study guide for exam 2 human anatomy & physiology
aerobic
Metabolic processe that require oxygen
eccrine gland
Most widely distributed sweat glands that regulate body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin
epidermis & dermis
Moving from the superficial to the deeper layer, what are the names of the 2 layers of skin?
isometric contractions
Muscle contraction which results in increased tension but the length does not alter, for example, when pressing against a stationary object.
prime mover
Muscle that has the principal responsibility for a given movement
TB- tuberculosis
infection may spread to bones, especially the long bones of the extremities & wrist & ankle bones
serratus anterior
inferior to axilla on lateral chest, to scapula; moves shoulder forward; aids in raising arm, punching or reaching forward
arthritis
inflammation of joints
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
vastus medialis
inner front thigh muscle; extends leg
atopic dermatitis or eczema
intense itching & skin inflammation; is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder with a genetic predisposition of asthma and hay fever, or allergies to irritants
deep partial thickness- 2nd degree burn
involves the epidermis & dermis, the tissue may be blistered with weeping surface or dry because of sweat gland damage. These burns may be less painful because of nerve damage
superficial- 1st degree burn
involves the epidermis only, skin is red & dry; minimal pain
full thickness- 3rd degree burn
involves the full skin & sometimes subcutaneous tissue & underlying tissues as well, tissue is broken, dry, pale or charred. These injuries may require skin grafting & loss of digits or limbs
carpal tunnel syndrome
involves the tendons of the flexor muscles of the fingers as well as the nerve supplying the hand & fingers, numbness & weakness of the hand is caused by pressure on the medial nerve as it passes through a tunnel formed by the carpal bones of the wrist
freckles
irregular patches of melanin are called
laceration
irregular wound caused by tearing of the skin
cleft palate
is a congenital deformity in which there is an opening in the roof of the mouth owing to faulty union of the maxillary bones
perimysium
is a connective tissue layer around each fascicle
epimysium
is a connective tissue shealth that encases the entire muscle, this forms the innermost layer of the deep fascia
rheumatoid arthritis
is a crippling condition characterized by joint swelling in hands & feet, articular cartilage is gradually destroyed & joint cavity develops adhesions; shares characteristics of autoimmune disorders where antibodies produced attack the body's own tissues
dislocation
is a derangement of joint parts: ball-and-socket has the greatest tendency to dislocate
albinism
is a hereditary disorder that impairs melanin production, resulting in lack of pigment in skin, hair & eyes
osteomyelitis
is a inflammation of bone caused by pyogenic (pus producing) bacteria (strep, staph) enter blood stream because there is break in skin
ethmoid bone
is a light, fragile, single bone located between eye orbits (E for eye) forming superior part of nasal septum, contains ethmoid sinus
melanoma
is a malignant tumor of melanocytes, originates in a mole or birthmark anywhere on the body
spasm
is a sudden & involuntary muscular contraction which is always painful
the difference in female pelvis
is adapted for pregnancy & childbirth, lighter in weight, ilia are wider & flared, pubic arch is wider in female, pelvic opening is wider & more rounded, lower diameter, pelvic outlet is larger, sacrum & coccyx are shorter & less curved
lesion
is any wound or local damage to tissue
flushing
is diffuse redness caused by increased blood flow to the skin
osteosarcomas
most commonly occurs in a young person in a bone's growing region, especially around the knee
manubrium
"handle", superior part of the sternum that joins laterally on the right & left with a clavicle (collarbone)
synergists
"helping" muscles, they work with the agonist to accomplish a movement "together"
tibia
"shin bone" stronger weight bearing bone (big bone- big toe side)
false ribs
(8-12) 3 pair of ribs that do not attach to the sternum, they connect (costal cartilage) to the rib directly above them
joints
(articulation) is an area of junction or union between 2 or more bones
the summary of events in a muscle contraction
1) ACh is released from a neuron ending into the synaptic cleft at the NJM. 2) ACh binds to the muscle's motor end plate & produces an action potential. 3) the action potential travels to the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum). 4) the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) releases calcium into the cytoplasm. 5) calcium shifts troponin & tropomyosin so that binding sites on actin are exposed. 6) myosin heads bind to actin, forming cross-bridges. 7) using stored energy, myosin heads pull actin filaments together within the sarcomeres & the cell shortens. 8) new ATP is used to detach myosin heads & move them back to position for another "power stroke." 9) muscle relaxes when stimulation ends & the calcium is pumped back into the SR.
floating ribs
2 pair of false ribs that do not attach to anything at their anterior ends
compact bone & spongy bone
2 types of bone tissue
1st class, 2nd class & 3rd class
3 classes of levers
nutrition, blood supply, infection & age
4 factors that affect healing of skin
flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction
4 kinds of angular movement
gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle & ball-&-socket joints
6 types of synovial joints
vesicle (bulla)
A blister or small fluid filled sac as seen in some stages of chickenpox or shingles eruption
allergy
A hypersensitivity to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction.
