TALS Reviewer

imaginative literature

A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate ____________.

Essay

A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.

familiarize

A writer often expresses a worldview when using the literary purpose. The writer might comment on human nature or behavior. The reader gains insight to the human condition by understanding the writer's ideas. When used as a secondary purpose, the literary purpose enhances the primary purpose through figurative or poetic or playful language and often a sense of human struggle.

Drama, Fable, Fairy Tale, Fantasy, Fiction, Fiction in Verse, Folklore, Historical Fiction, Horror, Humor, Legend, Mystery, Mythology, Poetry, Realistic Fiction, Science Fiction, Short Story, Tall Tale.

ALL FICTION types of books

Developments in print technology

As urban cultures and societies developed, there was a proliferation in the forms of literature. __________ allowed for literature to be distributed and experienced on an unprecedented scale, which has culminated in the twenty-first century in electronic literature.

Large Class Size

Big number of students in a classroom makes teachers employ language-based approach especially for debate and dramatic activities (Divsar, 2014). Rashid, Vethamani and Rahman (2010) reveal the problem of big number of students in a classroom. This brings up the issue of employing language-based approach especially for debate and drama activities. For instance, teachers have difficulty to organize debate as it only requires a small amount of students to participate one at a time. As a result, language based approach is less used by teachers in teaching literature.

ALL NONFICTION types of books

Biography, Essay, Narrative Nonfiction, Speech, Nonfiction

Cultural Model

Cultural model is related to information-based approach (Thunnithet, 2011). Literature is a source of facts or information to be put across to students by the teacher (Hwang & Embi, 2007). It stresses the role of literature in condensing values, ideas and wisdom that have accumulated within a culture over historical periods (Aydin, 2013).Students need to understand and search for political, literary, social and historical context from the learned text. It assists students to understand and appreciate the different cultures and ideologies of thoughts and feelings which are beyond their time and space. It is a traditional approach, teacher-centred, and delivers information and facts to students (Rashid, Vethamani& Rahman, 2010).

books and writing

Definitions of literature have varied over time. In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all _________ and __________.

Hard to say. There is certainly some that has no value for me. If I could somehow obtain evidence that no one who had ever read a particular work gained anything from it, I might be able to argue that the work was valueless. But then I would also have to prove that no one who might read it in the future would get anything from it either. And I cannot see beyond now.

Does any literature have no value?

Literature

Etymologically, the term derives from Latin litaritura/litteratura "writing formed with letters," although some definitions include spoken or sung texts.

Exam-Oriented, Time Constraint , Large Class Size, Students' Passive Attitude, Low English Proficiency, Teachers' Role in Teaching Literature ​

FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OFLITERATURE TEACHING APPROACH

Narrative Nonfiction

Factual information presented in a format which tells a story.

In the draft curriculum for Senior High School, there are two subjects explicitly focused on literature and not on language (they can be taught in any language). In the Second Semester of Grade 11, a course called "Contemporary Regional Philippine Literature" has been proposed, which would focus on "critical discussion and appreciation of literary texts originally written and/or published in the 21st century in the region where the school is located." The course is derived from the current college course called "Literatures of the Philippines." In the First Semester of Grade 12, a similar course called "Contemporary World Literature" has been proposed, which would focus on the "study of international literary texts originally written and/or published during the 21st century." This course is derived from the current college course called "Literatures of the World.

Familiarize

Why is literature being given much more attention now than in the past? Simply because literature has proven its worth in preparing what DepEd calls the "holistically developed Filipino with 21st century skills." DepEd breaks down this overall outcome of basic education into four verifiable types of skills: information, media and technology skills; learning and innovation skills; life and career skills; and effective communication skills. Literature is a major factor in achieving these four skills. Film and television shows, for example, which are major forms of media, all use literary techniques such as narrative, character, and theme. Newspapers also use narrative, particularly in feature articles and continuing news stories. Literary writers are nothing if not innovators. They continually create pieces that have never been seen or read before. They explore and extend established forms of writing. They reinvent language with every literary text they write. There is admittedly no chance of making big money if you pursue a literary career, unless your penname is J. K. Rowling or Bob Ong, but if you want to understand life itself, your best bet is to read literature. Remember that all the persons who changed the world loved literature — Plato, Aristotle, Confucius, Jesus, Muhammad, Rizal, Freud, Marx, Einstein, Mao, Gates, Jobs. Needless to say, writers are the best users of language. Literature is the benchmark for all effective communication.

