Study Guide 6

What is a virulent (lytic) phage?

CH. 24 - Lytic phages take over the machinery of the cell to make phage components. They then destroy, or lyse, the cell, releasing new phage particles.

How do viral proteins damage host cells?

CH. 24 - Overwhelming the host cell with large numbers.

Viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell by _________.

CH. 24 - Plasmodesmata

The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless unless it _________?

CH. 25 - Has been left "uncooked."

What does natural selection allow a population to do?

CH. 18 - Allowed the better adapted organisms to survive and reproduce, changing the population for better survival.

What are homoplastic features (homoplasy).

CH. 18 - Structurally similar features that are not homologous but have similar functions that evolved independently in distantly related organisms.

About _________ different species have been described and named to date.

CH. 23 - 1.9 million species

What am I? My mitochondria have disc-shaped cristae, and I am often used as indicators of organic pollution such as sewage in a lake or stream.

CH. 26 - Euglenophyta

Bacteria may reproduce by:

CH. 25 - Binary Fission

How do retroviruses differ from other RNA viruses?

CH. 24 - They have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate.

The original two Kingdoms that were established to organize living organisms were:

CH. 23 - Plantae and Animalia

In the six-kingdom system, protozoa are classified as _________.

CH. 23 - Protista

The first kingdom to be recognized beyond Plantae and Animalia was?

CH. 23 - Protista

How might the scientific name of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana be abbreviated?

CH. 23 - R. catesbeiana

Which classification level would be the least inclusive?

CH. 23 - Species

When a cell reproduces by developing a bulge that enlarges and separates from the mother cell, it is reproducing by:

CH. 24 - Asexual

The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to _________ sites on the host cell.

CH. 24 - Attachment protein.

A virus that infects a bacterium is called a _________.

CH. 24 - Bacteriophage

The protein coat of a virus is called the:

CH. 24 - Capsid

_________ conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics.

CH. 24 - Lysogenic

Name the steps of Darwin's concept of natural selection.

CH. 18 - 1. Variation, 2. Overproduction, 3. Limits on population growth, or a struggle for existence, 4. Differential reproductive success.

Define adaptation.

CH. 18 - A modification in an organism or its parts that better fits the conditions of its environment or a structure resulting from this change. Improves it's chance of survival and reproductive success.

Breeds of dogs, such as German Shepherds occur as a result of:

CH. 18 - Artificial Selection

Who proposed that the Earth's geological features formed slowly over time, creating long periods for evolution?

CH. 18 - Charles Lyell

The islands where Charles Darwin observed variation among organisms and compared them to those organisms found on the mainland were the:

CH. 18 - Galapagos Islands

Bird wings and insect wings are both adapted for flight, but they are from two very separate ancestors; this is know as _________ structures.

CH. 18 - Homologous

When populations with separate ancestors adapt in similar ways to similar environmental constraints, it is referred to as:

CH. 18 - Homoplasy, homoplastic features.

The genetic code demonstrates the universality of living things because it is common to virtually all _________.

CH. 18 - Living creatures, showing that we are all made of the same proteins.

_________ is the evolutionary history of a group of related species.

CH. 18 - Phylogeny

Evolution is genetic change in a(an) _________ that occurs over time.

CH. 18 - Populations

_________ penned an essay stating that populations have the capability to outgrow their food supply resulting in disease, famine and competition.

CH. 18 - Thomas Malthus

Organs or parts of organs that are seemingly nonfunctional and degenerate, often undersized or lacking some essential part, are referred to as:

CH. 18 - Vestigial Structures

Name two geological activities that are common in areas where tectonic plates meet.

CH. 18 -Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Most biologists recognize how many domains?

CH. 23 - 3, Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What is a taxon?

CH. 23 - A formal grouping of organisms at any given level, such as species, genus, or phylum.

Name some sources of variation in a population.

CH. 23 - Adaptations and Mutations

Humans, as well as other mammals ranging form mice to elephants have hair. Hair, then, would be considered to be a(n) _________ character.

CH. 23 - Ancestral

If a biologist classifies organisms based on number of similarities between taxa without considering differences in homoplasy and homologous trains, the _________ systems is being used.

CH. 23 - Cladistic

The classification level of phylum is immediately "above" the level of the:

CH. 23 - Class

An organism which gains nourishment from dead organisms is referred to as a(n):

CH. 23 - Decomposers, or Saprophytes.

A(n) _________ character is a trait which has evolved relatively recently.

CH. 23 - Derived

Which classification level would contain the greatest number of species?

CH. 23 - Domain

The study of organisms and their relationship to one another is called:

CH. 23 - Ecology

Closely related or similar genera are grouped into a single _________.

CH. 23 - Family

List two kingdoms that contain decomposers.

CH. 23 - Fungi and Archaea

Pelecanus occidentalis is the scientific name of the brown pelican. Pelicanus is the _________ name.

