SYO4400 EXs 1-3

With the transition to a greater prevalence of chronic diseases, physicians have increasingly had to take which approach to medical care?

"Whole person" care.

About _____________ Americans die each year from smoking-related diseases.

450,000

In 2006, the average infant in the U.S. could expect to live for ______ years.

78

What trend(s) reduced tensions between sociologists in medicine and sociologists of medicine?

A and B (A. Most government funding is awarded to research with practical application. B. Medical sociology itself is converging with general sociology.)

Which circumstance(s) particularly affected the development of medical sociology in its early stages?

A and C (A.Pressure to produce work that could be applied to medical practice and health policy. C. Lack of attention on the role of medicine and health from classical theorists.)

In epidemiology, a "case" refers to:

A single episode of a disorder, illness, or injury involving an individual.

People who are physically handicapped typically fall into which category of stigma?

Abominations of the body.

Parsons's concept of the sick role seems to typically apply only to _________ diseases.

Acute.

What is an example of a stressful situation?

All of the above (Death Divorce Marriage A and B)

In order for a social variable to qualify as a cause of sickness and mortality it must meet which criteria?

All of the above (Influence multiple diseases, Affect diseases through multiple pathways of risks, Be reproduced over time, Involve access to resources that can be used to avoid risks)

People living in poverty have the greatest exposure to risk factors producing ill health. Which of the following is a risk factor that is influenced by socioeconomic circumstances?

All of the above (Physical, Biological, Psychological, Lifestyle)

What is the reason many low-income persons do not have a source of medical care?

All of the above.

Suicide is a major health concern for which minority group?

American Indians/Alaskan Natives.

__________________ suicide occurs when people suffer a sudden dislocation of normative systems where their norms and values are no longer relevant, so that controls of society no longer restrain them from taking their lives.

Anomic

What is most prevalent health problem of persons over the age of 65?

Arthritis.

Germ theory provided a framework for understanding the causal agents of disease. What are the five agents recognized today?

Biological, nutritional, chemical, physical, and social.

_______________ activity by Latin American men is believed to be important in the infection of a large proportion of females.

Bisexual

The National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) is typically used by:

British

What is the likely the most powerful influence on lifestyle forms?

Class circumstances.

Antonovsky argues that ______________ is a personal orientation that allows an individual to view the world with feelings of confidence, faith in the predictability of events, and a notion that things will most likely work out reasonably well.

Coherence.

_______________ is where the deviants are temporarily exempted from normal obligations and gain some extra privileges, provided that they seek help in order to rid themselves of their deviance.

Conditional legitimacy.

According to the sociologist Max Weber, lifestyles are based upon a person's relationship to the means of:

Consumption.

In the case of the sick role, illness is seen as __________, and its undesirable nature reinforces the motivation to be healthy.

Deviance

The germ theory of disease is a perspective which asserts:

Diseases are caused by a biological agent.

The ___________ generated by the habitus produce lifestyle practices for individuals that are similar to those of other people in their social class and distinctive from people in other classes, according to Bourdieu.

Dispositions.

According to Functionalists, processes such as crime and mental illness which disrupt the social order are:

Dysfunctional.

According to the World Health Organization, significant improvements in health in the 19th century were brought about by what might be called ____________ methods.

Engineering.

Which theorist's work was not included as part of Parsons's concept of the sick role?

Erving Goffman.

Functionalist theory focuses on the influence of individuals on the larger society.

False

The upper class and the upper middle class have about the same longevity, which is greater than the lower class.

False

The _____________ study was important for showing that arteriosclerosis does not strike people at random as they age, but that highly susceptible individuals can be identified in advance.

Framingham

The primary focus of the epidemiologist is on:

Health problems of social aggregates.

Medical sociologists divide health-oriented behavior into two general categories: ________ behavior and _________ behavior.

Health; illness.

One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care, based upon rational thought and the rejection of supernatural phenomena, is found in the work of the Greek physician:

Hippocrates.

______________ are the largest minority group in American society.

Hispanics.

Decline in deaths from infectious diseases in the second half of the nineteenth century was mainly due to:

Improvements in diet, housing, and public sanitation.

A researcher is interested in reporting how many people in a community were diagnosed with HIV during the past month. He/she would measure the:

Incidence

In quantitative studies, what variables are used to measure socioeconomic status?

Income, occupational prestige, and education.

The symbolic interactionalist perspective on deviance:

Is based on the concept that what is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or social group may not be so regarded by other persons or social groups.

Medical sociology is an important area of study because:

It recognizes the role that social factors play in determining or influencing health.

Whose investigations into cholera outbreaks established the foundation of modern epidemiology?

John Snow.

Lebensführung means ____________, and Lebenschancen means ________________.

Life conduct; life chances.

The theory of the _______________ maintains that our self-concepts are the result of social interaction in which we see ourselves reflected in other people.

Looking Glass Self

_____________babies die more often than _________________ babies.

Male, female.

What federal program provides health insurance to those 65 years and older?

Medicare.

Which of the following plays a particularly important role in the transmission of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Migrant labor force

For all causes of death, _____________ have the highest death rates.

Non-Hispanic blacks.

Several studies in Britain, with its universal health care, have shown that the equalization of health care alone has _____________ the disparity in health between social classes.

Not Reduced

The physician exercises leverage over the patient through three basic techniques. Which is NOT one?

Objective authority.

Durkheim suggests that society has an existence __________ the individual.

Outside

There are two categories of bioterrorism:

Overt and covert.

What is homeostasis?

Physiological Adaptation

Changes in lifestyle patterns over the past decades has meant that coronary heart disease is now concentrated more among which group?

Poor/lower Class

What group uses preventative services the least?

Poor/lower Class

According to the World Health Organization, we are currently living in the _____________ era.

Postmedical.

The medicine of social spaces is concerned with:

Preventing disease.

_________ represents the convergence of biological factors with geographic origins, and cultural, economic, political, and legal factors.

Race.

A person may desire to retain the sick role more or less permanently because of what Parsons calls a _______________, which is the exemption from normal obligations and the gaining of other privileges commonly accorded to the sick.

Secondary gain.

Who developed the theory known as the <ITAL>general adaptation syndrome?

Selye

The Whitehall studies conducted in Britain demonstrated that regardless of cause of death, which group had the lowest rates of mortality?

Senior Adminstrators

What is defined by Turner as "the social investments of individuals in society in terms of their membership in formal and informal groups, networks, and institutions"?

Social capital

Since 2000, the number of AIDS cases has sharply increased in what region of the U.S.?

South

Historically, many urban clinics providing treatment for the poor were established primarily as:

Teaching facilities

The American Psychiatric Association releases a guide to identifying disease called:

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Which of the following is TRUE about incidence and prevalence?

The incidence for a given disease can be low at the same time that its prevalence is high.

The traditional identifying criteria for disease do NOT include:

The patient's significant other's identification of a "sick pattern."

Health lifestyles emphasizing exercise, a healthy diet, avoidance of unhealthy practices such as smoking, and so on originated in the:

Upper middle class.

Which is NOT one of the five classes proposed by Weber?

Upper-lower Class

Which is NOT a component of Cooley's theory?

We have a core sense of individuality, unique to each of us.

What has been the general pattern in life expectancy during the 20th century with respect to men and women?

d. Women gained more than men in the first half of the century but since then men have made greater gains and the gap is narrowing.