Familiarize

Yes, we can appreciate literature in the negative: we CAN decide that it holds little to no value for us, ethically speaking. But we must be able to explain WHY it holds no value, the same way we have to explain WHY it does. Your goal this semester is to learn how to explain your evaluation one way or the other. Before you accept or reject a work of literature based on its ethical value for you, you must first actually MEASURE that value.

Familiarize

Mystery

Fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets.

Humor

Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain; but can be contained in all genres

Horror

Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader

Short Story

Fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots.

Fantasy

Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality

Fiction in Verse

Full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is presented in (usually blank) verse form.

Tall Tale

Humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance

Literature in the K to 12 curriculum •The Philippine Star •22 Nov 2012 •By ISAGANI CRUZ

In the current (about to be old) basic education curriculum, literature is taught mainly as part of language courses, except for explicitly literature-oriented sessions on novels such as the Noli and the Fili. Because literature is taught as a particular form of language use, what makes a literary text literary is often ignored. The recent interest around the world in literature (emphasized in the STAR columns last Monday of Butch Dalisay and Krip Yuson) has made it clear that literature should be taught as literature and not only as an example of excellent language use. What is the role of literature in the new K to 12 curriculum? We can take a quick glance at the learning competencies and standards in the new curriculum to see if literature will finally be given its proper place in the education of our youth. Creative writing is included in the curriculum now used for Kindergarten classes. Our children are going to be prepared to appreciate and even to produce literature from Day One of their stay in public schools. Songs, poems, and narratives are included among the texts that should be understood and appreciated by elementary school pupils.

Information-based approach

Information-based approach gives knowledge and information to students (Thunnithet, 2011). It is teacher-centred and demands a lot of teacher's input in giving students various contents of literary text like on historical, political, cultural and social background. Knowledge of literature is delivered as a source of information to students (Rashid, Vethamani, & Rahman, 2010). It includes reading from the criticism or notes, explanations and lectures given by teacher for examinations sake (Hwang & Embi, 2007).

Nonfiction

Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject

Language-Based Approach

Language-based approach helps students pay attention to the way the language is used when studying literature. It is student-centred and activity-based for productive use of language. It improves students' language proficiency, and incorporates literature and language skills among the students (Dhillon & Mogan, 2014). It engages students more on experiences and responses (Aydin, 2013). Role play, cloze, poetry recital, discussions, forum and debate, dramatic activities, making prediction, brainstorming, rewriting stories ending and summarizing are practised in this approach (Divsar, 2014).

Moral-Philosophical Approach

Learners seek moral values from a particular literary text while reading it. It helps students to be aware of values of moral and philosophical and identify them that lies in their reading (Rashid, Vethamani & Rahman, 2010). Students need to go beyond the text for moral and philosophical inference (Divsar, 2014). With this approach, teachers are able to direct students to achieve self-realization as well as self understanding while interpreting literary works (Lim & Omar, 2007). This approach is very much in line with the aim of Malaysian Secondary English Language Syllabus to instil values for good citizenships

Mythology

Legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods.

familiarize

Literary writing is usually fictional, and it makes use of figurative or symbolic language. When literary purpose is the primary purpose, the writing should be fictional. As a secondary purpose, literary writing can be found in combination with the expressive or persuasive purpose. Because literary writing is figurative, it is seldom found in combination with referential writing, which is literal.

political value

Literature has _______ value if reading it gives occasion to change how a person thinks or acts. Politics is about the management and flow of power. And power, like electricity, flows from one end of a circuit to another to make things happen. Reading a work can jolt someone into action. It can reveal an injustice, outrage its readers, give voice to the oppressed, ridicule those who are corrupt, etc. The main idea here is to think about what the work of literature is trying to do. It has political value if it attempts to persuade people or the world to start acting and thinking in "this" way. We can see the political leanings of a work without necessarily being persuaded ourselves. But most of the time, we will like a work for its political leanings if we are in fact persuaded to align ourselves with the author.

ethical value

Literature has _______ value if reading it gives occasion to think about ethical questions. If a story dramatizes conflicts and dilemmas, it is not necessarily teaching us how to live, but it encourages us to contemplate the codes that the characters live by. If a poem has a speaker who promotes a particular world view or seems conflicted about the world he lives in, the reader can try to look through the eyes of that speaker and see what he or she sees. We may not agree with a speaker's or character's morality, but seeing that morality in action can shed light on what it means or how it changes the world. If we reflect on a moral code, instead of simply rejecting it or embracing it, then we are thinking ethically, and literature that promotes such thinking is ethically valuable. Here are some important ethical questions: What is the good life? What is the excellent life? Where do the definitions of good and excellent come from? Why do different definitions come into conflict? On what basis do they conflict?