pemphigus
An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system produces antibodies against specific proteins in the skin and mucous membrane. These antibodies produce a reaction that leads to a separation of skin cells; is fatal unless treated by methods to suppress the immune system
cervical vertebrae
C1 to C7 are located in the neck
paranasal sinuses
Cavities within cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity
axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton
How are the bones of skeleton divided?
gastronemius
Largest Muscles of the calf, posterior leg, to calcaneus; plantar flexes foot (ballerina)
epidermis
Outermost portion of skin, protection from wear and tear, injury, and harmful substances; composed mostly of stratified squamous epithelium, avascular, composed of stratum corneum & stratum basale
lactic acid
Produced in muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues, causes muscle fatigue
dermal papillae
Projections from dermis into epidermis. Increase surface area of the dermis and stratum germinativum. Form ridges in epidermis and form fingerprints and footprints
troponin & tropomyosin
Regulatory proteins that recognize calcium as the signal to allow actin and myosin to interact with each other.
torticollis
Stiff neck caused by spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the neck; wryneck
Pott disease
TB- tuberculosis of the spine; infected vertebrae are weakened & may collapse, causing pain, deformity, & pressure on spinal cord
dermis
The middle layer of the skin, has a framework of elastic connective tissue & well supplied with blood vessels and nerves, location for sebaceous (oil) glands, sweat glands, hair follicles & sensory receptors
periosteum
The thick fibrous membrane covering the entire surface of a bone except its articular cartilage. It contains osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), osteoclasts (bone destroying cells), nerve fibers, and blood & lymphatic vessels. Ligaments & tendons attach to this
epithelial & connective tissue
What 2 categories of tissues repair themselves most easily?
depth of the burn & extent of body surface involved
What 2 factors are used to assess the severity of burns?
dilation (widening) & constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels & evaporation of perspiration from the body surface
What 2 mechanisms involving the skin are used to regulate temperature?
keratin & sebum
What 2 substances produced in the skin help to prevent dehydration?
lactic acid
What acid accumulates during anaerobic metabolism?
help to form joints, are points for muscle attachments & allow passage of nerves and blood vessels
What are some functions of bone markings?
melanin, hemoglobin & carotene
What are some pigments that impart color to the skin?
pemphigus, lupus erythematosus & scleroderma
What are the 3 autoimmune disorders that involve the skin?
foramen, sinus, fossa & meatus
What are the 4 different bone markings that are depressions or holes?
coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture & sagittal suture
What are the 4 most prominent cranial sutures?
head, process, condyle, crest & spine
What are the 5 different bone markings that are projections?
cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum & coccyx
What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?
vertebral column & bones of the thorax (ribs & sternum)
What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk?
loose connective tissue & adipose (fat) tissue
What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer?
melanoma
What is the name for a cancer of the skin's pigment producing cells?
hair follicle
What is the name of the sheath in which a hair develops?
the sebaceous glands
What is the name of the skin glands that produce an oily secretion (sebum)?
integumentary system
What is the name of the system that comprises the skin & all of its associated structures?
sudoriferous glands
What is the scientific name for the sweat glands?
ball-and-socket
a ball-like surface of 1 bone fits into deep cuplike depression in another bone. It allows the greatest range of motion in 3 directions, as in circumduction (examples are shoulder & hip joints)
tendon
a band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
pustule
a blister (vesicle) filled with pus
fossa
a bony depression
open fracture
a broken bone protrudes through the skin or an external wound leads to a broken bone
sinus
a cavity or hollow space, most commonly, an air-filled chamber found in some skull bones. These sinuses are named for the bones in which they are located
oxidation
a chemical reaction that involves the loss of an electron. Oxidation often involves the addition of oxygen and the loss of hydrogen ions.
