Straighterline Intro to Nutrition
which of the following are substances in plant foods that are not digested in the stomach or small intestine?
Dietary fiber
The B vitamins generally function as
coenzymes
dietary fiber may play a role in the prevention of _______________ cancer
colon
the bioavailabilty of carotenoids is affected by
cooking
Which minerals work as cofactors, enabling proteins to function
copper and selenium
all of the following are results of undernutrition except
coronary heart disease
in general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the
kidney
which foods would you suggest adding to the diet of a preschool child who needs increased iron intake?
lean meats
the study of how genes determine our nutritional requirements is called
nutrigenetics
when considering physical activity for weight control, keep in mind that aerobic activity, including brisk walking, jogging, or cycling, burns more ___________________ than resistance activity
Fat
Which of the conditions below is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dl
millennium development goal 6 is to combat ___________________ and other diseases
HIV/AIDS, MALARIA
When a nutrient moves freely from an area of higher solute concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration is lower, this is called
Passive diffusion
includes daily activities as seemingly insignificant as fidgeting
Physical activity
What substances, present in fruits and vegetables, provide significant health benefits such as reducing the risk of cancer?
Phytochemicals
Raw meats, poultry, and eggs are often contaminated with _______________, which can cause fatal infections in immunocompromised populations
Salmonella
The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting intake of _____ to less than 10% of calories.
Saturated fatty acids
A warning sign or symptom of alcohol poisoning is
Semiconsciousness or unconsciousness
The ring-like muscles that retard or prevent backflow of partially digested food in the gastrointestinal tract are called
Sphincters.
which of the following is not a role of choline in human health?
Synthesis of hemoglobin
which of the following is true about lactation?
The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.
of the following methods of estimating body composition, which is most accurate?
Underwater weighing
When using MyPlate to choose fruits and vegetables, one should include a vitamin C source such as citrus fruit and a dark green vegetable each day, as a source of
Vitamin A
toxicity of ______ is linked to birth defects
Vitamin A
which class of nutrients comprises 60% of body weight?
Water
phospholipids differ from triglycerides in which of the following ways?
a compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid
nutrient density can be defined as the amount of
a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of kilocalories in that serving
a food label states that a serving of a particular product provides 20 percent of the Daily value for fat. This means that
a serving of this product provides about 13 grams of fat
proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by
acting as buffers
Which absorptive process in the small intestine requires a carrier and energy to transport nutrients into absorptive cells
active absorption
a fitness program that includes 30 minutes of jogging at 6 miles per hour on 5 days per week is primarily designed to improve
aerobic fitness
it is not advised to introduce solid foods to an infant before 4 to 6 months of age because
all of these are reasons to delay the introduction of solid foods until 4 to 6 months of age
which of the following conditions does NOT lead to the breakdown of plastic water bottles
all of these conditions break down plastic
which of the following accurately describes the term hypothesis?
an educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon
the conversion of glucose to lactic acid is called
anaerobic glucose breakdown
systolic pressure refers to the pressure in the
arteries when the heart is beating
to help maintain adequate glycogen stores, an endurance athlete should eat
bagels and oranges
a person with a deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase would
become intoxicated at low levels of alcohol intake
______ is unique among the B vitamins because bacterial synthesis of the vitamin contributes to meeting human needs
biotin
which of the following is NOT a short-term storage site for carbohydrates in the body?
brain
all of the following are advantages of breastfeeding except
breast milk is free of environmental contaminants
which of the following is true about thirst among the elderly
elderly individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion
which of the following does not exemplify the dietary guidelines for americans
eliminate salt and sodium from the diet
A comparison of the kilocalorie content of a food to the weight of that food is
energy density
which of the following agencies regulates pesticides
environmental protection agency
EER refers to
estimated calorie needs for the average person of a specific height, weight, age, gender, and physical activity pattern
for those over 40 years of age, an exercise program should include all of the following except
exercise through the pain
all of the following are barriers to breastfeeding except
expense
which of the following is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption
fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein
women suffering from chronic alcoholism produce children with a recognizable pattern of malformations called
fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS)
consuming high doses of ______ can mask signs of a vitamin B-12 deficiency
folate
major fructose sources include
fruits and high fructose corn syrup
_______________ is the major monosaccharide found in the body
glucose
Bart is a wrestler. his weight is regularly higher than the weight class in which he would like to wrestle. what should he do? .
gradually reduce food intake before wrestling season
which of the following is true about fatty acid usage for energy?
gram for gram, fatty acids provide more than twice as much energy as glucose
primary hypertension
has no clear-cut cause
when it comes to caffeine, all of the following are true except
heavy consumption leads to depression, decreased heart rate, and decreased mental alertness
the most sensitive indicator of long-term nutritional status in a child is
height
One of the main functions of water in the body is to
help regulate body temperature
the process of _______________ removes double bonds from fatty acids, giving a liquid fat a more solid consistency
hydrogenation
which of the following is the best approach to eradicating undernutrition in developing nations?
