SYST Exam

An architecture description conforming to the standard is expected to include: - identification of the __________________(1) whose architecture is being expressed - ________________(2) as determined by the project or organization producing it (e.g. authors, reviewers, issuing organization; change history; context; date of issue and status; glossary; overview; references;) - identification of the ________________(3) of the system-of-interest whose concerns are considered fundamental to the architecture - identification of the ________________(4) considered fundamental to the architecture of the system-of-interest - an ___________(5) of each identified concern with the identified stakeholders having that concern

(1)system-of-interest (2)supplementary information (3) stakeholders (4) concerns (5) association

what are the 4 types of Models

*Functional Model* - a structured representation of the functions (activities, actions, processes, operations) within the modeled system or subject area *State Machines* a mathematical model of computation used to design both computer programs and sequential logic circuits. It is conceived as an abstract machine that can be in one of a finite number of states *activity Diagrams* graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency *Use Cases* • a use case is a list of steps, typically defining interactions between a role (an "actor") and a system, to achieve a goal

What are the 4 types of systems engineering life cycles?

*Waterfall* a sequential design process, often used in software development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Production/Implementation, and Maintenance *Spiral* • a type of iterative system development model which is generally implemented in high risk projects *V-Model* • a graphical representation of the systems development lifecycle. It summarizes the main steps to be taken in conjunction with the corresponding deliverables within computerized system validation framework *Agile* • is a group of development methods based on iterative and incremental development, where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between selforganizing, cross-functional teams

________________-requested when system software or hardware stops functioning as intended and an emergency solution must be found

- emergency change proposal

What are the advantages to the Agile Development

-*Customer satisfaction by rapid, continuous delivery of useful software* -*Customer satisfaction by rapid, continuous delivery of useful software* -people and interactions emphasized rather than process and tools -software delivered frequently -face-to-face conversation -regular adaption to changing circumstances

Disadvantages to Spiral life Cycle Model:

-*Meeting budgetary and scheduling requirements is tough if this development process is followed* -cost is usually high -complicated approach -Rules and protocols must be followed closely -using the same prototype in future is difficult -amount of documentation needed makes complex

What are the advantages to the V life cycle model?

-*Proactive defect tracking* - that is defects are found at an early stage -Simple and easy to use -Testing activities, like test design, happen well before coding. This saves a lot of time. Hence higher chance of success over the waterfall model -Avoids the downward flow of the defects

Agile Development Lifestyle Disadvantages

-*The project can easily get taken off track if the customer representative is not clear what final outcome that they want* -lack of emphasis on necessary designing and documentation -only senior programmers capable of making decisions in development process

When to use the Agile developments lifecycle

-*To implement a new feature the developers need to lose only the work of a few days, or even only hours, to roll back and implement it* -when new changes need to be implemented -needs limited planning, end users needs are dynamic

When to use Spiral method?

-*for medium high-risk projects* -When costs and risk evaluation is important -Users are unsure of their needs -Requirements are complex - New product line -Significant changes are expected (research and exploration)

(Validation Stages of the V model) In the acceptance test, the integrated product is put against the requirement documents to see if it fulfills all the requirements

-Acceptance Testing

The __________________ *iterative and incremental* method of managing the design and build activities for engineering, information technology, and new product or service development projects in a highly flexible and interactive manner -referred to as agile methodologies after the *Agile Manifesto* published in 2001

-Agile Development Lifecycle

(Validation Stages of the V model) _____________ In this phase the separate entities will be tested together to find out the flaws in the interfaces

-Integration Testing or Interface Testing

At the end of a sprint cycle two meetings are held: _________________ • Review the work that was completed and the planned work that was not completed • Present the completed work to the stakeholders (a.k.a. "the demo") • Incomplete work cannot be demonstrated • Four-hour time limit _________________ • All team members reflect on the past sprint • Make continuous process improvements • Two main questions are asked in the sprint retrospective: What went well during the sprint? What could be improved in the next sprint? • Three-hour time limit • This meeting is facilitated by the Scrum Master

-Sprint Review Meeting -Sprint Retrospective

(Validation Stages of the V model) After the previous stage of interface testing, in this phase it is checked if the system meets the requirements that have been specified for this integrated product

-System Testing

Waterfall Life Cycle Model *Advantages*

-The staged development cycle *enforces discipline*: every phase has a defined start and end point -emphasis on *requirements and design* minimal waste of time, reduces the risk of schedule slippage, or of customer expectations not being met -improvement in quality b/c doing reqs and design first means able to catch possible flaws