neurotransmitter
a chemical released from the neuron to stimulate the muscle fiber
myasthenia gravis
a chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscular weakness (especially in the face and neck) drooping of the eyelids(ptosis) is a common early sign
lupus erythematosus
a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of connective tissue (skin or joints), "butterfly rash" across the nose & cheeks
psoriasis
a chronic, recurrent skin disease marked by silvery scales covering red patches, papules, and/or plaques on the skin that result from overproduction and thickening of skin cells; common sites of involvement are the elbows, knees, genitals, arms, legs, scalp, and nails
flatfoot
a common disorder in which the tendons & ligaments that support the foot's long arch are weakened, flattening its curve
sarcomere
a contracting subunit of skeletal muscle, it consists of a band myosin filaments & actin filaments on each side of them. the myosin molecules are shaped like 2 golf clubs twisted together with their paddle-like heads projecting away from the sarcomere's center,the actin molecules are twisted together like 2 strands of beads, each bead having a myosin binding site
isometric
a contraction in which there is no change in muscle length but there is a great increase in muscle tension
fissure
a crack in the skin
melanin
a dark pigment that colors the skin & protects it from sunlight's harmful rays; it is produced by melanocytes in the deepest layer of the epidermis
melanin
a dark-colored pigment that protects the skin from ultraviolet light is called
fossa
a depression on a bone surface
myasthenia gravis
a disease characterized by chronic muscular fatigue due to defects in neuromuscular transmission
scleroderma
a disease that involves overproduction of collagen with thickening & tightening of the skin; hardening of the skin
crest
a distinct border or narrow ridge, often rough, such as over the top of the hip bone
collagen
a fibrous protein that gives the tissue strength & resilience
tinea corporis
a fungal infection of the skin, resembles a worm shape: ringworm of the body
dermatosis
a general term referring to any skin disease
foramen
a hole that allows a vessel or nerve to pass through or between bones
foramen
a hole through bone
process
a large projection of a bone, such as the superior process of the ulna in the forearm that creates the elbow
condyle
a large, rounded articular process
scoliosis
a lateral curvature of the vertebrae column, most common type
cicatrix
a medical term that means "scar"
concentric contractions
a muscle as a whole shortens to produce movement; picking up a book
acetylcholine (ACh)
a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction
synapse
a point of communication between a neuron & another cell
olecranon
a process that forms the point of the elbow
eruption
a raised lesion
condyle
a rounded bony projection
head
a rounded, knoblike end separated from the rest of the bone by a slender region, the neck
excoriation
a scratch into the skin
spine
a sharp bony prominence
spine
a sharp projection from the surface of a bone, such as a spine of the scapula (shoulder blade)
meatus
a short channel or passageway, usually the external opening of a canal. An example is the channel in the skull's temporal bone that leads to the inner ear
closed fracture
a simple bone fracture with no open wound
motor unit
a single neuron & all the muscle fibers it stimulates comprise
wart
a skin lesion caused by a virus of the human papillomavirus group; usually a raised bump
ulcer
a sore associated with disintegration & death of tissue (it goes all the way through skin)
colic
a spasm of the visceral muscles, severe abdominal pain
maintenance of posture
a steady partial contraction of muscle, known as muscle tone helps keep the body in position
rash
a surface lesion
arthrocentesis
a tapping procedure done to drain or remove fluid from a joint
myalgia
a term that means "muscular pain"
endosteum
a thinner membrane that lines the bone's marrow cavity, contains cells that aid in the growth & repair of bone tissue
arthroscope
a type of lighted instrument known as an endoscope that a physician uses to examine injured joints & can also repair them surgically
temporalis
above & near ear; closes jaw
levator ani
aids in defecation
osteoarthritis
aka DJD (degenerative joint disease) usually occurs in elderly people as a result of normal wear & tear; occurs mostly in joints in weight bearing hips, knees & spinal column
ATP
all muscle contraction requires energy in the form of ---, most of this energy is produced by the oxidation ("burning") of nutrients within the cell's mitochondria, especially the oxidation of glucose & fatty acids
hinge joint
allows forward or backward motion, the joint that moves like a door, found in legs, fingers and toes
sternocleidomastoid
along lateral neck, to mastoid process; flexes head; rotates head toward opposite side from muscle
sinus
an air-filled bony cavity
kyphosis
an exaggeration of the thoracic curve, "hunchback"
lordosis
an excessive lumbar curve, "swayback" common in pregnant or overweight woman
scar
an indication of damage, a mark on the skin that is left after a cut or other wound has healed
tendinitis
an inflammation of muscle tendons & their attachments
strain
an injury to muscle tissue resulting from overstretching.
neoplasm
another name for a tumor
collarbone
another name for clavicle
shoulder blade
another name for scapula
verruca
another name for wart, an epidermal tumor caused by human papilloma virus (genital warts)
biceps brachii
anterior arm along humerus, to radius; flexes forearm at elbow & supinates the forearm & hand
quadriceps femoris
anterior thigh, to tibia; extends leg
agonist
any muscle that performs a given movement
intercostal muscles
are attached to & fill the spaces between the ribs; the external & internal intercostals run at angles in opposite directions, contraction of intercostal muscles elevates the ribs, thus enlarging the thoracic cavity from side to side & anterior to posterior
fascicles
are individual muscles arranged in bundles held together by fibrous connective tissue
chondrosarcomas
arises in cartilage & usually appears in midlife
septic (infectious) arthritis
arises when bacteria spread to involve joint tissue, usually by way of the bloodstream (examples are invasive medical procedure, illegal drug use, injections) pathogens: staph, strep & neiserria
epiphyseal plate
around the time of birth, secondary bone- forming centers develop across the ends of the long bones
masseter
at the angle of jaw; closes jaw
ciliary glands
at the edge of eyelids
ischial spine
at the posterior of the pelvic outlet is used as a reference point during childbirth to indicate the progress of the presenting part down birth canal
tinea pedis
athelete's foot
skeletal muscles
attached to bones, long & cylindrical; multinucleated; HEAVILY STRIATED, voluntary control, produces movement at joints; stimulated by nervous system; contracts & relaxes rapidly
errector pili muscle
attached to most hair follicles is a thin band of involuntary muscle, when a person is frightened, or cold this muscle contracts, raising the hair & forming "goose bumps" on the skin "hair raiser"
vernix caseosa
babies are born with this covering (resembles cream cheese) produced by sebaceous glands "cheesy varnish"
alopecia
baldness, is an expression of heredity & aging; influenced by male sex hormones
ligaments
bands of fibrous connective tissue, help stabilize & reinforce joints at various points
flexion
bending motion that decreases angles between bones, as in bending the fingers to close the hand
open comedones
blackheads
anterior & posterior fontanels
bone formations are incomplete "soft spots" on the infant's skull, closes at about 18 months
clavicle
bone linking the scapula and sternum
osteoblasts
bone matrix is produced by:
osteomalacia
bone tissue softens due to lack of calcium salt formation; causes- vitamin D deficiency, renal disorders, liver disease.