artistic value

Literature has ________ value if reading it gives occasion to contemplate the nature of beauty and human creativity. There are many works of literature that experiment with the limits of language and its expressive power. If I like how words can be manipulated to create beautiful works of art, then a work that tries to use words that way in a new and unique way will have artistic value for me. I would say that every work of literature that we read in this course has artistic value because they are all works that have remained important over the years for the way they extended the power of language in a new direction. If you don't like words, it will be difficult to see the artistic value of any poem or story. The value will still be there even if you don't see it, however.

philosophical value

Literature has _________ value if reading it gives occasion to explore the nature of human knowledge, how we know and what we can know. These questions are central to the production of art because any artist must interact with the world in order to represent it, whether lyrically in a poem or through storytelling in fiction; he must, to some extent, know the world. But it is hard to be certain about what we know or even whether we can know anything at all. Some writers explore philosophical issues pretty deeply because they are often a source of crisis that can create great drama and raise intriguing questions. If a work invites us to think about perception, making sense of our place in the world, or self-awareness, then we can say that it has philosophical value. In response to such works, we tend to look inward and wonder, "who am I?"

historical value

Literature has __________ value if reading it gives occasion to think about the past, how things changes overtime, and how the world has evolved into what it is today. ___________ value sometimes overlaps with cultural value; if a work is really old, then it can give us insight into a culture so far back that we can also think about how that culture might be a foundation for our own. The cliché about history is true--the less we now about how things were, the more likely we are to relive them. Of course, some things might be worth reliving, and we might regret some of the history we have left behind, but other things we want to avoid repeating. Works of literature can help us learn about the past, process the past, and use the past to our advantage. Sometimes the historical value of a work is that it shows us what we have gained and what we have lost.

cultural value

Literature has __________ value if reading it gives occasion to think about the place and time of the author at the time the work was written. Authors might seems like supernatural beings or at least people who are way above us, transcending the world down here to live among the heavens with their artistic visions, but they are actually regular people like the rest of us. They care about what is happening in the world around them, and they have experiences in life that shape their attitudes toward various issues. If their work addresses the attitudes, customs, and values of their time (or another time), then the work has cultural value. The work becomes a window into a world that is unfamiliar, and we are encouraged to compare cultural differences

entertainment value

Literature has ___________ value if reading it gives occasion to enjoy yourself. This type of value is inherently subjective because not everyone will enjoy the same kinds of stories, styles, or themes. Being entertained is important, but being bored does not give anyone license to reject a work outright. I can put the book down and not read it anymore, but I should be careful not to assume that my boredom is somehow a characteristic of the work I tried to read. Rather, I was bored, plain and simple. Someone else might not be. At the same time, if a work is awesome to me, exciting, intriguing, etc., I should not assume that my interest is somehow a characteristic of the work I enjoyed reading. Rather, I was interested, plain and simple. Someone else might not be.

moral value

Literature has ___________ value if reading it gives occasion to learn a lesson. If a story or poem TEACHES us how to live, or attempts to teach us, then it has a moral dimension. Is the work still valuable if we do not like the lesson it teaches? Perhaps so. The best readers will see the moral value of a work even if the morals it endorses are somehow distasteful to them. Moral value is a dangerous value to measure. The history of censorship, for instance, is based on the idea that if a work teaches the "wrong" thing, it should not be read at all. This idea goes all the way back to Plato, one of the earliest philosophers to explore the moral dimension of stories and poetry. We have to be careful, I think, not to hold moral value as the most important one. If we reduce a story or poem to a moral lesson, or require that a story or poem BE a moral lesson that we can endorse, then we are USING literature to back up our own beliefs. To avoid this mistake, we must learn to appreciate works of literature for its various kinds of value. "To appreciate" means "to measure the value of something," and we need to try to find value in a work if we are inclined to reject it simply because we think it teaches the wrong lesson. Here is where ethical value comes into play.