improve the infrastructure of rural regions
The American institute for cancer research recommendations for cancer prevention include all of the following except
increase consumption of red meats (e.g., beef, pork, and lamb)
Toxin-producing bacteria, such as Clostridium botulinum, that end up in food cause a disorder called a foodborne ______________
intoxication
The first trimester of pregnancy
is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and environmental exposures that could harm the fetus
Vitamin D is unique among the vitamins because
it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun
all of the following are true about "nursing bottle syndrome" except
it is associated with not brushing the infant's gums at least 3 times per week
once the chylomicrons arrive at their destination via the bloodstream, the triglycerides in the chylomicrons are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by an enzyme associated with the blood vessel called ___________ lipase
lipoprotein
Which of the following body organs produces bile?
liver
where is the chief site of alcohol metabolism
liver
the best way for a calcium-deficient pregnant woman to get the calcium she needs is to consume
low fat milk and cheese
bud has trouble with his dentures and problems chewing. which of the following foods would be best to help meet his nutritional needs?
low-fat yogurt
all of the following forms of cancer are related to excessive calorie intake except
lung cancer
the homeless in the united states are at increased risk of undernutrition. which of the following is true about the homeless?
many are members of families with children
which of the following is not true about the events during and after absorption of the products of protein digestion?
many whole proteins are absorbed and enter the blood
before they can be absorbed, triglycerides must be broken down into
monoglycerides and fatty acids
declining function of the ______ system directly affects an older adult's ability to shop for, prepare, and consume foods at home
nervous
A compound that allows for communication between one cell and the next is a
neurotransmitter
there is no easy way to test for pathogens such as
norovirus
a monounsaturated fatty acid contains
one double bond
what enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine
pancreatic amylase
a single older adult who has been losing weight involuntarily may benefit from
participation in a congregate meal program
niacin is necessary to prevent the disease
pellagra
Muscular contractions cause one-way movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract in a process called
peristalsis.
choline is a precursor for several
phospholipids
the process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called
photosynthesis
the practice of eating nonfood substances is called
pica
A ______ is generally a fake medicine used to disguise the treatments of participants in an experiment.
placebo
which of the following yield greater than 4 kilocalories per gram?
plant fat
dietary fibers primarily are
polysaccharides
low blood levels of ______ can lead to disturbances in heart rhythm, a leading cause of death among people with eating disorders
potassium
In infancy, which nutritional component is most vital for development of the nervous system?
protein
zelda is a marathon runner. she completes the marathon in 2 hours and 30 minutes. which of the following is true regarding her fuel use during the marathon
proteins may supply up to 15% of energy needs
A(n) ______________ is a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions.
proton pomp inhibitor
The villi of the small intestine
provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.
which of the following is not true about water?
provides enrergy
which of the following is an important aspect of behavior modification used for weight control?
recording eating behavior to identify situations that contribute to overeating
an association between ____________ consumption and total mortality, as well as premature mortality caused by cardiovascular disease and cancer, has been found in men and women
red meat
approximately one-third of children in developing nations are short and underweight for their age. The most frequent cause is
weaning to high-carbohydrate, low-protein diets
all of the following are socioeconomic factors affecting hunger in the Unites States except
weather
today, most females reach their full height
within 5 years after the onset of menses.
A large hamburger (e.g., whopper) sandwich contains 628 kilocalories and 36 grams of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?
52%
human milk provides approximately ______ percent of kilocalories from fat
60
when it comes to alcohol, women are advised to consume no more than ______ drink(s) per day
1
the world health organization recommends limiting added sugar intake to ______ percent of our total kilocalories
10
In a passive absorption, nutrients enter the cell
From an area of higher solute concentration to one of lower concentration
Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as ________________
A hormone
according to sports nutrition experts, the daily protein intake for a male muscle-building athlete to maintain current fitness and strength should be _____ grams per kilogram body weight.
1.0 to 1.2
triathletes and marathoners may need up to ______ grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of weight per day to prevent chronic fatigue
10
Healthy People 2020 includes a goal of increasing by ______ the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal folate status
10%
freddie is 8 months old and weighs 9 kilograms. he needs about ______ grams of protein per day
11
hypertension is defined as a systolic/diastolic blood pressure at or above ___________ mm Hg.
140/90
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, released in 2008, advise a minimum of minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity for adults.
150
to promote gains in muscle mass, a strength-trained athlete could consume _____ within the first 1 or 2 hours after a weight-lifting workout
2 cups of plain yogurt with 1 cup of fresh blueberries
men with body fat levels greater than _____ have increased health risks
24%
bob is a 34-year-old male who weighs 150 pounds and is a long distance cycler. He is engaged in vigorous activity. Based on the MyPlate Calorie Guidelines, Bob needs approximately _______________ kcal/day
3000
John weighs 80 kilograms and is 1.6 meters tall. His body mass index is _______________ kg/m
31
joe is a wrestler and during his workouts he loses 2 pounds. How much water would he have to drink to replenish this water weight loss?