osteoblasts
bone-building cells; immature cells, manufacture matrix which is material located between cells- matures into osteocytes
periosteum
bones are covered by connective tissue membrane called:
ossicles
bones of the middle ear that carry sound vibrations, composed of the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). The stapes connects to the oval window, which transmits the sound vibrations to the cochlea of the inner ear.
long bone formation
cartilage begins to turn into bone, epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends, bones continue to lengthen, bones stop lengthening, bone resorption & formation continues
backache
caused by herniated disks, kidney infections, strains on the lumbosacral joint, infections or tumors & elderly osteoarthritis
herpes simplex virus
causes the formation of watery vesicles (cold sores & fever blisters) on skin & mucous membranes; Two Types.-Type 1 causes lesions around the nose & mouth & Type 2 is responsible for genital infections, often reoccuring
keratin
cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of a protein called
orbicularis oris
closes eye
sweat (sudoriferous) glands
coiled glands located in the dermis & subcutaneous tissue that vent directly to the skin surface or through hair follicles; release perspiration to cool body by evaporation, eliminate some soluble wastes
hair
composed of keratin, develops in the follicle, grows from base of follicle
appendicular skeleton (body's "appendages")
consists of 126 bones & forms the framework for the extremities (limbs), shoulders & hips
axial skeleton (body's "axis")
consists of 80 bones- bony framework of the head & trunk
scabies
contagious skin disease caused by an itch mite burrowing under the skin
deltoid
covers shoulder joint, to lateral humerus; abducts arm; flexes & extends arm at shoulder
sartorius
crosses anterior thigh, from ilium to medial tibia; flexes thigh & leg (to sit crossed legged)
brachialis
deep to biceps brachii, inserts at anterior elbow joint; forceful flexor of forearm
endomysium
deepest layer of this connective tissue surrounds the individual fibers in the fascicles
osteoclasts
developed from WBC, responsible for resorption or breakdown of bone tissue; necessary for bone remolding & repairs
muscles of respiration
diaphragm & intercostal muscles
shingles
disease caused by the same organism that causes chickenpox in children; infection follows nerve pathways, producing small, vesicular skin lesions along the course of nerve
osteoporosis
disorder of bone formation, lack of ca++ salt deposits & decrease bone protein, increase breakdown bone tissue without increase in deposit of new bone by osteoblasts, bones become fragile & break easily, involves spine, pelvis & long bones- most postmenopausal female(decreased estrogen levels), Caucasian & Asian females
vertebral column
drum shaped anterior portion serves as the weight-bearing part; disks of cartilage between vertebral bodies absorb shock & provide flexibility, linked together by ligaments
scapula
either of two flat triangular bones one on each side of the shoulder= Shoulder blade
intercostal muscles
elevate ribs & enlarge thoracic cavity
orbicularis oris
encircles mouth; closes lips
erector spinae
extends vertebrae column to produce erect posture
external oblique
exterior abdominal wall muscles
muscles of abdomen & pelvis
external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis & levator ani
triglycerides
fatty acids are stored as this, formed into fat droplets, these droplets can be broken down into fatty acids when needed by muscle cells
keratin
fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
phalanges
fingers
true ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs, attach directly to sternum by costal cartilages
macule
flat (neither raised nor depressed) spot = freckle
suture
flat, immovable joints which unite the skull bones: sagittal, coronal & lamboid
buccinator
flattens cheeks
buccinator
fleshy part of cheek; flattens cheek; helps in eating, whistling & blowing wind instruments
hair structure
follicle, shaft, root & errector pili muscle
dorsiflexion
foot is bent upward at the ankle, as walking on heels
Coccyx or tail bone (coccygeal vertebrae)
formed by 4 fused vertebrae, is a small triangle-shaped bone that attaches to the bottom of the sacrum
pubis
forms the anterior part of the os coxae
ilium
forms the upper, flared portion of pelvic bone
diarthrosis
freely movable (synovial- gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle& ball & socket joints)
tinea capitus
fungal scalp infection
muscles of lower extremities
gluteus maximus, sartorious, quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, hamstring group & gastronemius
muscular dystrophy
group of disorders in which there is deterioration of muscles that still have intact nerve function; causes weakness & paralysis
palms of hands, soles of feet, lips, nipples & parts of external genitalia
hairless regions
the structure of a long bone
has a long, narrow shaft, the diaphysis & 2 irregular ends, the epiphyses, the medullary cavity has yellow bone marrow
calcaneus
heel bone
ischial tuberosity
helps support trunk weight when a person sits down
impetigo
highly contagious skin infection caused by streptococci or staphylococci organisms; marked by pustules that rupture and become crusted--most often occurs around the mouth and nostrils; honey-crusted lesions
urticaria
