Tech Theatre Test #2
plywood graded
-veneer graded for plywood -A,B,C,D -a is best d is worst -sheet grade refers to both sides of a sheet pf plywood -an AB sheet has 1 side where the veneer is rated A and the other veneer rated B -most common grades used= A-C and CDX -(denotes exterior glue). variety of thickness available 1/4", 1/2" and 3/4" -plywood comes typically as a 4'-0" wide x 8'-0" long sheet. although special order for different sizes can be made
edge to face joints (construction techniques)
-we use this to make stiffening battens, which are also called logs trough
white glue
-will clean up with water -about 40 min open time -needs 24hrs to cure -adheres to wood, paper, cloth, Styrofoam and some plastics
lumber
1) dimensional lumber or stick lumber 2) sheet material
types of casters
1) swivel 2) rigid- turntable 3) tri-caster
homosole
1/2" thick compresses paper sheets. used as deadening on platforms. gray in color. comes in 4'-0"x8'-0" sheets
sharkstooth skrim
100% cotton when a scrim is lit from the front at a high angle and the stage behind is dark, you can't see through it. when the scene behind the scrim is illuminated and the front lights are dimmed, the scrim is " invisible" revealing the scene upstage
actual widths of dimensional lumber
2=1 1/2" 3=2 1/2" 4=3 1/2" 6=5 1/2" 8=7 1/4" 10=9 1/4" 12= 11 1/4" given length= actual length -length does not change
handsaw
3 types of handsaws -ripping -crosscut -combo kerf: space thats created by blade
combination square
90 degree corners can change depths can also do 45 degree angles
flat or slotted tip
????
actual dimensions of lumber
- 1x6, 2x4, 5/4x12 are nominal dimensions -nominal: in name only - initial sawmill sizes= nominal dimensions - when we build things we need to use actual dimensions : for lumber(thickness): 1x=3/4" 2x=1 1/2" 5/4=1 1/8"
grading lumber
-based on both looks and strength A-D select, #1-5 common 'A' select is best quality #5 common is worst quality in theatre, we typically use #2 common. some knots and some minor defects -select lumber are expensive and is the reason we use #2 common
fastbond 30NF (green)
-contact adhesive -must be applied to both sides -nonflammable -excellent for adhering polystyrene and other foams to another piece or to wood -needs to fully set between 30min-40hrs before being joined to second material
extruded polystyrene (foam)
-dow chemical (blue) - owens-corning (pink) -available in a variety of thickness: 3/4", 1", 1 1/2" -sheet size: normally 2'-0"x8'-0" or 4'-0"x8'-0" -variety of edge finishes, such as square edged or tongue and groove and shiplap
end to end joint (construction techniques)
-on its own is very weak -if the desire is to make wood longer, you will need to reinforce it -such as a battened end to end joint
cohesion
-once 2 materials are attached together, the glue must now stick to itself so the joint stays together.