What are the two Vs of the V model? ___________ is to check whether the product conforms to specifications ____________is to check whether product meets the customer expectations and requirements

-Verification -Validation

What are the disadvantages of the V Life Cycle Model

-Very rigid and not flexible -Very rigid and not flexible -If any changes happen in midway, then the test documents along with requirement documents have to be updated

Waterfall life cycle model *Disadvantages*

-customers don't really know what they want up-front;emphasis on up-front requirements capture and design, is seen as somewhat unrealistic and unsuitable for the vagaries of the real world -estimating customer needs, time and cost is difficult

Advantages of Spiral Life Cycle Model -is one of the most _______________ models in place. Development phases can be determined by the project manager, according to the complexity of the project -project monitoring is easy and effective -__________________ is one of the in-built features of the model, which makes it extra attractive compared to other models -changes can be introduced later in life cycle -schedule and costs become more and more complicated as more loops are completed -highly customized product

-flexible SDLC -Risk management

There are two primary activities discussed under concept definition -___________ and the __________________

-mission analysis -definition of stakeholder needs and requirements:

When to use the V-model?

-should be used for small to medium sized projects where requirements are clearly defined and fixed -should be chosen when ample technical resources are available with needed technical expertise

When would you use the Waterfall life cycle model?

-when the requirements are very well known, clear and fixed -Product definition is stable -Technology is understood -There are no ambiguous requirements -Ample resources with required expertise are available freely -The project is short

What are the 4 pillars of SysML?

1. Structure - block definition and internal block diagrams 2. Behavior - state and activity diagrams 3. Requirements - requirements diagram 4. Parametrics - 9 parametric diagram

What are the generalized steps of the spiral model? 1. The new ___________________ are defined in as much detail as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system 2. A ___________________ is created for the new system 3. A _______________ of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an _____________ of the characteristics of the final product 4. A ____________________ is evolved by a fourfold procedure: a. evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, and risks b. defining the requirements of the second prototype c. planning and designing the second prototype d. constructing and testing the second prototype 5. At the customer's option, the entire project can be aborted if the ________ is deemed too great. _______factors might involve development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customer's judgment, result in a less-thansatisfactory final product 6. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the _______________ represents the final product desired 7. The final system is __________, based on the refined prototype 8. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and __________. Routine maintenance is carried out on a continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to minimize downtime

1. system requirements 2. preliminary design 3.first prototype 3.5. approximation 4.second prototype 5.risk 6. Refined Prototype 7. constructed 8. tested

What are the four quadrants of the Spiral Life cycle? 1. ___________________________ We try to understand the product objectives, alternatives in design and constraints imposed because of cost, technology, schedule, etc. 2. ____________________________ Here we try to find which other approaches can be implemented in order to fulfil the identified constraints. Operational and technical issues are addressed here. Risk mitigation is in focus in this phase. And evaluation of all these factors determines future action 3. ___________________ In this phase we develop the planned product and test. In order to do development, waterfall or incremental approach can be implemented 4. _________________. Here we review the progress and judge it considering all parameters. Issues which need to be resolved are identified in this phase and necessary steps are taken

1.*Determine the objectives, alternatives and constraints*. 2.*Risk analysis and evaluation of alternatives*. 3.*Execution of that phase of development and test*. 4. *Planning the next iteration*

How old is Dr. Brouse's mother?

89, has a bright red mustang and lives in WV

_______________ - an acquirer specifies the needs and requirements, selects a supplier for development and provisioning, and then receives the needed products and services - the acquirer, after acceptance, usually owns, operates, and maintains the product and the support systems supplied by the developer

Acquired products

_______________represents behavior in terms of the order in which actions execute based on the availability of their inputs, outputs, and control, and how the actions transform the inputs to outputs

Activity diagram

________-Pre-determined Based On: - Program commitments - Maturity of change definition - Coordination with affected program elements

Agenda

_______________-Welcomes changing requirements, even late in development & Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication (co-location)

Agile Manifesto

_________________ is a *standard notation* for representing architectures that helps *promote mutual communication*, the embodiment of early design decisions, and the creation of a transferable abstraction of a system

Architecture Description Language

a ____________________ establishes a *common practice for using, creating, interpreting, and analyzing architecture descriptions* within a particular domain of application or stakeholder community

Architecture Framework

____________________ involves -- identified *stakeholder concerns* that are framed by the viewpoint (to be addressed by views of that type) -- an identified set of *stakeholders* holding these concerns -- the *model kinds used* (means of representing the relationships/information e.g. UML Use Cases)

Architecture Viewpoint

_______________ provides a useful description of the architecture considering the stakeholder concerns, architecture viewpoints, architecture views, architecture models, architecture descriptions, and architecting throughout the life cycle.

