Study for Finals
According to the video, Kent State, how many guardsmen went to jail over the events of May 4, 1970?
0
In the US Constitution, which amendment preserves a strong role for the states in the American federal republic?
10th
Which amendment to the Constitution guarantees voting rights for African American men?
15
In the US Constitution, women gained the right to vote with which Amendment?
19
Women won the right to vote in
1965
During early national periods of American history, suffrage was generally restricted to White males over the age of
21
In the Salem Witchcraft Video, what age was the youngest person accused of witchcraft?
4
In the US Constitution, how many options can happen to a bill once it is approved by Congress and lands on the President's desk?
4
The number of seats in the House of Representatives has been fixed at ________ since ________.
435; 1929
A U.S. senator has a ________-year term.
6
In the Salem Witchcraft Video, how many total names were listed in the devil's book?
9
________ occurs when a criminal case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trial is completed.
A plea bargain
According to the video on the 2020 election, what company manufactured the controversial voting machines?
Dominion
________ prevent(s) people from being tried twice for the same crime.
Double
How did the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision help to precipitate the Civil War?
Dred Scott reinforced the institution of slavery and ruled that all Black people were not citizens of the United States.
________ powers are specifically established by the language of the Constitution.
Expressed
Which of the following best summarizes Americans' political knowledge?
Most Americans know little about how politics works or what current issues are under debate.
Which of the following is an example of a media outlet that receives funding from the government?
National Public Radio (NPR)
The ________ is the name given to the group of designated cabinet officials and other military, diplomatic, and intelligence officials who meet regularly with the president to give advice on national security matters.
National Security Council
Large cities have predominantly ________ populations, while ________ are more numerous in rural and suburban areas.
Democratic; Republicans
According to the video on election night, where did most of the early votes go?
Democrats
Most African Americans identify as
Democrats
What happened on July 4, 1776?
Nothing
Which of the following statements best summarizes the Democratic and Republican parties' views on the appropriate role of government in the economy?
Republicans tend to draw on the ideas of laissez-faire economics as they argue for significant reductions in nonmilitary spending; Democrats stress the importance of government regulation in promoting a strong economy.
The Montgomery bus boycott began after ________ refused to give up her seat for a White man
Rosa Parks
In 2020, President Trump signed an executive order limiting the ability of social media companies to restrict speech on their platforms. On what grounds might these companies challenge the order?
Social media companies are private organizations and can regulate speech as they see fit.
Support for the Republican Party currently comes from the
South, Great Plains, and Mountain West.
What does the supremacy clause assert?
The Constitution and all laws made under it are superior to any state laws
How is the Speaker of the House determined?
The elected leader of the majority party in the House is the Speaker.
The Thirteenth Amendment
abolished slavery.
Reporting in which the media adopt a skeptical or even hostile posture toward the government and public officials is referred to as
adversarial journalism.
The Jim Crow era refers to the period
after Reconstruction and before the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
The power the media have to bring public attention to a particular issue is known as
agenda-setting
The United Nations (UN) General Assembly
allocates one vote to each member country, regardless of population size.
A person, agency, or interest group not directly a party to a case but with an interest in its outcome may file a(n) ________ brief.
amicus curiae
The process of allocating congressional seats among the states is called
apportionment.
The term PORK BARREL refers to
appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts.
In order to win the presidency, a candidate must win
at least 270 electoral votes.
Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of digital political participation?
attending a protest outside your state capitol building.
The term "public opinion" is used to describe
attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events.
A government that recognizes no formal limits on its power but yet is kept in check by the power of other political and social institutions is known as a(n) ________ government.
authoritarian
Why has President Trump been more likely to use social media than traditional media?
because he can communicate directly with the public
Congress is a ________ legislature with ________ total members.
bicameral; 535
The fairness doctrine required that
broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.
The complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles that organize all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel is
bureaucracy.
