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How much of the human genome contains 'protein-coding' DNA?

2%

The sugar end of the DNA strand is referred to as the _____ end and the phosphate end is referred to as the _____ end.

3' ; 5'

A nucleic acid monomer is called

A nucleotide

Nucleotide

A single monomer subunit of a nucleic acid.

A phosphodiester bond links

A sugar and a phosphate group

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Why can we manufacture insulin for humans with bacteria?

Because genetic code is universal

Why do we call DNA an antiparallel molecule?

Because the 3' and 5' ends of each strand run in opposite directions.

What form of regulation can both increase and decrease the rate of transcription?

Chromatin modification

In which method of DNA Replication would all parent DNA be conserved in the original molecule?

Conservative

Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine

Which is the enzyme that attaches daughter nucleotides to the parent strand during DNA replication?

DNA Polymerase

What is the cellular process in which a new copy of DNA is created?

DNA Replication

Which enzyme is in charge of unwinding the DNA double helix?

DNA helicase

Which enzyme is responsible for binding Okazaki fragments together?

DNA ligase

Which enzyme is responsible for laying down the daughter nucleotides during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

Why can't DNA polymerase work continuously on both parent strands?

DNA polymerase only works in the 3' to 5' direction.

A scientist identifies two different structures that both specify the same amino acid. How would the scientist describe these structures?

Degenerate

What forms the backbone of a DNA molecule?

Deoxyribose and a phosphate group

Which of the following is a potential mechanism to control translation by alternative splicing?

Different exon combinations allow for translation of different proteins from the same gene.

In which method of DNA Replication would new DNA consist of alternating parent and daughter DNA?

Dispersive

Which part(s) of a gene produces a protein product?

Exons

All eukaryotic promoters contain a TATA box.

False

RNA is stable.

False

There is one replication forks in one replication bubble.

False

Which single nucleotide makes up the 5' cap?

Guanine

DNA consists of four different nitrogenous bases, which are:

Guanine, adenine, thymine and cytosine

Which of the following are reasons why RNA is generally less stable than DNA? I. Fewer hydrogen bonds II. Prevalence of proteins that can degrade RNA III. Fewer -OH groups in the sugar of RNA

I and II

Which of the following are ways in which RNA is different than DNA: I. Single-stranded II. Ribose III. Uracil

I, II and III

Where are hydrogen bonds located within the DNA?

In the center of the molecule linking the nitrogen bases of both strands

What is NOT a segment of DNA?

Inducer

what describes an increase in gene expression?

Induction

In which phase of transcription does the RNA polymerase attach to the promoter sequence of DNA?

Initiation

Why is it necessary that the DNA helicase unwinds the DNA?

It exposes the nitrogenous bases of the nucleic acid chain so that new nucleotides can be added to create the daughter strand.

What is the effect of DNA Methylation on gene expression?

It inhibits gene expression.

Which of the following scientists are credited with discovering the structure of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick

What makes the lac repressor fall off the lac operator?

Lactose, the inducer

Who performed the experiment that proved semi-conservative DNA replication was correct?

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

While studying for an upcoming test, your friend Jane tells you that prokaryotic cells process their RNA in the nucleus. Is this a correct statement? Why or why not?

No, because prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and their RNA is arranged in operons.

What are the small components (monomers) that make up the large DNA polymer?

Nucleotides

Phosphodiester bond

Nucleotides in a polynucleotide molecule are held together by a bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of a second nucleotide.

What describes a group of related genes in a prokaryote's DNA?

Operon

Before an mRNA molecule is finished with RNA processing, what is it called?

Precursor mRNA

Operons are only found in what kind of cell?

Prokaryotic

Which is the enzyme that builds the RNA primer?

RNA Primase

What is the enzyme that adds RNA nucleotides to build off of the antisense strand?

RNA polymerase

Which part of the lac operon codes for the lactose digesting enzymes?

Structural genes

The Central Dogma is a framework used to represent which of the following?

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein

Which is the strand that replicates just as quickly as the replication fork opens up?

The leading strand

Nucleic acids

The molecules cells use to store, transfer and express genetic or hereditary information.

What happens to the RNA primer once DNA replication is begun by DNA polymerase?

The primer is removed.

Why do DNA strands need to be antiparallel?

The strands need to run in opposite directions for hydrogen bonding to work.

Which word part is used to designate that a molecule is an enzyme?

The suffix '-ase'

What are the functions of spliceosomes in RNA splicing?

They remove intervening introns between exons and join the resulting ends of the exons.

Which nitrogenous bases is NOT found in RNA?

Thymine

What best explains the role of DNA polymerase?

To assemble daughter nucleotides on the parent strand.

What is the purpose of the RNA primer?

To initiate the process of DNA replication.

The repressor blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter, making _____ impossible.

Transcription

Hydrogen bonds can form between bases in a single RNA molecule.

True

What is the anticodon for the codon AAG?

UUC

Using the given information, determine the correct order of the following events during the replication of the lagging strand. a. The DNA double helix unwinds. b. The Okazaki fragments are joined. c. The RNA primase builds an RNA primer on the parent strand. d. Nucleotides are added and matched to the parent strand.

a, c, d, b

The ability of codons to match with the appropriate amino acids is called _____.

codon recognition

What is the term for a distinct section of DNA that codes for one protein?

gene

When the regulatory mechanism of DNA methylation is passed on to your offspring it is known as _____.

imprinting

Where in the cell does transcription occur?

in the nucleus

A polynucleotide

is a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides.

The lac operon codes for the enzyme that help digest the sugar _____.

lactose

The letters used in the codon chart are reflections of which type of code?

mRNA

Which of the following is the correct sequence in which a DNA sequence is used to produce a protein?

mRNA, tRNA, amino acids

How many amino acids are specified by each different codon?

only 1

The location where the process of DNA replication begins is called the _____.

origin of replication

Which of the following terms encompasses all the cellular activities involved in building protein molecules?

protein synthesis

When DNA helicase separates the two parental strands, it creates a Y-shape called a _____.

replication fork

Because hydrogen bonds are weak bonds, they create a perfect site for _____.

separating nucleic acid strands

Which type of RNA molecule contains an anticodon?

tRNA

Which is the strand that serves as the template for transcription?

the antisense strand

Which of the parent DNA strands is replicated discontinuously?

the lagging strand

Which of the following is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA?

transcription

What does the 't' stand for in tRNA?

transfer

Which of the following is the process of decoding RNA as instructions for building an amino acid chain?

translation

The Dispersive method of DNA Replication was disproved when the scientists observed...

two separate bands of DNA of different densities.

Because the same codons specify the same amino acids in nearly all organisms, we say that the genetic code is _____.

universal