Exam-Oriented

Literature learning has become exam-oriented in secondary schools in Malaysia (Gopala et al., 2012) Students are required to learn the literature component which weighs 20 marks in the 1119 English paper in SPM examination. When it is aimed for examination, it kills the students' interest in learning literature. Students are not keen to read but learn to pass examination (Awang, Kasuma & Akma, 2010). Teachers preferred paraphrastic and information-based approaches for the sake of students in gaining intellectual knowledge and assisting them to perform well in the examinations. As teachers continue with these approaches by giving students necessary information, this has brought up the concern of difficulty in achieving higher-order of thinking skills from students (Hwang & Embi, 2007; Rashid, Vethamani & Rahman, 2010; Divsar, 2014).

LITERATURE TEACHING MODELS

Literature teaching approaches demonstrated in the cultural model, the personal growth model and the language model by Carter and Long (1991) are widely used for second language literature teaching. These models are the roots for literature teaching approaches (Aydin, 2013; Bagherkazemi & Alemi, 2010; Gopala et al., 2012; Hwang &Embi, 2007; Khatib, Rezaei & Derakhshan, 2011; Rashid, Vethamani& Rahman, 2010; Thunnithet, 2011). These three models correlate to each other as a value and resource for literature study purpose, personal response development as well as exposure to language skills (Bottiko, 1999).

Poetry, Prose, and Drama

Major forms of literature

Fable

Narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale

Fiction

Narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact

Biography/Autobiography

Narrative of a person's life, a true story about a real person

Paraphrastic Approach

Paraphrastic approach is primarily paraphrasing and rewording the text to simpler language or use other languages to translate it. Teachers use simple words or less complex sentence structure to make the original text easy to understand (Divsar, 2014).It is teacher-centred and does not contribute much interesting activities towards students (Hwang & Embi, 2007).

3. Personal Growth Model

Personal growth model comprises personal-response approach and moral philosophical approach. It enables students to develop their language, character and emotions by connecting and responding the issues and themes to their lives (Hwang & Embi, 2007). It encourages students to love and enjoy reading literature for personal development as well as to relate their relationships to the environment (Aydin, 2013).

Personal-Response Approach

Personal-response approach encourages students to make sense of their experiences and personal lives with text themes. It also promotes students to associate the subject matters of the reading texts with personal life experiences (Rashid, Vethamani & Rahman, 2010). It engages individual in literary text reading as personal fulfilment and pleasure can be met while developing the language and literary competency (Divsar, 2014). Brainstorming, small group discussions, journal writing, interpreting opinions, and generating views from a text are practised in this approach (Hwang & Embi, 2007).

familiarize

Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse; prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem.

familiarize

Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

Speech

Public address or discourse

• Do the characters make choices in the work? What are those choices? • Do the characters or speakers defend particular beliefs or points of view? What are they? • What motivates those choices or beliefs or points of view in the work? • Where does the confidence in that motivation come from in the work? • Is there a crisis in that confidence in the work? Why? • To what place do those choices or beliefs or points of view lead in the work?

Remember: works that raise questions do not always answer them. To measure the ethical value of a work of literature, we need to ask the following questions:

Drama

Stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.

Fairy Tale

Story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children

Science Fiction

Story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets

Realistic Fiction

Story that can actually happen and is true to life.

Historical Fiction

Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

Legend

Story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, which has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material.

Low English Proficiency

Students' low English proficiency hampers teachers to conduct higher level of language activity in class. Reading literary work for enjoyment is unachievable as students face difficulties in understanding the texts. It prevents students from being vocal to express their ideas and opinions. Students need paraphrastic approach for a better understanding of the text.

Stylistic Approach

Stylistic approach implies literary critics and linguistic analysis. It is for students to appreciate and understand in a deeper manner of the literary text. It helps students to interpret the text meaningfully and develops language awareness and knowledge (Thunnithet, 2011). It analyzes the language prior to the elements of literary text (Aydin, 2013).

Ancient Egypt and Sumeria

Taken to mean only written works, literature was first produced by some of the world's earliest civilizations—those of _________ and ___________—as early as the 4th millennium BC; taken to include spoken or sung texts, it originated even earlier, and some of the first written works may have been based on a pre-existing oral tradition

Teachers' Role in Teaching Literature

Teachers' role in teaching literature has become important in English lessons (Asha, 2012). Teachers decide the aim of the language to be taught according to the needs and desires of the students, choose the suitable teaching method, techniques, activities, literary texts according to students' proficiency level. Teachers' teaching styles affect students' passion towards English literature (Gopala et al., 2012). English, being the second language for Malaysian students and the aim to improve the level of English proficiency level among students, makes teaching English literature becomes significant.