Which of the following is an example of the process of direct democracy?
citizens in a state approving the use of medical marijuana through a popular referendum
When a private individual brings a suit against a company for breaking a contract, this is an example of ________ law.
civil
The first test for determining when the government may intervene to suppress political speech was called the ________ test.
clear and present danger
A benefit that is sought by an interest group and that once achieved cannot be denied to nonmembers is called a
collective good.
An individual who strongly supports military intervention and the maintenance of American military power is more closely associated with which political ideology?
conservatism
The main goal of political parties is to
control the government.
When racial segregation in schools is the result of housing choices made by individuals and families rather than the result of law, it is referred to as
de facto.
Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ________ discrimination.
de jure
Since 1950, the number of employees who work in the federal bureaucracy has ________ and the number of employees who work in both state and local government has ________.
decreased; increased
If a member of Congress always votes according to the interests of the majority of her constituency, what kind of representation best describes her behavior?
delegate
Individuals with home high-speed internet access and the skills to use it are called
digital citizens.
The use of any unreasonable and unjust criteria of exclusion is known as
discrimination.
Trial courts in the federal judicial system are called
district courts.
Privatization is a way to
downsize government in that the workers provide good and services are no longer counted as government bureaucracy.
At the national level, the Democratic Party currently attempts to appeal to ________, while the Republican Party currently attempts to appeal to ________.
educated middle-class professionals; non-college-educated White voters
What is the most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes?
education level
The term "soft power" refers to
efforts to influence other nations by persuasion rather than coercion.
Libertarianism is a political ideology that
emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government.
In 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency charged Volkswagen with cheating on emissions tests of its diesel vehicles. This is an example of bureaucratic
enforcement.
The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 set up new agencies and processes to
ensure that the recruitment and promotion of civil servants remained merit based.
The ________ provides candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages.
equal time rule
The bureaucracy's hierarchical structures and standardized procedures are intended to foster
equal treatment of citizens.
The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
established the "separate but equal" rule.
The traditional news media aims to provide objective reporting on current events by
excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage.
The ________ rule forbids the introduction in trial of any piece of evidence that has been obtained illegally.
exclusionary
When President Obama prohibited federal agencies and contractors from discriminating against transgender employees, it was an example of a(n)
executive order
The three branches of government created by the Constitution are
executive, legislative, and judicial.
Which list of issue positions is most likely to be supported by the national leadership of the Democratic Party?
expanding funding for education, public spending for infrastructure, and raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations
One of the main resources and distinguishing characteristics of the federal bureaucracy is
expertise.
The term "fake news" is most accurately characterized as
false news stories circulated to generate ad revenue or to benefit one political party or candidate.
In his attempt to manage the federal bureaucracy, the president can use all of the following tools EXCEPT
firing low-level civil service employees for failure to express loyalty to the president.
Which of the following is the best example of the shadow welfare state?
tax breaks
A political party is an organization
that tries to influence the government by getting itthat tries to influence the government by getting its members elected to office.s members elected to office.
American civil liberties and rights, such as freedom of speech, worship, and trial by jury are listed primarily in
the Constitution's Bill of Rights.
Which historical event proved to Americans that the economic system is not perfectly self-regulating?
the Great Depression
Which of the following possesses the sole power to create revenue bills?
the House of Representatives
After the Civil War, which amendments to the U.S. Constitution offered African Americans the most hope for achieving full citizenship rights?
the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
Which of the following is NOT a reason why many Americans appear to prefer online news?
the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets
Which clause of the U.S. Constitution has been most important in allowing the growth of national power?
the commerce clause
Judicial review is the power of
the courts to review the constitutionality of actions taken by other branches of government.
What is the gender gap?
the difference in support for Republicans and Democrats among men and women
The gap in access to the internet due to differences in education, income, age, geographic location, and race/ethnicity is known as
the digital divide.
If a man is arrested because his home was searched by police without a legal warrant, he could argue in court that he had been denied
the due process of law.