Architecture description

____________________-is a process which verifies that: • All required CIs have been produced • Current version agrees with specified requirements • Technical documentation completely and accurately describes CIs • All change requests have been resolved • *The CM system (as defined) is in place and functioning*

Auditing

What is the name of Dr.Brouse's mother?

Billie

_____________represents structural elements called blocks, and their composition and classification

Block Definition diagram

_________ provide: Specific evaluation of need for change Cost and schedule impacts

Board members

_______________is "having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer"

Business Logistics

What are the names of Cody's 2 dogs

Casper and Kango

_________________ Approval results in formal contract direction • *Implement Immediately; No cost impact*; issue System Change Notification (SCN) • *Implement Immediately; Cost impact*; submit formal Engineering Change Proposal (ECP); Issue SCNs • *Implement in Next Release*: Submit Formal ECP; Issue SCNs

Change Control Board (CCB)

____________________ is the set of systems engineering (SE) activities in which the *problem space and the needs of stakeholders are closely examined*. This begins before any formal definition of the system is developed

Concept Definition

_______________Both ________________________ before consideration is given to ____ the problem will be addressed (i.e., what type of solution will be implemented) and _____ the solution will be defined and developed

Concept Definition why and what need to be answered how how

________________Stakeholder needs and requirements explore and define the operational aspects of a potential solution for the stakeholders from their point of view, independent of any specific solution. They describe _______________________

Concept Definition what a solution should accomplish

_______________- Provides *formal system-level control* of the hardware, software, procedures, facilities, and documentation which comprise the configuration of the system

Configuration Control Board

___________________ Systems engineering performs system decomposition • Establishes proposed baseline • *Uniquely identifies configuration items (CI(s))*

Configuration Identification

_________________ is the discipline of: *Identifying* the Configuration of the System at Discrete Points in Time (Baseline) • Systematically *Controlling* Changes to the Configuration • *Maintaining* Integrity and Traceability Throughout the System Life Cycle • *Recording and Reporting* Change Processing and Implementation Status

Configuration Management

________________-Systematic evaluation of proposed changes

Configuration control

(What to expect from a good CM system) _______________: Established baseline of all changes

Control

___________-Receive and place CSCI and technical data in the libraries, thereby providing *physical control*. Process CSCI and technical data requests. Deliver *software releases* from controlled CSCIs. Provide change request data technical data, including associated changes to authorize baselines thus ensuring data integrity

Control

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) The output of this stage (____________) is one or more design specifications, which are used in the next stage of implementation

Design

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) ____________ involves defining the hardware and software architecture, specifying performance and security parameters, designing to constraints, choosing the programming language, and indicating strategies to deal with issues such as exception handling, resource management and interface connectivity

Design

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) _____________:This step consists of "defining the hardware and software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data...to satisfy specified requirements"

Design

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) ________________ is also the stage at which user interface design is addressed, including issues relating to navigation and accessibility

Design

(V life cycle model Verification stages) during the ______________ the architectural design is again broken up into *sub units* so that they can be studied and explained separately. The units are called modules. The modules can separately be decoded by the systems engineer

Detailed Design

__________________a complex web of relationships between the product supplier and various distributors, for example, *package delivery companies*, warehouses, service depots, wholesale outlets, retail sales establishments, operator training and certification organizations, etc. on distribution channels

Distribution Channels

_______________________-To provide an independent evaluation of system products, verifying that its configuration items' actual functionality and performance is consistent with the requirement specifications.

Functional Configuration Audit (FCA)

(V life cycle model Verification stages) during ______________ the *possible design of the product* is formulated. It is formulated after keeping in mind the requirement notes. While following the documents, if there is something that doesn't fit right in the design, then the user is made aware of it and changes are accordingly planned. Diagrams and data dictionary is also produced here

Functional Specification

(V life cycle model Verification stages) During the ________________ *architecture design* should realize the modules and the functionality of the modules which have to be incorporated

High Level Design

-____________________ *for an Architectural Framework for the Internet of Things (IoT)* is concerned with a architecture framework description motivated by concerns commonly shared by IoT system stakeholders across multiple domains (transportation, healthcare, smart grid, etc.)