CH. 23 - Genus

_________ developed the binomial system of nomenclature.

CH. 23 - Linnaeus

The phenetic approach to systematics is based primarily on:

CH. 23 - Measurable similarities and differences rather than genetic makeup and evolutionary descent.

Is the correct format for the scientific name of Anas Platyrhynchos correct?

CH. 23 - No, Genus should be capitalized, while the species is lower case, and the entire name should be italicized or underlined. "Anas platyrhynchos"

Are autotrophs found in the kingdom Animalia?

CH. 23 - No, they are found in the kingdom Plantae.

Fungi may be differentiated from plants because fungi are _________.

CH. 23 - They cannot photosynthesize their own food, and their cell walls differ in composition, body structures, and reproduction.

The 5 stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, _________, assembly, and release.

CH. 24 - Replication and Synthesis

Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of _________.

CH. 24 - Single strand of RNA with no protein coat or associated proteins.

How do human viruses enter human cells?

CH. 24 - Through a specific point on the host cell that it has the specific receptor needed for that particular virus' attachment protein.

A _________ consists of a short segment of a nucleic acid with a protein coat.

CH. 24 - Virus

What is a temperate bacteriophage?

CH. 24 - Viruses that infect bacteria and have the ability to display a lysogenic life cycle.

Within bacteria, small circles of DNA called _________ exist in addition to the bacterial chromosome.

CH. 25

Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by _________.

CH. 25 - A rigid cell wall.

How does Penicillin work?

CH. 25 - By damaging and penetrating the bacterial cell walls and killing it.

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytize by a host's immune system by means of a _________.

CH. 25 - Capsule, or slime layer.

A chain of round bacteria would be called _________.

CH. 25 - Cocci

Name the three shapes of bacteria.

CH. 25 - Cocci, Bacilli, Spirillum

Gram-positive bacteria would stain _________ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of _________ in their cell walls.

CH. 25 - Crystal Violet, Peptidoglycan.

_________ are dormant structures formed by bacteria in response to adverse environmental conditions.

CH. 25 - Endospores

Mad cow disease is an example of an infection caused by a _________.

CH. 25 - Prion

Heterokonts are characterized by having _________.

CH. 26 - A single posterior flagellum in flagellate cells.

Most protists are found in what type of environments?

CH. 26 - Aquatic: ocean or freshwater streams, lakes, and ponds.

How do euglenoids reproduce?

CH. 26 - Binary Fission

The commercially important unicellular protists that are used in filters, polishes, and other industrial processes are the:

CH. 26 - Brown Algae

The _________ are zoo flagellates that are very primitive and may give biologists clues as to the evolutionary relationships between the prokaryotes and the protists.

CH. 26 - Choanoflagellates

In Paramecium, the surface of the cell is covered with thousands of short, hair like _________.

CH. 26 - Cilia

Symbiotic association in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected is called:

CH. 26 - Commensalism

In freshwater ciliates, special organelle called _________ control water regulation.

CH. 26 - Contractile Vacuole

Individuals in this group often have intracellular shells of interlocking plates.

CH. 26 - Dinoflagellates

Members of phylum _________ typically move with one or more flagella.

CH. 26 - Euglenoids

Name the group that contains the organism Trypanosoma, which causes African sleeping sickness.

CH. 26 - Excavates

Ancestors of _________ represent an intermediate state in eukaryotic evolution when cells each had two haploid nuclei but fusion had not occurred.

CH. 26 - Giardia

Backpacker's diarrhea, a common infection among campers and hikers, particularly the mountains of the western Unites States, is caused by _________.

CH. 26 - Giardia intestinalis

Brown algae lack true roots, but have similar structures, called _________, that anchor them to the substrate.

CH. 26 - Holdfasts

Green algae is though to have given rise to which kingdom?

CH. 26 - Kingdom Protista

Members of alveolates are characterized by the presence of _________?

CH. 26 - Membrane-bounded sacs under the plasma membrane.

Members of this group have both plant-like and animal-like characteristics, making classification difficult.

CH. 26 - Microbes

Pseudopodia are used by Amoeba for ingesting food as well as:

CH. 26 - Movement

Symbiotic association in which one partner lives on or in another is called:

CH. 26 - Parasitism

_________ make up the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems.

CH. 26 - Plankton

Malaria is caused by an _________, which is carried to a host by a _________.

CH. 26 - Plasmodium Parasite, Mosquito.

Members of this group are typically multicellular and have phycoerythrin and phycocyanin as their accessory photosynthetic pigments.

CH. 26 - Red Algae

In ciliates macronuclei control _________.

CH. 26 - Reproduction

The symbiotic dinoflagellates, which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates such as mollusks, jellyfish, and corals, are called _________.

CH. 26 - Zooxanthellae