The wall of separation between church and state is best found in which clause of the Constitution?
the establishment clause
What is the social desirability effect?
the fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable, rather than what they actually believe
The president pro tempore of the Senate is usually
the majority party member with the greatest seniority.
A person's political party preferences are primarily acquired through the influence of
the person's family.
Of all the parts of the new government, the framers saw ________ as being capable of timely and decisive action to deal with national issues and problems.
the president
What is cloture?
the process by which three-fifths of the Senate can end a filibuster
The full faith and credit clause of the Constitution requires
the states to honor each other's public acts and legal decisions
Individual political rights are a protection against
the tyranny of the majority.
The constitutional idea of states' rights was strongest during which historical period?
the years immediately preceding the Civil War
If a president claims executive privilege, they are saying
their communications with close advisors should be confidential.
The media are sometimes referred to as the "fourth branch of government" because
they provide a check on the power of government and political leaders.
Only one-third of the Senate is up for re-election during any single election year because the framers believed that
this was a way to make the Senate resistant to popular pressure.
What is the primary constitutional task of the vice president, besides succeeding the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacitation?
to cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right
to free legal counsel for indigent defendants in felony cases.
Before the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, government appointments were made
to political supporters as part of a spoils system.
A Senator who votes based on what she thinks is best for her constituency is called a
trustee
Throughout its history, American politics has been dominated by
two major political parties.
What is required for Congress to override a presidential veto?
two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress
A ________ vote by both houses of Congress and a ratification vote of ________ of the states are required to amend the U.S. Constitution.
two-thirds; three-fourths
________is the single-most important political act for most Americans.
voting
If a number of newspapers published stories exposing an elected official's acceptance of monetary bribes from a corporation in exchange for passing a particular law, it would be an example of the media serving in their role as a
watchdog
Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families are all part of the
welfare state.
Federal employees who report wrongdoing within agencies are often referred to as
whistleblowers.
Suppose you were hired to work on the campaign of a 2020 presidential candidate. Your job was to reach out to the group of people most likely to vote. Which group should you target first?
women
Which office did the framers design to be directly elected by the people?
U.S. representative
Which of the following statements about the presidential veto is most accurate?
Use of the veto varies considerably across presidential administrations, and vetoes are seldom overridden.
In the US Constitution, the president of the Senate is the
Vice President
What is the purpose of the National Security Council?
It assimilates and analyzes data from various government sources and makes recommendations about protecting the country.
What is the role of the State Department in American foreign policy?
It carries out routine diplomatic activities.
What is the significance of the Bill of Rights?
It ensured certain rights and liberties to the people.
What is a tariff?
It is a tax on imported goods.
What is a government corporation?
It is an agency that performs and charges for services usually provided by the private sector.
How does America differ from other Western nations on the death penalty?
It is the only Western nation that still executes criminals.
According to the video, Kent State, what other university saw students killed and injured around the same time?
Jackson State
Direct democracy is best defined as
a system that allows citizens to vote directly for laws and policies
How can Congress override a president's veto?
a two-thirds vote in both chambers
The fact that a bottle of Coca Cola cost $0.05 in 1959 and $1.50 today is an example of
inflation.
Citizenship refers to
informed and active membership in a political community
In the Salem Witchcraft Video, what was one of the greatest lessons to come of this event?
innocent until proven guilty
Government is best defined as the
institutions and procedures by which a territory and its people are ruled
Senators' longer terms of office, and larger, more heterogeneous constituencies makes them more
insulated from the pressures of individual, narrow, and immediate interests.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
is in charge of monitoring outbreaks of disease and implementing prevention measures.
The fact that a decreasing number of companies owns an increasingly large share of the American media is a concern primarily because
it increases the risk that politicians and citizens who express less popular or minority viewpoints will have difficulty finding a public forum.
What were Jim Crow laws?
laws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against Black Americans
What is the most common occupation among members of Congress before coming to Congress?
lawyer
The main difference between libel and slander is that
libel refers to written statements, while slander refers to oral statements.
