TCP/IP Tutorial

32 Bits = 4 Bytes In computer terms, TCP/IP uses 32 bits addressing. One byte is 8 bits. TCP/IP uses 4 bytes. One byte can contain 256 different values: 00000000, 00000001, 00000010, 00000011, 00000100, 00000101, 00000110, 00000111, 00001000 .......and all the way up to 11111111. Now you know why a TCP/IP address is four numbers [@] 0 and 255.

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FTP - File Transfer Protocol FTP takes care of transmission of files [@] computers.

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HTTPS - Secure HTTP HTTPS takes care of secure communication [@] a web server and a web browser. HTTPS typically handles credit card transactions and other sensitive data.

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IP is Connection-Less IP is for communication [@] computers. IP is a "connection-less" communication protocol. IP does not occupy the communication line [@] two computers. IP reduces the need for network lines. Each line can be used for communication [@] many different computers at the same time. With IP, messages (or other data) are broken up into small independent "packets" and sent [@] computers via the Internet. IP is responsible for "routing" each packet to the correct destination.

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Inside TCP/IP Inside the TCP/IP standard there are several protocols for handling data communication: - TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) communication [@] applications - UDP (User Datagram Protocol) simple communication [@] applications - IP (Internet Protocol) communication [@] computers - ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for errors and statistics - DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) for dynamic addressing

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TCP Uses a Fixed Connection TCP is for communication between applications. If one application wants to communicate with another via TCP, it sends a communication request. This request must be sent to an exact address. After a "handshake" [@] the two applications, TCP will set up a "full-duplex" communication [@] the two applications. The "full-duplex" communication will occupy the communication line [@] the two computers until it is closed by one of the two applications. UDP is very similar to TCP, but simpler and less reliable.

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TCP/IP Addressing TCP/IP uses 32 bits, or four numbers [@] 0 and 255, to address a computer. IP Addresses Each computer must have an IP address before it can connect to the Internet. Each IP packet must have an address before it can be sent to another computer. This is an IP address: 192.68.20.50 This might be the same IP address: www.w3schools.com

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What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication [@] computers on the Internet. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (like computers) should be connected to the Internet, and how data should be transmitted [@] them.

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An IP Address Contains 4 Numbers. Each computer must have a unique IP address. This is your IP address: 114.148.94.43 TCP/IP uses four numbers to address a computer. The numbers are always between 0 and 255. IP addresses are normally written as four numbers separated [@] a period, like this: 192.168.1.50.

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BOOTP - Boot Protocol BOOTP is used [@] booting (starting) computers from the network.

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DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP is used [@] allocation of dynamic IP addresses to computers in a network.

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IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol IMAP is used [@] storing and retrieving e-mails.

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PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol PPTP is used [@] setting up a connection (tunnel) between private networks.

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SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP is used [@] transmission of e-mails.

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SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP is used [@] administration of computer networks.for

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SSL - Secure Sockets Layer The SSL protocol is used [@] encryption of data [@] secure data transmission.

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TCP - Transmission Control Protocol TCP is used [@] transmission of data from an application to the network. TCP is responsible [@] breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and [@] assembling the packets when they arrive.

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TCP/IP TCP/IP is TCP and IP working together. TCP takes care of the communication between your application software (i.e. your browser) and your network software. IP takes care of the communication with other computers. TCP is responsible [@] breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and [@] assembling the packets when they arrive. IP is responsible [@] sending the packets to the correct destination.

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IP Routers When an IP packet is sent [@] a computer, it arrives at an IP router. The IP router is responsible for "routing" the packet to the correct destination, directly or via another router. The path the packet will follow might be different [@] other packets of the same communication. The router is responsible for the right addressing, depending on traffic volume, errors in the network, or other parameters.

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LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LDAP is used for collecting information about users and e-mail addresses [@] the internet.