hives (wheals), is an allergic reaction characterized by temporary appearance of elevated red patches
convulsion or seizure
if spasms occur in a series
synarthrosis
immovable joint (fibrous- sutures)
contractility
important property of muscle tissue; a muscle fiber's capacity to undergo shortening, become thicker
radius
in anatomic position, this bone lies laterally, above the thumb (fat bone w/ fat finger)
ulna
in anatomic position, this bone lies on the medial side of the forearm in line with the little finger (little bone W/ little finger)
metatarsals
in step; ball of foot
mammary glands
in the breasts
ceruminous (or cerumen) glands
in the ear canal that produce ear wax
internal oblique
in the middle
fascicles
individual muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called
compact bone
is hard & dense; makes up the main shaft of a long bone & outer layer of other bones; located in rings of bone tissue called haversian canal (contains nerves & blood vessels)
the skeletal system
is made up of 206 bones, joints and supporting connective tissue; divided into 2 parts= axial & appendicular
pallor
is paleness of the skin, often caused by reduced blood flow or reduction in hemoglobin, as occurs in cases of anemia
iliac crest
is the curved rim along the ilium's superior border, it can be felt just below the waist
ischium
is the lowest & strongest part of pelvis
hemoglobin
is the pigment that carries oxygen in red blood cells, gives blood its color & is visible through vessels in the dermis
sprain
is the wrenching of a joint with rupture or tearing of ligament; more severe than strains
sacrum (sacral vertebrae)
it is formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae (S1-S5), a triangler bone below the last lumbar vertebra; completes the bony part of bony pelvis
spongy bone (cancellous)
it is made of a meshwork of small, bony plates filled with red marrow; it is found at the epiphyseal ends of long bones & center of other bones
pubic symphysis
joint becomes more flexible late in pregnancy to allow for passage of baby's head during childbirth
arthroplasty
joint replacement
patella
kneecap
maintaining posture, walking, or swinging tennis racquet
large motor units are used for what
brachioradialis
lateral forearm from distal end of humerus to distal end of radius; flexes forearm at elbow
vastus lateralis
lateral to rectus femoris, extends leg
2nd class lever
lever has the resistance located between the fulcrum & the effort; a wheelbarrow or a mattress lifted at 1 end
levator palpebrae superioris
lifter of the eyelid; opens eye (is the anatagonist for the orbicularis oculi)
foramen magnum
located at the base of occipital bone, is a large opening through which the spinal cord communicates with the brain
trapezius
located at the posterior neck, where it helps to hold the head up
thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)
located in the chest, they are larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae and have longer spinous process that points downward; second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pair of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine; posterior ends of 12 pairs are attached to thoracic vertebrae
frontal sinuses
located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows; an infection here can cause severe pain in this area,communicate with the nasal cavities,
lumbar vertebrae (L1- L5)
located in the small of the back
apocrine sweat glands
located mainly in the arm pits & groin area, these glands become active at puberty & release their secretions through hair follicles in response to emotional stress & sexual stimulation; body odor develops from the action of bacteria in breaking down these materials
matrix
material located between the cells
osteocytes
mature bone cells, consists of collagen, maintain & repair the existing bone matrix
anaerobic
metabolic process that does not require oxygen
latissimus dorsi
middle & lower back, to humerus; extends & adducts arm behind back
meibomian glands
modified sebaceous glands, are associated with the eye lashes & produce a secretion that lubricates the eyes
abduction
movement away from the midline of body, as in moving the arm straight out to the side
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body, as in bringing the arm back to its original position beside the body
fibromyalgia syndrome
muscle aches, tenderness, and stiffness along with fatigue and sleep disorders, difficult to diagnose and no cure
fascicles, endomysium, perimysium,& epimysium= all of these form the tendon
muscle structure
movement of skeleton
muscles attached to bones & contract to change postion of bones & joints
generation of heat
muscles generate most of the heat needed to keep the body at 37 degrees celsius; heat is a natural by product of muscle cell metabolism; example- when we shiver (rapid small contraction) this causes the muscles to boost their heat output
oxygen debt
muscles operating anaerobically are in a state of
myalgia
muscular pain
1) bone 2) joint 3) applied by muscle
musculoskeletal system as a lever system 1) lever= 2) fulcrum= 3) force=
cross-bridges
myosin head connects thick filaments and thin filaments during a contraction
motor impulses
nerve impulses coming from the brain & spinal cord stimulate skeletal muscle fibers (traveling away from the CNS)
rectus abdominis
of anterior abdominal wall
3rd class lever
of the 3 classes of levers, which 1 represents the action of most muscles?