IEEE Approved Draft Standard

_______________-Assign a *unique designator to CSCIs* and technical data that includes identification of the associated baselines. Verify project identification for CSCIs. Assign *tracking number to change requests* and technical data. *Establish libraries* for software, document, and drawings

Identification

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) _________________ consists of actually constructing the product as per the design specification(s) developed in the previous step Typically, this step is performed by a development team consisting of programmers, interface designers and other specialists, using tools such as compilers, debuggers, interpreters and media editors - The output of this step is one or more product components, built according to a pre-defined coding standard and debugged, tested and integrated to satisfy the system architecture requirements - For projects involving a large team, version control is recommended to track changes to the code tree and revert to previous snapshots in case of problems

Implementation

__________ is the receiving, storing, and disseminating incoming goods or material for use

Inbound logistics

____________-A mechanism whereby one class of objects can be defined as a special case of a more general class

Inheritance

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) ______________ step occurs once the product has been tested and certified as fit for use, and involves preparing the system or product for installation and use at the customer site - Delivery may take place via the Internet or physical media, and the deliverable is typically tagged with a formal revision number to facilitate updates at a later date

Installation

______________ is a discipline used in military industries

Integrated Logistics Support

One of the key _____________ tenets is multidisciplinary teamwork through Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) who enable making the right decisions at the right time

Integrated Product and Process Development

The purpose of _______________ is to make team decisions based on timely input from the entire team

Integrated Product and Process Development

_____________________is a management technique that simultaneously integrates all essential acquisition activities through the use of multidisciplinary teams to optimize the design, manufacturing and supportability processes

Integrated Product and Process Development

___________represents interconnection and interfaces between the parts of a block

Internal Block diagram

""Leaders win through __________"

Logistics

______________ is the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet some requirements, of customers or corporations

Logistics

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) __________________ step occurs after installation, and involves making modifications to the system or an individual component to alter attributes or improve performance - These modifications arise either due to change requests initiated by the customer, or defects uncovered during live use of the system - Typically, every change made to the product during the maintenance cycle is recorded and a new product release (called a "maintenance release" and exhibiting an updated revision number) is performed to enable the customer to gain the benefit of the update

Maintenance

___________ is a measure developed by the DoD and is used by some US government agencies and many of the world's major companies (and agencies) to *assess the maturity of manufacturing readiness*

Manufacturing Readiness Level (MRL)

____________The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has described it as *best practice for improving acquisition outcomes*

Manufacturing Readiness Level (MRL)

_______________are used to provide decision makers at all levels with a common understanding of the *relative maturity and attendant risks associated* with manufacturing technologies, products, and processes being considered

Manufacturing Readiness Levels

_____________are *quantitative measures* used to assess the maturity of a given technology, component or system from a manufacturing perspective

Manufacturing Readiness Levels

the intent of ____________ was to create a measurement scale that would provide a common metric and vocabulary for assessing and discussing manufacturing maturity, risk and readiness

Manufacturing Readiness Levels

___________ includes market research, market analysis, product acceptance and market growth (diffusion), and rate of adoption

Market development

___________is the way objects interact to perform functionally required by system

Message passing

_______________is the formalized application of *modeling to support systems requirements, design, analysis, verification and validation activities* beginning in the conceptual design phase and continuing throughout development and later life cycle phases

Model-based systems engineering

(advantages of o-o modeling) For some systems there may be an obvious mapping from real world entities to system ____________.

Objects/instances

(advantages of o-o modeling) ____________ may be understood as *stand-alone entities* which leads to easier maintenance

Objects/instances

(advantages of o-o modeling) ________________are *potentially reusable components*

Objects/instances

(What to expect from a good CM system) ___________________: a Systematic approach to solutions

Organized Management:

______________ is the management of transport and storage for finished goods dispatched by a business

Outbound logistics

_____________represents the organization of a model in terms of packages that contain model elements

Package diagram

___________represents constraints on property values used to support engineering analysis

Parametric diagram

_________________-To provide an independent evaluation of a system product configuration item to confirm that components in the built version map to their specifications.