The Bill of Rights was designed to protect
liberty
The fact that Americans strongly support minimal governmental interference with individuals' lives and property illustrates their commitment to
liberty.
Cities, states, and counties that have declared themselves "sanctuaries"
limit their cooperation with the national government's attempts to enforce immigration law.
One of the most important ways Congress can check presidential control of the bureaucracy is by
limiting the president's ability to remove agency officials.
Which list of issue positions is most likely to be supported by the national leadership of the Republican Party?
maintaining high levels of military spending, instituting tax relief for upper-income voters, and reducing corporate taxes
In the Senate, the most senior leadership role is ________. In the House, the most senior leadership role is ________.
majority leader; Speaker
American democracy rests on the principle of
majority rule with minority rights.
Regularly-scheduled Congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election are called
mid-term elections.
According to the video, Kent State, what did President Nixon announce on April 30, 1970? Why was this a big deal?
military action in Cambodia, war supposed to be winding down
Women in the United States are ________ the ________ Party.
more likely to support; Democratic
The frequency with which they must seek re-election makes members of the U.S. House of Representatives
more responsive to the needs of local interest groups in the districts they represent.
Terrorists are an example of
non-state actors.
Congress designed inspectors generals to be
nonpartisan, independent organizations which investigate bureaucratic activities.
In the US Constitution, Article II created the
office of the president
A ________ veto occurs when Congress adjourns during a 10-day period after presenting the president with a bill on which he or she takes no action.
A ________ veto occurs when
pocket; Congress adjourns during a 10-day period after presenting the president with a bill on which he or she takes no action.
A state government's authority to regulate the safety, health, and morals of its citizens is called a ________ power.
police
Interest groups are concerned with the ________ of government, while political parties are concerned with the ________ of government.
policies; personnel
The belief that citizens can influence what government does is called
political efficacy
Liberalism and conservatism are examples of
political ideologies
The process by which political values are formed is known as
political socialization.
In the US Constitution, which of the following forms of speech receives the greatest level of First Amendment protection?
political speech that does not incite violence
The term "eminent domain" describes the
power of the government to seize private property for public use.
Which of the following is the best definition of an expressed power?
powers given to Congress as spelled out in Article I of the Constitution
Which of the following is the best definition of the media?
print and digital forms of communication that include everything from websites, newspapers, television, and radio
If the federal government decided to hire Google to provide email services to all of its employees rather than maintaining its own, in-house email services, this would be an example of
privatization
The World Bank's chief mission is to
provide development aid to poor countries.
Which of the following is a good example of how state governments use their police power?
providing professional licenses to barbers and hair stylists
A way to reduce the disparities in wealth between the rich and poor is called
redistribution.
Supply-side economics is the idea that
reducing the marginal rate of taxation will promote higher levels of work and investment.
One power that the Senate has, that the House does not, is the power of
reviewing and approving treaties.
The American system for electing members of Congress is often referred to as "winner take all" because
runners-up do not gain seats in government.
According to the video on election night, most of the Republican votes come from
rural areas
The two primary goals of American foreign policy are
security and prosperity.
When presidents nominate justices to the Supreme Court, presidents make an effort to
select justices who share their political philosophies.
In order for a public opinion poll to accurately generalize to the entire population, the survey must
select respondents randomly and everyone in the target population must have an equal chance of being selected.
Men in the United States are ________ the ________ Party.
somewhat more likely to support; Republican
The doctrine of ________ requires courts to follow authoritative prior decisions when ruling on a case.
stare decisis
In the American federal system, the responsibility for running elections rests largely with
state and local governments.
Which level of government writes the majority of criminal laws?
state governments
The right to vote is also called
suffrage
Among the goals of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech was
- to pressure the federal government into defending Black civil rights. - to establish the movement's moral claims. - to argue in favor of civil rights for the African American community.