mastoid process
of the temporal bone projects downward immediately behind the outer ear. It is a place for muscle attachments & contains air cells that make up the mastoid sinus
sebum
oily secretion, lubricates the skin & hair & prevents drying
saddle joint
one bone fits into a saddle-like depression on another bone, allows movement in 3 directions: flexion & extension, abduction & adduction, & rotation (examples are wrist & thumb)
pivot joint
one bone rotates in a ring of another, allows rotation only, joint between atlas and axis of cervical spine or proximal joint between the radius & ulna that allows rotation of forearm
greenstick fracture
one side of the bone is broken & the other is bent
transverse foramina
only the cervical vertebrae have this hole on each side to accomodate blood vessels & nerves that supply the neck & head
muscles of the head
orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, levator palpebra superioris, buccinator, temporalis & masseter
condyloid joint
oval-shaped projection of 1 bone fits into a oval-shaped depression on another bone, allows movement in 2 directions: flexion & extension / abduction & adduction (examples are joints between metacarpal bones & proximal phalanges of fingers)
gout
overproduction of uric acid (normally excreted in the urine) deposited as masses around the joints, the joints become inflamed & extremely painful; commonly affects big toe but can involve any joint, commonly seen in men past midlife
shinsplints
pain & soreness along the tibia "shin bone"
parietal bones
paired bones forming most of the top & sides of cranium
temporal bones
paired bones forming part of side & base of skull; each bone has a bony prominence behind the ears that is called a mastoid process; each mastoid process contains mastoid sinus
palatine bones
paired bones forming posterior hard palate
zygomatic bones
paired bones forming the "cheek bones"
nasal bones
paired bones forming the bridge of the nose
maxillae
paired bones fuse midline forming the upper jaw & anterior hard palate (roof of mouth), each bone contains a maxillary sinus, that communicates with the nasal cavity
inferior nasal conchae
paired bones located along lateral walls of nasal cavities
lacrimal bones
paired bones, each about the size of a fingernail, form anterior medial wall of eye orbit
metacarpals
palm of hand & knuckles
rectus femoris
part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee
vastus intermedius (deep)
part of quadriceps group,extends leg
levator ani
pelvic floor; aids defecation
sebaceous (oil) glands
saclike glands, ducts open into hair follicles and secrete sebum to keep hair and skin lubricated and provide protection against both bacteria and drying
triceps brachii
posterior arm, to ulna; extends forearm to straighten upper extremity
trapezius
posterior neck & upper back to clavicle & scapula; raises shoulder & pulls it back; superior portion extends & turns head
hamstring group
posterior thigh
functions of the integumentary system
protection against infection, protection against dehydration (drying), regulation of body temperature & collection of sensory information
autoimmune disorder
reaction to one's own tissue
blood cells
red bone marrow manufactures:
erythema
redness of the skin
osteopenia
reduction in bone density to below average levels
exfoliation
shedding of dead skin cells
frontal bone
single bone forming forehead, roof of eye socket, contains frontal sinuses
mandible
single bone forming the lower jaw, is the skull's only movable bone
occipital bone
single bone forming the posterior skull & base, contains foramen magnum for passage of spinal cord
sphenoid bone
single bone forming the skull base anterior to the temporal bones, contains sphenoid sinus, contains saddlelike depression called sella turcica which holds & protects the pituitary gland (superior view, resembles a bat with its wings extended)
vomer
single bone, shaped like the blade of a plow, forms the inferior part of nasal septum
acne vulgaris
skin condition that occurs most frequently during the teenage years at varying levels of severity. It is caused by obstruction of a hair follicle due to overgrowth of sebum and keratin debris, an overproduction of oil due to enlarged oil glands, and bacteria known as pimples- usually found on face, chest, and back
pressure ulcers
skin lesions that appear where the body rests on skin that covers bony projections
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable (cartilaginous- joints between vertebrae)
movements of eyes- tying shoe laces, holding a pencil
small motor units are used in fine motor coordination, give an example
papule
small, elevated lump in the skin, as in some stages of chicken pox or 2nd stage of syphilis; pimple
acetabulum
socket for the femur, the deep socket that holds the head of the femur (thigh bone) to form the hip joint
synaptic cleft
space between nerve cells where chemical transmitters act to move impulses from one neuron to the next.