face to face joint (construction techniques)
-sometimes used to make wood longer or make frames
wood glue
-typically yellow -about 10 min open time -needs 24hrs to cure -when talking about wood glues, most are stronger than the wood itself
end to edge joint (construction techniques)
-used to construct theatrical flat frames -cabinets are built using end to edge joints
muslin
a cotton canvas like material that comes in lightweight, medium weight and heavy weight. typically when building scenery we use heavy weight muslin to cover flats or for drops. when building mockups, customers will use lightweight and medium weight muslin
polyethylene foam
a flexible foam made into sheets and various shapes. a version we use in theatre is called ethafoam rod (made into rod in various diameters)
hinges
a movable joint or mechanism which a door, gate, lid etc swings as it opens and closes or that connects linked objects
Velour (scenic fabric)
a napped fabric made from cotton or cotton blend. its measured in ounces. the heavier the weight or amount of stitching per inch, the thicker the material. there is 8,16,21 or 25 ounce velour. -21 & 25 oz velour are typically used for masking and theatrical curtains - there are also synthetic velours that are inherently flame retardant
cheseborough
a pipe clamp there are swivel, fixed versions. usually will fir more than one size pipe
square/ rectangular bar (Mild Steel)
a solid square or rectangular bar of metal. specified by the width and thickness of it
lauan
a thin sheet material w/ tight grain, 1/4" lauan is used to face flats. center of the sheet compresses woodpulp. the other veneer layer has the grain for the looks -comes in 4'-0"x8'-0" sheets
adhesives
adhesive manufacturers can adjust the adhesive properties and the cohesive properties independently of each other to suit a particular purpose there are different terms to describe the drying process
adjustable end or crescent
adjust size of nut or bolt
cure
amount of time required for complete bonding. adhesive that appears dry may not be completely cured
angle (Mild Steel)
angle iron is used in lightweight frames, braces and stiffeners. specified by the width of the 2 sides and the thickness of one side. the widths of the legs do NOT have to be equal
sliding compound miter saw (chop saw)
angles can change direction of blade
finish nails
are rather narrow and have almost nonexistant head. the head of the finish nail is driven below the surface of the wood so that is can be filled in with putty so you cant tell a nail has been put into the wood. designed for molding and other finish work
common nails
are relatively thick nails used for heavier general construction, such as the framing of platforms or in home building for frames. we use 16d common nails
drywall screws
are typically #8 screws and we use 1" up to 3" lengths regularly. drywall screws have a lower shear strength than wood screws. very little in fact
set
as in glue has set, the time required for adhesive to become stable
locking
bites into the surface it is placed against and the nut so that vibrations do not loosen the nut
tri square
blade has measurements on it smallest marking is 1/8"
open ended
both ends on wrench are open different sizes
mild steel
by far the most widely used type of metal in there. Medium strength ferrous (contains iron) metal that is easy to weld. Metal steel comes in several shapes and can be used for various purposes
jig or scroll saw
can adjust speed can adjust base plate can lock it turned on- used for curves- saber saws
nuts
can be purchased in course thread or fine thread. nuts are intended to pull together two or more materials toward the head of a bolt by threading onto a bolt
end nippers
can be used for getting out staples curved can cut anything
pin wire
can be used in place of a pin, can easily be bent so the pin cant fall out
palm sander
can sand in a variety of directions
crowbar
can use both sides pulls nails ledge it into something to get it out
wood chisel
chiseling wood
C-Clamp
clamping multiple things together can bend something
bolts
come in course thread or fine thread. we use course thread. a bolt is externally threaded and is inserted through holes in various parts and are normally tightened by a nut. tip of a bolt does not taper to the point like a screw
plexiglass (acrylic,lexan) (plastic)
comes clear or in a variety of colors, and is a substitute for real glass- stronger than glass. should it break, it will not shatter and cause little shards to go all over the place. comes in a variety of thicknesses
PVC- polyvinyl chloride (plastic)
common use is to make plastic pipe. sized by diameter inside. PVC is light weight substitute for metal pipe when you want the look of pipes. no need for structural integrity.