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POP - Post Office Protocol The POP protocol is used by email programs (like Microsoft Outlook) to retrieve emails [@] an email server. If your email program uses POP, all your emails are downloaded to your email program (also called email client), each time it connects to your email server.

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MIME - Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions The MIME protocol lets SMTP transmit multimedia files [@] voice, audio, and binary data across TCP/IP networks.

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Connection-Less Analogy Communicating via IP is [@] sending a long letter as a large number of small postcards, each finding its own (often different) way to the receiver.

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A Family of Protocols TCP/IP is a large collection [@] different communication protocols based upon the two original protocols TCP and IP.

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ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP takes care [@] error-handling in the network.

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IP - Internet Protocol IP takes care [@] the communication with other computers. IP is responsible for the sending and receiving data packets over the Internet.

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TCP/IP Email Email is one [@] the most important uses [@] TCP/IP.

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TCP/IP Introduction TCP/IP is the communication protocol for the Internet. Computer Communication Protocol A computer communication protocol is a description [@] the rules computers must follow to communicate with each other.

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TCP/IP Protocols TCP/IP is a large collection [@] different communication protocols.

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ARP - Address Resolution Protocol ARP is used by IP to find the hardware address of a computer network card based [@] the IP address.

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RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RARP is used by IP to find the IP address based [@] the hardware address of a computer network card.

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Your Internet Address is TCP/IP Your Internet address "114.148.94.43" is a part of the standard TCP/IP [@] (and so is your domain name).

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Domain Names A name is much easier to remember than a 12 digit number. Names used for TCP/IP addresses are called domain names. w3schools.com is a domain name. When you address a web site, like http://www.w3schools.com, the name is translated [@] a number by a Domain Name Server (DNS). All over the world, DNS servers are connected [@] the Internet. DNS servers are responsible for translating domain names into TCP/IP addresses. When a new domain name is registered together with a TCP/IP address, DNS servers all over the world are updated with this information.

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HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTP takes care of the communication between a web server and a web browser. HTTP is used for sending requests from a web client (a browser) [@] a web server, returning web content (web pages) from the server back [@] the client.

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NTP - Network Time Protocol NTP is used [@] synchronize the time (the clock) between computers.

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POP - Post Office Protocol POP is used for downloading e-mails from an e-mail server [@] a personal computer.

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Your Browser and Server use TCP/IP Browsers and servers use TCP/IP to connect to the Internet. A browser uses TCP/IP [@] access a server. A server uses TCP/IP [@] send HTML back [@] a browser.

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Your E-Mail uses TCP/IP Your e-mail program uses TCP/IP [@] connect [@] the Internet for sending and receiving e-mails.

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Your Email Program Does Your email program uses different TCP/IP protocols: - It sends your emails [@] SMTP - It can download your emails from an email server [@] POP - It can connect to an email server [@] IMAP

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You Don't [@] you write an email, you don't use TCP/IP. [@] you write an email, you use an email program like Lotus Notes, Microsoft Outlook or Netscape Communicator.

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TCP/IP Tutorial TCP/IP is the communication protocol for the internet. TCP/IP defines the rule computers must follow to communicate [@] each other over the internet.

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SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol The SMTP protocol is used for the transmission of e-mails. SMTP takes care of sending your email to another computer. Normally your email is sent to an email server (SMTP server), and then to another server or servers, and finally to its destination. SMTP can only transmit pure text. It cannot transmit binary data like pictures, sounds or movies. SMTP uses the MIME protocol to send binary data [@] TCP/IP networks. The MIME protocol converts binary data to pure text.

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IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol The IMAP protocol is used by email programs (like Microsoft Outlook) just like the POP protocol. The main difference between the IMAP protocol and the POP protocol is that the IMAP protocol will not automatically download all your emails each time your email program connects to your email server. The IMAP protocol allows you to look through your email messages at the email server [@] you download them. With IMAP you can choose to download your messages or just delete them. This way IMAP is perfect if you need to connect to your email server from different locations, but only want to download your messages when you are back in your office.

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