigue

10

Healthy People 2020 includes a goal of increasing by ______ the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal folate status

10%

freddie is 8 months old and weighs 9 kilograms. he needs about ______ grams of protein per day

11

hypertension is defined as a systolic/diastolic blood pressure at or above ___________ mm Hg.

140/90

Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, released in 2008, advise a minimum of minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity for adults.

150

to promote gains in muscle mass, a strength-trained athlete could consume _____ within the first 1 or 2 hours after a weight-lifting workout

2 cups of plain yogurt with 1 cup of fresh blueberries

men with body fat levels greater than _____ have increased health risks

24%

bob is a 34-year-old male who weighs 150 pounds and is a long distance cycler. He is engaged in vigorous activity. Based on the MyPlate Calorie Guidelines, Bob needs approximately _______________ kcal/day

3000

John weighs 80 kilograms and is 1.6 meters tall. His body mass index is _______________ kg/m

31

joe is a wrestler and during his workouts he loses 2 pounds. How much water would he have to drink to replenish this water weight loss?

4-6 cups

the american academy of pediatrics recommends all infants be given ______ IU of vitamin D per day until they are consuming that much from food

400

a rise from 98.6 to 99.6 F, results in a ______ % rise in basal metabolic rate

7

how many grams of protein are needed per day by a male non-athlete, weighing 87 kilograms?

70

_______________ does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products

A vegan

which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation?

All of these choices are correct

most of the time, ______ contribute(s) less than 5% to the body's general energy needs. However, during endurance exercise, it can supply as much as 15%

Amino acids

Measurements of height, weight, body circumferences, and body fat are called

Anthropometry

a(n) ____________ often consists of high-carbohydrate, convenience foods and may be triggered by stress, boredom, loneliness, or depression

Binge

salmonella, Listeria, E. coli o157:h7, AND campylobacter ARE THE BACTERIAL FOODBORNE ILLNESSES OF PARTICULAR INTEREST SINCE THEY ARE THE ONES MOST OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH

Death

Jeff, a world-class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional assessment is this?

Dietary Assessment

Which of the following is NOT a wise application of MyPlate?

Eliminating foods from the Fruits group to lose weight

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?

Epiglottis

A kilocalorie is a measure of

Heat energy

Most stomach ulcers are cause by ______ infection.

Helicobacter pylori

which of the following is not a metabolic syndrome risk indicator?

High HDL cholesterol

athletes who consume adequate carbohydrates experience all of the following except

Increased body fat

All of the following are potential risks of pesticides except

Increased food costs

which of the following hormones corrects a hyperglycemic state

Insulin

which of the following is not a viscous (soluble) fiber?

Lignin

the dietary guidelines for Americans recommend which of the following

Limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars

gram for gram, which of the following contains the most cholesterol?

Liver

She should limit her infant's fat intake to 20 percent of his or her total calories to prevent obesity

Mildred is worried about her infant becoming obese in adulthood. which of the following would not be accurate information if you were attempting to counsel her

which of the following is true about the vitamin and mineral intake of athletes?

Most athletes tend to consume ample vitamins and minerals if they meet their calorie needs

which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?

Most consume more than is needed

which of the following is true about our current knowledge about vitamins?

Most scientists believe we have discovered all vitamins relevant to humans

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protein?

Most significant energy source for humans

______________________ are hardy and survive freezing and relatively high temperatures and chlorination up to 10 ppm

Novoviruses

is the number one lifestyle risk factor for hypertension

Obesity

Tina is consuming 15 mg of iron per day. Her RDA is 18 mg. She has no condition warranting a greater-than-normal need for iron. Which of the following statements is true about her consumption of this nutrient?

Only if her intake is consistently less than 70% of the RDA would she be at great risk of nutritional deficiency.

high doses of vitamin D may cause

calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs

Exceeding the UL for folate

can mask vitamin B-12 deficiency

an essential amino acid

cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

which of the following foods is not a good source of potassium?

canola oil

which of the following does not regulate body processes?

carbohydrates

in the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to

changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin

kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. the reason is that

children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels

which of the following is not true about snacks

children should not be allowed to snack between meals because it reduces appetite

a deficiency of ____________________________ results in impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol

chromium

immediately after a meal, newly absorbed dietary fats appear in the blood as

chylomicrons

edna, at age 75, has found she does not tolerate milk products well. she should do which of the following?

decrease the serving size of dairy

By definition, hunger is the physiological state that results when a person

does not eat enough to meet energy needs

the need for extra iron during pregnancy is greatest during which trimester(s)?

second and third

a hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in the amino acid sequence of a protein chain is

sickle cell anemia

Softening of hard water may increase its _______________ content

sodium

all of the following are examples of intentional food additives except

solanine

which of the following describes the process of starch digestion

starch to maltose to glucose

which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?

startch

to prevent iron deficiency, a female athlete should do all of the following except

take high-dose iron supplements regularly

all of the following are good practices to keep well hydrated during endurance events except

taking salt tablets and drinking plenty of fluid before the workout

anorexia nervosa sufferers

tend to be adolescent and early adult girls

The FITT Principle describes

the aspects to consider when designing a sound fitness program

the main problem with the fat replacer olestra is that it can bind

the fat-soluble vitamins and reduce their absorption

All of the following are characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus except

the least common form of diabetes

Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake?

the size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease

which of the following is not true about body proteins?

they are static and change little after achievement of adult status

the body stores excess protein as

triglycerides

criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa include all the following except

two binge-eating episodes per week for at least 3 months

Which term describes failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that is inadequate to meet nutritional needs?

undernutrition

What is the by-product of protein metabolism excreted in urine?

urea

jason is a strict vegan. He should take a supplemental source of

vitamin B-12

the childhood disease rickets is due to a deficiency of

vitamin D

one of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, and also a good source of plant sterols is

walnuts

to reduce exposure to pesticides

wash and/or peel fruits and vegetables before eating