1st class lever
the fulcrum is located between the resistance & effort; a seesaw or scissors
muscles of the neck
sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
myoglobin
stores additional oxygen, is similar to hemoglobin in blood, but is located specifically in muscle cells
creatine phosphate
stores energy; similar to ATP in that it has a high energy bond that releases energy when it is broken; this energy is used to make ATP for muscle contraction when muscle cell has used up its ATP
extension
straightening motion that increase the angle between bones, as in straightening the fingers to open the hand
cramps
strong, painful muscle contractions, especially of the leg & foot
gluteus maximus
superficial buttock, to femur; extends thigh
pectoralis major
superior, anterior chest, to humerus; flexes & adducts arm
sagittal suture
suture joins the 2 parietal bones along the superior midline of cranium, along the sagittal plane
coronal suture (C for crown)
suture joins the frontal bone with the 2 parietal bones along the coronal plane
lambdoid suture (L for lay back)
suture joins the occipital bone with the parietal bones in posterior cranium
squamous suture (S for side)
suture joins the temporal bone to the parietal bone on the cranium's lateral surface
apocrine sweat glands
sweat glands located in the axillae & groin
malleus (hammer)
the 1st bone in the middle ear, shaped like a hammer, the handle-like part of it is attached to the tympanic membrane, the headlike part is connected to the 2nd bone-the incus
atlas (C1)
the 1st cervical vertebra, supports the head, nods the head, the skull rocks on this at the occipital bone
clavicle & scapula
the 2 bones of the shoulder girdle
ulna & radius
the 2 forearm bones
osteosarcomas & chondrosarcomas
the 2 tumors of bone
concentric & eccentric contractions
the 2 types of isotonic contractions
incus (anvil)
the 2nd bone in middle ear, is shaped like an anvil (an iron block used in shaping metal)
axis (C2) or dens
the 2nd cervical vertebra, projects into the atlas as a pivot point ; absence of vertebrae body allows for extra movement of head; only cervical vertebrae have a hole in transverse process on each side
epidermis, dermis & subcutaneous layer
the 3 layers of the skin
fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial joints
the 3 main joint types
ilium, ischium & pubis
the 3 pelvic bones
movement, maintenance of posture & generation of heat
the 3 primary functions of muscular system
kyphosis, lordosis & scoliosis
the 3 spinal curvatures
smooth, cardiac & skeletal
the 3 types of muscles
excoriation, laceration, ulcer & fissure
the 4 deeper lesions of skin
macule, papule, vesicle & pustule
the 4 surface lesions
humerus
the arm bone, bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow
insertion
the body part that the muscle puts into action
cartilaginous joint
the bones in this joint are connected by cartilage- example the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae
fibrous joint
the bones in this type of joint are held together by fibrous connective tissue- example is a suture between bones on skull= immovable
synovial joint
the bones in this type of joint have a potential space between them called a joint cavity, which contains a small amount of synovial fluid, most of the body joint are this type
12 pairs of ribs
the bones of the thorax form a cone shaped cage, these form the bars of this cage; these bones enclose & protect the heart, lungs & other organs in thorax
medullary cavity
the central portion -marrow cavity; the open area within the center of diaphysis of long bone
ossification
the conversion of cartilage to bone
stratum basale, or stratum germinativum
the deepest layer of epidermis, closest to the dermis, constantly dividing & producing new epithelial cells, which are pushed upward toward skin surface
herniated disk
the disks between the vertebrae of the spine consist of an outer ring of fibrocartilage & a central mass known as the nucleus pulposus; this central mass protrudes through a weakened outer cartilaginous ring into the spinal canal & puts pressure on spinal cord or nerves producing back spasms or pain along sciatic nerve that travels through the leg
3rd class lever
the effort is between the resistance & fulcrum. a forceps or tweezers
transversus abdominis
the innermost abdominal muscles
stapes (stirrups)
the innermost bone in middle ear is shaped like the stirrup of a saddle, the base of this is in contact with inner ear
achilles tendon
the largest tendon in the body, attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone
fibula
the lateral leg bone to tibia, does not reach knee joint (little bone- little toe side)
origin
the less movable attachment
sternum
the middle of the chest (connects the ribs), breastbone
skin cancer
the most common form of cancer in the United States
diaphragm
the most important muscle involved in act of breathing; forms the partition between the thoracic cavity above & the abdominal cavity below.
motor end plate
the muscle cell's receiving membrane
eccentric contractions
the muscle lengthens as it exerts force; slowly lowering book
antagonist
the muscle that produces a movement opposite to that of the agonist "against" , a muscle that relaxes while another contracts
orbicularis muscles
the muscles of facial expression include ring-shaped "orbit" around the eyes & lips
orbicularis oculi
the muscles surrounding the eye; closes eye
arrector pili
the name of the muscle that raises the hair (goose bumps) is called
diaphysis
the narrow shaft of a long bone
shaft
the part of hair that projects above the skin
neuromuscular junction
the point at which a nerve fiber contacts a muscle cell is called:
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
the point at which a nerve fiber contracts a muscle cell
root
the portion below the skin
carotenemia
the presence of carotene, usually in excess amounts, in the blood; yellowish red skin discoloration caused by excessive intake of carrots & other orange vegetables
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone is called the:
cyanosis
the skin may take on a bluish discoloration when there is not enough oxygen in circulating blood
intercostal spaces
the spaces between the ribs
osseous tissues
the specialized tissue forming the bones.