According to the video, Swing Vote, how is an election decided that is tied in the electoral college?
By a vote in the House of Representatives
The ________ is the informal designation for the heads of the major federal government departments.
Cabinet
Who wrote the majority of the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
What is the main job of the director of national intelligence?
To coordinate intelligence activities and prepare the president's daily intelligence briefing
Which of the following statements about public opinion in America is most accurate?
Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs.
________ are areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering.
Civil liberties
________ powers exist when both the state and national governments share authority in certain domains.
Concurrent
The president's delegated powers come from
Congress
The Declaration of Independence defined which three inalienable rights?
"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"
Colonial protesters of the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act rallied around which slogan?
"No taxation without representation"
When two sides of an international conflict possess such enormous arsenals of nuclear missiles that each has the ability to destroy the other in the event of war, it is called
"mutually assured destruction."
If an employee's manager issued an explicit or strongly implied threat that submission to sexual demands is a condition of the employee's job, it would be an example of
"quid pro quo" harassment.
Which age group typically votes at the highest rates?
Americans 65 and older
________ compels state governments to obey costly federal regulations but does not reimburse those costs.
An unfunded mandate
The United States' first written constitution was called the
Articles of Confederation.
Which president introduced and presided over the New Deal?
Franklin Roosevelt
Which statement is the key argument of Keynesians?
Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs.
Which event was most influential in triggering the rise of a more active national government?
Great Depression
A constitutional right to privacy was established in
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965).
The office of the presidency was established by Article ________ of the Constitution.
II
Which of the following best describes the history of income inequality in the United States?
Income inequality decreased after the New Deal and postwar era, but has sharply increased in recent years.
Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
Racially segregated schools can never be equal.
What did the New Jersey Plan propose for Congress?
Representation would be equal for each state.
According to the video on election night, how have suburban woman TRADITIONALLY voted?
Republican
According to the video, Swing Vote, the party most opposed to illegal immigration is...
Republican
The International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund
Ultimately, why did the Articles of Confederation fail?
The national government they created was insufficiently powerful to deal with the crises of the times.
Which statement about the over-time trend in party identification in the United States is most accurate?
The number of people identifying as Democrats has outnumbered Republican identifiers for a long time.
Which of the following best describes the role of the solicitor general?
The solicitor general is the lawyer who represents the United States before the Supreme Court in cases where the federal government is a party.
Which statement about the distribution of fake news on Facebook in the 2016 election is most accurate?
The top 10 fake news stories circulated on Facebook were shared more widely than the top 10 authentic news stories about the election.
The last time Congress exercised its constitutional power to declare war was during
World War II
Can federal courts force journalists to reveal their sources of information, and why?
Yes; there is no federal shield law that protects journalists and their sources.
Which of the following statements about age and political participation is true?
Young people are far less likely to participate in politics than older people.
Which of the following is the best definition of the elastic clause?
a part of the Constitution that empowers Congress to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers
In order for the Supreme Court to decide to grant certiorari,
four justices must vote in favor of certiorari.
In the ________ election, voters select who they want to fill a political office. In the ________ election, voters choose each party's candidate to compete for a political office.
general; primary
Block grants are designed to
give the states more control in how they spend federal funds.
The Fourteenth Amendment
guarantees equal protection and due process.
In the Salem Witchcraft Video, the execution of George Burrows was a problem because
he recited the Lord's Prayer perfectly before hanging
Presidential spouses are an important resource for the president in order to carry out the duty of
head of state.
The term "partisanship" refers to
identification with or support with a particular party or cause.
The main difference between inherent and implied powers is that
implied powers can be traced to the powers expressed in the actual language of the Constitution while inherent powers derive from national sovereignty.
An overwhelming majority of court cases in the United States are heard
in state courts.
The Freedom of Information Act is designed to
increase bureaucratic transparency and oversight of the executive branch.
A senator or representative running for reelection is called the
incumbent