"Identify dominant literary devices and figures of speech that add color and heighten meaning in the reading selection. "Use specific cohesive and literary devices to construct basic literary and expository written discourse such as poetry, drama, fables, parables, myths, legends, personal essays, biographies, and vignettes. "Ascertain the features of the reading selection that clarify its adherence to or dismissal of a particular tradition of literary production. "Organize an independent and systematic approach to critiquing a reading selection." The last two competencies assume that literary history, literary theory, and literary criticism will be taught in Junior High School.

The Competencies Matrix for Grades 7-10 for English lists skills such as the following:

"Describe literary elements of text including characters, plot (specific events, problem and solution), and setting. "Describe characters (e.g., traits, roles, similarities) within a literary selection. "Make simple inferences about thoughts and feelings and reasons for actions. "Identify key themes and discuss reasons for events." Florante at Laura, the Noli, the Fili, and some of the novels included in the 1997 Canon of Philippine Literature are still going to be read in Junior High School (Grades 7 to 10), as they are now.

The K to 12 Curriculum Guide for English for Grades 1 to 3, for example, lists the following competencies:

Novella

The _________ exists between the novel and short story; the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story."

familiarize

The focus of the literary purpose is on the words themselves and on a conscious and deliberate arrangement of the words to produce a pleasing or enriching effect.

aesthetic pleasure

The literary purpose is used to entertain and to give ___________.

Folklore

The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth

Time Constraint

Time constraint is another factor that can prevent teachers from using certain approaches. Teachers are apprehensive to use language-based approach in teaching literature as they are facing with the constraint of time and effort especially in preparing drama-based activities (Divsar, 2014). Teachers have to rush through the syllabus in preparing students for examinations.

The phrase "values of literature" refers to those qualities of poems, stories, novels, etc. that make them worthwhile to read. If we feel our time reading is well spent, we can say that a work has value for us. If reading the work was a complete waste, then we might say it has no value for us. And there is a spectrum between the two extremes. Of course, if you simply do not like reading, then you really have no say in the matter, right?

Values of Literature: What is value?

Poetry

Verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses

It partly depends on what you are looking for and how you tend to interact with the world. And here is where things get interesting. . . . we do not all agree on what to look for or how we should interact with the world. How to read is a matter for debate.

What value matters most?

Students' Passive Attitude

When students show no interest in learning, they will not learn. Students behave passively to respond to teacher's questions and they will just merely copy of what teachers ask them to write (Rashid, Vethamani & Rahman, 2010).The students' level of participation is low because it lacks enjoyable activities. It is difficult for teachers to implement challenging cognitive activities when students are passive in receiving input from teachers (Awang, Kasuma &Akma, 2010).

experiencing

When you read a novel or a poem, or when you watch a movie or a TV comedy, or when you listen to a song, you are ____________ the literary purpose. *either experiencing or using

using

When you tell a joke or write a love poem, you are ___________ the literary purpose.

The College Readiness Standards already approved and disseminated by CHED has a section on literature. CHED requires that, "after 12 years of pre-university education, a student wishing to enter college should be able to (among others): "Analyze themes, structures, and elements of myths, traditional narratives, and classical and contemporary literature. "Read a poem with proper pronunciation and appropriate emotion. "Recite at least ten poems from memory. "Identify the characters, setting, theme, conflict, and type of a work of fiction. "Discuss literary devices, such as point of view and symbolism, used in a work of fiction." Yes, literature is very much in the new curriculum.

Will knowing literature prepare a student for college?

Novel

______ a long fictional prose narrative.

Prose

________ is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.

Drama

________ is literature intended for performance.

Poetry

___________ is a form of literary art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning (ordinary intended meaning).

Literature

____________ can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose. It can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama, and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

*familiarize, Short story

a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative. Apart from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic subject matter or structure; these discussions often position the form in some relation to the novel.

political value

can change the way people live with and influence each other

philosophical value

explores human knowledge, how we know and what we know

historical value

helps one understand the past and how the world has evolved.

ethical value

helps us asks questions related to the standards of a "good" life

artistic value

helps us contemplate the nature of beauty and human creativity.

Literature

in its broadest sense, is any written work.

entertainment value

is an enjoyable way to pass the time

sentences; lines

prose is cast in __________, poetry in __________.

cultural value

sheds light on the place and time of the author of the work

moral value

teaches a lesson that will inspire the reader to live a better life

meaning; metre or the visual aspects of the poem.

the syntax of prose is dictated by ________, whereas that of poetry is held across _______...