Physical Configuration Audit

In contrast to Product and service life management, _____________ and ______________*ensure that system operation can continue as expected*. Planning for system deployment and use should begin early in the SE process to ensure successful transition into operational use

Product and Service Life Management

____________________• Deals with SE activities required for *system evolution and end of system life* including service life extension (SLE), capability updates, upgrades, and modernization during system operation, and system disposal and retirement

Product and Service Life Management

________________is at the core of the new product development process (NPDP) that is needed to successfully develop and deploy products into different market segments

Product systems engineering (PSE)

_____________ example: twenty years ago, there was a 'market' requirement for a camera that could take endless photographs, that could be viewed almost immediately

Pull Paradigm

___________________ need is identified by potential customers or market research

Pull Paradigm

_______________ refers to advances in technology and the way in which these are introduced to the public / consumers, in the form of commercial products -Advances in technology was the driving force

Push Paradigm

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) _______________ Analysis includes understanding the customer's business context and (1)____________, the (2)___________the product must perform, the (3)______________levels it must adhere to, and the (4) ______________ it must be compatible with

Requirement (1) constraints (2)functions (3)performance (4)external systems

(V life cycle model Verification stages) ________________ is the first step in the verification process. It is in here that *the project and its function is decided*. So a lot of brainstorming and documentation reveals what all will be required to produce that program or product.

Requirement analysis

____________represents text-based requirements and their relationship with other requirements, design elements, and test cases to support requirements traceability

Requirement diagram

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) ________________: This first step is also the most important, because it involves gathering information about what the customer needs and defining, in the clearest possible terms, the problem that the product is expected to solve

Requirements analysis

_______________-- Leads / expedites review process - Limits discussions to unresolved technical issues - Assesses action items for items which cannot be resolved

Responsibilities Of Chairman

Support SQA audit requests for technical data and CSCI and associated data. *Perform informal reviews* of SCM tasks, desktop procedures, and CSA reports.

Reviews and Audits

_________________: Each sprint is preceded by a ____________ where the tasks for the sprint are identified and an estimated commitment for the sprint goal is made, and followed by a review or retrospective meeting, where the progress is reviewed and lessons for the next sprint are identified

SCRUM EVENTS planning meeting,

__________________: A ________ is the basic unit of development in Scrum. It is restricted to a specific duration. The duration is fixed in advance for each sprint and is normally between one week and one month

SCRUM EVENTS sprint

__________represents behavior in terms of a sequence of messages exchanged between systems, or between parts of systems

Sequence diagram

___________ represents behavior of an entity in terms ofits transitions between states triggered by events

State Machine diagram

_________________-Receive CSCI and technical data for entry into the Configuration Status Accounting (CSA) system. *Generate CSA reports* including metrics and schedule data. R

Status Accounting

___________________-*Recording and reporting* of information required to effectively manage a configuration items (CI's) configuration throughout its lifecycle

Status Accounting

The _____________ itself is an enterprise system that is composed of acquirers and suppliers as system elements.

Supply Chains

__________Important to all is the concept that supplying parties contribute some form of added value to the life cycle of a system-ofinterest

Supply Chains

___________in military logistics often deals with a number of variables in predicting cost, deterioration, consumption, and future demand

Supply chain management

One of the first intentions for __________ was to give systems engineers a modeling language in hand which is not too software oriented

SysML

_________ is a general-purpose graphical modeling language

SysML

____________can represent systems, components, and other entities as follows: • *Structural* composition, interconnection, and classification • *Behaviors* (Function-based, message-based, and statebased) • *Constraints* on the physical and performance properties • *Allocations* between behavior, structure, and constraints (e.g., functions allocated to components) • *Requirements* and their relationship to other requirements, design elements, and test cases

SysML

______________ and _________________approach is excellent to improve the precision and efficiency of communications between Systems Engineers

SysML and a Model-Based Systems Engineering

SysML Relationship to the Unified Modeling Language (UML)

SysML reuses part of UML and adds extensions for systems engineering

___________ : Within the SE community, notions of architecture have been heavily influenced by ISO/IEC 15288 (2015) - Systems and software engineering -- *System life cycle processes*, which even today presents a somewhat implicit view of architecture, conflating it with design as part of a single system life cycle process called *architectural design* -The majority of interpretations of system architecture are based on the fairly intangible notion of _________.