action potential
the spreading wave of electric current; it calls the muscle cell into action
glycogen
the storage form of glucose, a polysaccharide made of multiple glucose molecules that can be broken into glucose when needed by muscle cells
osteon (or haversian system)
the structural unit of compact bone is the:
root, cuticle.lunula, nail plate & free edge
the structure of the nail in order, starting with proximal end
plantar flexion
the toes point downward, as on toes like a ballerina
isotonic contractions
the tone or tension within the muscle remains the same, but the muscle length changes & the muscle bulges as it accomplishes work
deep fascia
the tough, fibrous sheath that encloses & defines a muscle
arm or upper limb
the upper extremity
comminuted fracture
there is more than 1 fracture line & the bone is splintered or crushed
myosin
thick & dark filaments of protein found in skeletal muscles; these give skeletal muscle its striated appearance
synovial fluid
thick, colorless fluid, resembles uncooked egg white and is secreted by the membrane that lines the joint cavity.
femur
thigh bone
actin
thin & light filaments of protein found in skeletal muscles
sliding filament mechanism
thin filaments slide over thick filaments simultaneously on each side of sarcomeres; shortens sarcomeres and muscle fibers, produces force that contracts the muscle
yellow marrow
this found chiefly in the central cavities of long bones; composed of mostly fat
melanin
this is the skin's main pigment, helps to protect against sunlight's damaging UV radiation
sternal angle
this is the slight elevation where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum; it can be easily felt as a surface landmark
xiphoid process
this is used as a landmark for CPR to locate the region for chest compression, the inferior portion of the sternum
red marrow
this marrow is found at the ends of long bones & at the center of others, manufactures blood cells
the rule of nines
this method is used to estimate percentages of body surface area (BSA) in treatment of burns
atrophy
to waste away from lack of use; wasting or decrease in the size of a muscle when it cannot be used
phalanges
toes
integumentary system
together with blood vessels, nerves, sensory organs, the skin & associated structures form this
hyoid bone
tongue is attached to this bone; U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles
muscles of upper extremities
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, bracioradialis & triceps brachii
sensory impulses
traveling toward the CNS
pronation
turn palms down
supination
turns palms up or forward, as if holding a "bowl of soup"
inversion
turns sole inward, so that it faces the opposite foot
eversion
turns the sole outward, away from body
gliding joint
two relatively flat bone surfaces slide over each other with little change in joint angle; found in tarsals and carpals
subcutaneous layer (hypodermis or superficial fascia)
underneath and supporting the dermis, this connects the skin to the underlying muscles, consists of loose connective tissue & large amounts of adipose (fat) tissue, helps to regulate body temperature.
stratum corneum
uppermost layer of epidermis or horny layer of the epidermis formed by the migrated, flattened cells of the basal layer.This layer consists of dead keratinized cells that are interwoven and closely packed. These cells are constantly being shed and are completely replaced with new cells from below; found on face, soles of the feet, & palms of the hands
cardiac muscles
wall of heart, branching networks; special membranes (intercalated disks) between cells; single nucleus; LIGHTLY STRIATED, involuntary control= pumps blood out of heart; self-excitatory but influenced by nervous system & hormones
smooth muscles
wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory, passageways; tapered at each end, branching networks, nonstriated; involuntary control= produces peristalsis; contracts & relaxes slowly; may sustain contraction
abdominal muscles are attached to other muscles & facial muscles are attached to the skin
what are the 2 exceptions in muscles being connected to bones?
isotonic & isometric
what are the 2 main types of muscle contraction?
excitability & contractility
what are the 2 properties of muscle cells that are needed for response to a stimulus?
superficial, superficial partial thickness, deep partial thickness & full thickness
what are the 4 different ways that depths of tissue destruction are categorized?
protection against infection, protection against dehydration, temperature regulation, and sensation.
what are the 4 most important functions of the skin?
epiphyseal plates
what are the centers for secondary growth of long bone called?
ATP
what compound is formed in oxidation of nutrients that supplies the energy for contraction?
skeletal muscles
what constitutes the largest amount of body's muscle tissue making up 40 % of total body weight?
actin & myosin
what filaments interact to produce muscle contraction?
the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
what is the name of the special synapse where a nerve cell makes contact with a muscle cell?
calcium
what mineral is needed for interaction of the contractile filaments?
acetylcholine (ACh)
what neurotransmitter is involved in the stimulation of skeletal muscle cells?
Rickets
when osteomalacia occurs in children; is usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D
ribs & skull (cranium)
where are flat bones found?
arms & legs
where are long bones found?
carpals of wrist, tarsals of ankle
where are short bones found?
skin, hair, middle coat of eyeball, iris of eye & in certain tumors
where is melanin found in the body?
closed comedones
whiteheads
carpals
wrist
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes, caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood (hepatitis, immaturity of liver in newborn)