4-6 cups
the american academy of pediatrics recommends all infants be given ______ IU of vitamin D per day until they are consuming that much from food
400
a rise from 98.6 to 99.6 F, results in a ______ % rise in basal metabolic rate
7
how many grams of protein are needed per day by a male non-athlete, weighing 87 kilograms?
70
_______________ does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products
A vegan
which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation?
All of these choices are correct
most of the time, ______ contribute(s) less than 5% to the body's general energy needs. However, during endurance exercise, it can supply as much as 15%
Amino acids
Measurements of height, weight, body circumferences, and body fat are called
Anthropometry
a(n) ____________ often consists of high-carbohydrate, convenience foods and may be triggered by stress, boredom, loneliness, or depression
Binge
salmonella, Listeria, E. coli o157:h7, AND campylobacter ARE THE BACTERIAL FOODBORNE ILLNESSES OF PARTICULAR INTEREST SINCE THEY ARE THE ONES MOST OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH
Death
Jeff, a world-class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional assessment is this?
Dietary Assessment
Which of the following is NOT a wise application of MyPlate?
Eliminating foods from the Fruits group to lose weight
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
Epiglottis
A kilocalorie is a measure of
Heat energy
Most stomach ulcers are cause by ______ infection.
Helicobacter pylori
which of the following is not a metabolic syndrome risk indicator?
High HDL cholesterol
athletes who consume adequate carbohydrates experience all of the following except
Increased body fat
All of the following are potential risks of pesticides except
Increased food costs
which of the following hormones corrects a hyperglycemic state
Insulin
which of the following is not a viscous (soluble) fiber?
Lignin
the dietary guidelines for Americans recommend which of the following
Limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars
gram for gram, which of the following contains the most cholesterol?
Liver
She should limit her infant's fat intake to 20 percent of his or her total calories to prevent obesity
Mildred is worried about her infant becoming obese in adulthood. which of the following would not be accurate information if you were attempting to counsel her
which of the following is true about the vitamin and mineral intake of athletes?
Most athletes tend to consume ample vitamins and minerals if they meet their calorie needs
which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?
Most consume more than is needed
which of the following is true about our current knowledge about vitamins?
Most scientists believe we have discovered all vitamins relevant to humans
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protein?
Most significant energy source for humans
______________________ are hardy and survive freezing and relatively high temperatures and chlorination up to 10 ppm
Novoviruses
is the number one lifestyle risk factor for hypertension
Obesity
Tina is consuming 15 mg of iron per day. Her RDA is 18 mg. She has no condition warranting a greater-than-normal need for iron. Which of the following statements is true about her consumption of this nutrient?
Only if her intake is consistently less than 70% of the RDA would she be at great risk of nutritional deficiency.
high doses of vitamin D may cause
calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs
Exceeding the UL for folate
can mask vitamin B-12 deficiency
an essential amino acid
cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.
which of the following foods is not a good source of potassium?
canola oil
which of the following does not regulate body processes?
carbohydrates
in the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to
changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin
kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. the reason is that
children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels
which of the following is not true about snacks
children should not be allowed to snack between meals because it reduces appetite
a deficiency of ____________________________ results in impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol
chromium
immediately after a meal, newly absorbed dietary fats appear in the blood as
chylomicrons
edna, at age 75, has found she does not tolerate milk products well. she should do which of the following?
decrease the serving size of dairy
By definition, hunger is the physiological state that results when a person
does not eat enough to meet energy needs
the need for extra iron during pregnancy is greatest during which trimester(s)?
second and third
a hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in the amino acid sequence of a protein chain is
sickle cell anemia
Softening of hard water may increase its _______________ content
sodium
all of the following are examples of intentional food additives except
solanine
which of the following describes the process of starch digestion
starch to maltose to glucose
which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?
startch
to prevent iron deficiency, a female athlete should do all of the following except
take high-dose iron supplements regularly
all of the following are good practices to keep well hydrated during endurance events except
taking salt tablets and drinking plenty of fluid before the workout
anorexia nervosa sufferers
tend to be adolescent and early adult girls
The FITT Principle describes
the aspects to consider when designing a sound fitness program
the main problem with the fat replacer olestra is that it can bind
the fat-soluble vitamins and reduce their absorption
All of the following are characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus except
the least common form of diabetes
Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake?
the size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease
which of the following is not true about body proteins?
they are static and change little after achievement of adult status
the body stores excess protein as
triglycerides
criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa include all the following except
two binge-eating episodes per week for at least 3 months
Which term describes failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that is inadequate to meet nutritional needs?
undernutrition
What is the by-product of protein metabolism excreted in urine?
urea
jason is a strict vegan. He should take a supplemental source of
vitamin B-12
the childhood disease rickets is due to a deficiency of
vitamin D
one of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, and also a good source of plant sterols is
walnuts
to reduce exposure to pesticides
wash and/or peel fruits and vegetables before eating