System Architecture: structure

_____________ consists of system requirements, logical architecture, physical architecture, and system analysis

System Definition

___________________: During and/or at the end of any iteration, ____________ is performed to ensure that all system requirements have been mapped to the architecture and design

System Definition: gap analysis

______________: In industrial practices, the term ________ is often used to mean both architecture and design • In the recent past, professionals used the term ________ when they dealt with simpler technological products - ones that do not include several different and interconnected technological components such as hardware, software, operators, services, etc. • In the development of new multi-technology products and services, professionals have recognized the usefulness of the notion of ___________in dealing with complexity (interconnections level, multi-techno, emergence, etc.)

System Design design(x2) system

___________ begins by applying the Implementation Process to buy, build, code or reuse end products. These implemented end products are _________ against their design descriptions and specifications ___________ against Stakeholder Requirements and then ___________ to the next higher system model for integration.

System Realization verified validated transitioned

_____________is more abstract, conceptualization-oriented, global, and focused on mission success and on high level structure in (sub)systems. It may also *be applied to more than one system*, in some cases forming the common structure, pattern, and set of requirements for classes or families of similar or related systems

System architecture

____________ build on the artifacts and decisions from concept definition, primarily the articulation of the mission of the system, the needs and requirements of stakeholders, and preliminary operational concepts

System definition activities

■_____________ and use are critical systems engineering (SE) activities that ensure that the developed system is __________ and that the responsibility for the effective, efficient, and safe operations of the system is *transferred to the owner*

System deployment operationally acceptable

__________________ includes activities to conceive a system that answers a specific, intended purpose, using principles and concepts; it includes assessments and decisions to select elements that compose the system, fit the architecture of the system, and comply with traded-off system requirements. It is the complete set of *detailed models, properties, and/or characteristics described into a form suitable for implementation*

System design

_________problem is defined (understood), abstracted, modeled and analyzed for behavioral patterns

System of Systems

__________________is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated *systems that pool their resources and capabilities together* to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent system

System of Systems (SoS)

____________is increasingly being applied to non-defense related problems

System of Systems Engineering

___________is more than systems engineering of monolithic, complex systems because design for System-of-Systems problems is performed under some level of uncertainty in the requirements and the constituent systems, and it *involves considerations in multiple levels and domains*

System of Systems Engineering

_____________includes a continual assessment of the operational effectiveness of the deployed system or service, *identification of mission threat and operational risk*, and performance of the actions required to maintain operational effectiveness or evolve the capability to meet changing needs

System use

______________: Internal management mechanism to review the _________________and assure the quality of systems engineering

Systems Engineering Review technical content

_____________is general purpose *visual modeling language* for Systems Engineering applications.

Systems Modeling Language

____________________ includes concept generation, engineering design/development, and deployment

Systems engineering

______________is now an excellent means of describing the physical properties of any item, but it *gives little understanding of how the item drawn should be used *

Technical drawing

(Waterfall Life Cycle Model Stages) In stage ______________ both individual components and the integrated whole are methodically verified to ensure that they are error-free and fully meet the requirements outlined in the first step - An independent quality assurance team defines "test cases" to evaluate whether the product fully or partially satisfies the requirements outlined in the first step - Three types of testing typically take place: unit testing of individual code modules; system testing of the integrated product; and acceptance testing, formally conducted by or on behalf of the customer - Defects, if found, are logged and feedback provided to the implementation team to enable correction - This is also the stage at which product documentation, such as a user manual, is prepared, reviewed and published

Testing

(What to expect from a good CM system) _______________: Audit trail of approval / actions

Traceability

Traditional vs Model based

Traditional -document based -generation of textual specification and design documents -hard-copy -exchanged directly b/w customers, users, developers and testers Model based -formal, explicit and interpretable by computer -coherent and consistent -conforms to modeling language -*shared understanding of system requirements and design*

__________ is Difficult to perform traceability & Difficult to assess change impacts

Traditional Document-based SE

(Validation Stages of the V model) A unit in the programming system is the smallest part which can be tested. In this phase each of these units are tested

Unit Testing

__________represents functionality in terms of how a system is used by external entities to accomplish a set of goals

Use Case diagram

Similar to the waterfall model, one progresses to the next step when the previous one has been completed. However in the __________, *the product from every phase needs to be checked and approved before moving forward*

V Model

(What to expect from a good CM system) _________________:Identification of items, events, and problems into planning and scheduling for early warning and information dissemination

Visibility

The _______________________ originated in the manufacturing and constructions industries; _____________________ in which after-the-fact changes are prohibitively costly, if not impossible.

Water development model; highly structured physical environments

Just as building architects distinguish the ___________they have in mind from the sketches, drawings and blueprints they use to convey that vision, it is helpful to distinguish the ______________ of a system or enterprise from the artifacts created to document that architecture - the _________________.

architecture (x2) architecture description

A __________ includes declarations of all the attributes and services which should be associated with an object/instance of that class/block

class/block definition

The ___________________ *is one of the most important to consider when defining the architecture of a system*. The fundamental aspect of an interface is functional and is defined as inputs and outputs of functions

concept of interface

Configuration management history: 2010, in the face of increasingly targeted ____________, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) began circulating new guidance about "the need for configuration management to protect information and information systems"

cyberthreats

Each day during the sprint, a project team communication meeting occurs called the ___________ and has specific guidelines

daily scrum

While the individual systems constituting a system of systems can be very different and operate independently, their interactions typically expose and deliver important _________ properties

emergent

If we have decided to use a car for journey to New York, consider the steering mechanism of a car as an example of _________.

encapsulation

In network security, _____________ refers to a methodology of protecting the corporate network when accessed via remote devices such as laptops or other wireless and mobile devices

endpoint security

We can use it without having any idea about ____________-- everything is hidden from us under the hood

implementation

It presents the same interface to the users: everybody knows how to use this mechanism through its __________: if we turn the steering wheel clockwise, the car will turn to the right, if we turn it counterclockwise, our car will turn to the left

interface

CM (is/is not) Quality assurance

is not

The minimization of the use of resources is a common motivation in ________

logistics

__________ is An understanding of the market and consumer desire is equally important

logistics

In 2011, consideration of ______________ and related processes of potential contractors and subcontractors was made *mandatory* as part of the source selection process in major acquisition programs

manufacturing readiness

____________-. are the code that implement an object's behavior

methods

________ help us in providing a template that guides us in constructing a system

models

An __________ is known only through its behavior

object

__________that share behavior and data belong to the same __________

objects/class

The _________phase is generally the longest in the system life cycle

operational

___________may include a period of reliability demonstration tests and the _____________________ that the developed system replaces

phasing out of legacy systems

As functions are performed by physical elements (system elements), inputs/outputs of functions are also carried by physical elements; these are called ________________

physical interfaces

Mission analysis focuses on defining the problem or opportunity that exists (often called the __________________), as well as understanding the constraints on and boundaries of the solution space. It examines why a solution is desired and what problem or opportunity it will address

problem space

The ________ paradigm is based on creating a solution to *address a perceived opportunity*, such as the emergence of an anticipated product or service that is attractive to some portion of the population (i.e. whether a current market exists or not) The _____ paradigm is based on *providing a solution to an identified problem or gap*, such as a missing mission capability for defense or infrastructure

push pull

SP 800-128 coined the phrase ______________________ management and defined this capability as "the management and control of configurations for information systems to enable security and facilitate the management of information security risk."

security configuration

Both functional and physical aspects are considered in the notion of interface. A detailed analysis of an interface shows the function "______" located in one system element, the function "__________" located in the other one, and the function "________" as being performed by the physical interface that supports the input/output flow

send receive carry

The Stakeholder Needs and Requirements activity works with stakeholders across the life cycle to elicit and capture a set of needs, expectations, goals, or objectives for a desired solution to the problem or opportunity, referred to as "_________________"

stakeholder needs

____________________-used to authorize change once Change Control Board (CCB) has approved SCP or Waiver. Also, used to authorize ECPs without full CCB approval

system change notification (SCN)

_______________reflects an innovation, improvement, enhancement, modification or deletion to the existing baseline

system change proposal (SCP)

(System realization) _____________-build a system

system implementation

(System realization) integrate disparate system elements __________.

system integration

(System realization) ensure that the system meets both the needs of stakeholders (_____________) and aligns with the system requirements and architecture (_____________)

system validation system verification

____________seeks to optimize an individual system (i.e., the product), while _____________seeks to optimize network of various interacting legacy and new systems brought together to satisfy multiple objectives of the program

traditional systems engineering/System-of-Systems Engineering

_________-written authorization prior to the manufacture of an item which deviates from an existing specification

waiver

___________ provided by suppliers based on opportunities to develop and offer products and services to potential users of the product based on business objectives usually measured in terms of value addition to the stakeholder

• Offered products

__________________involves the transition of the capability to the ultimate end-user, as well as transition of support and maintenance responsibilities to the post-deployment support organization or organizations

■System deployment