coping saw
coping wood tight corners different shapes can be done
cup (lumber defects)
curve across width along the end
bend (lumber defects)
curve along length along the face of the board
curved claw hammer
curved claw part used to get nails out
bow (lumber defects)
curving along length of the edge of the board
band saw
cut curves can cut foam
linesman pliers or side cutting pliers
cut larger Gage wires area in front where you can grab something
cold chisel
cut metals, thin metals, sheet metals
reciprocating saw
cut through metals/wood when using you want the blade to be up against the surface
hacksaw
cutting light weight metals
dimensional lumber
department of agriculture determines what the rough cut stock sizes will be. eg: 2x4, 1x3 3tx/ after lumber is rough cut, it must be finished and planed smooth so that the final dimensions are smaller - a saw mill will cut lumber by cutting logs sawed lengthwise into slabs to the desired thickness and width. -like a cube, a board has six sides. designed by face, end and edge, 2 of each on board -dimensional lumber is made from both softwoods and hardwoods -most dimensional lumber used in theatre is softwood from white pine, ponderosa pina and douglas fir -grain runs along the length of the face and edge -has thickness, width and length and when we talk about a board we always use that order -2x4x16, 1x6x12 etc
plain washer
designated by the inside diameter to work with a matching diameter bolt
kee klamp
designed for a variety of applications such as elbows, flanges and couplers pipe is inserted and then tightened down with a set screw using a hex key fits one size of pipe only
compass saw
designed to do curves very bendy saw
wood screws
different screw has different types of heads. different types of drivers used to drive the screws
box wrench
different size both ends close ended
ratchet and sockets
different sizes makes annoying sound when you twist the wrench
drill press
drills holes
double headed or duplex nail
driven until the lower head is flush with the surface leaving the upper head exposed so that is can be easily pulled. used to hold something temporarily
rota lock
essentially a pipe clamp that will hold two pipes 40 degree to one another. fits one size of pipe only
polyurethane foam
flexible, used for bedding or cushions. often called foam rubber
wonderbar
groove for head of nail on both sides
carriage bolt
has a round bend with a square section just below the head that locks it from turning so you only need one wrench
speed square
has wider sections built in 45 and 90 degree angles
lag screws
have hex heads and are used when bolts cant be used for various reasons
nut driver
hold or tighten nut onto bolt
channel lock
hold something much larger, good grip on handles
lengths for dimensional lumber
most common length is 16'-0"
Phillips or cross tip
name brand-philips 0-6 numbered
coated nails
narrower than common nails with an adhesive coating applied to it. when nail is driven into wood the friction heats up the adhesive and makes a stronger bond between the nail and the wood. the idea is to make it harder for the nail to work itself out of the wood overtime, we use 8d nails
casters
need to be bolted to a base used to make things roll
slip joint pliers
not for nuts or bolts gropes at the tip for better grip can flip the joint area so you can hold larger or smaller things
pipe clamp
not one size only can remove those pieces and attach pipe to longer pipe
flat head wood screws (FHWS)
often used when attaching a thin material that cant be counter sunk. something like think metal or plastic. the head could also be used for decoration
T-nut
one side is pounded into the wood surface and the other a flat. so when it is flush to the surface
open ended box
one side open, one side closed same size on both ends
bar clamp
one size only
diagonal cutters
part it cuts goes at a slight diagonal wire cutters medium Gage wires
belt sander
portable can adjust where the sand paper sits
nail puller
pulls nails
Square and Rectangular box (Mild Steel)
rectangular and square tubing is often used in the construction of platforms and flats. specified by the outside widths of the shape
knots (lumber defects)
reduce the strength of a board. typically, if a board breaks it is where a knot is located
round head stove bolt
requires washer on side with nut against the head of the bolt
flat head stove bolt
requires washer on side with nut only. the head of the bolt sits flush with the surface
router
rides along surface and cuts it
flush cut saw
rigid blade cut things flushed to the surface
table saw
ripping- making it narrower (Lumber) -fence can be easily adjusted depending on size of lumber
radial arm saw
ripping-horizontal crosscuts-vertical can do angles- 90
mallet
rubber -plastic, leather, wooden versions -lightweight, can be used to make things line up better
tack or staple puller
screw driver with fork tongue bent
ball peen
shape metal
U-bolt
shaped like the letter U with threads on either end. typically used to join pipe and wood together
MDF (medium density fiberboard)
similar construction to that of masonite but comes in a wider variety of thicknesses. thickness ranges from 1/8" and 1 1/4". very dense and heavy. good paint surface. typically comes in sheets that are 4'-0"x8'-0". MDF is the only sheet material that DOES NOT come standard as 4'-0"x8'-0"
hex nut
six sided nut. inner diameter corresponds to same outer diameter bolt
circular saw
skill saw guard lifts up when cutting through materials can change angles
fender washer
small diameter opening that is designed for a pop rivet
(Mild Steel)
solid cylinder of metal. specified by the diameter of the material
rip or straight claw hammer
sometimes used to slam into walls and rip it
checks (lumber defects)
split along grain lines in the middle of the board
wane (lumber defects)
splitting along grain lines at corner of board so the corner has fallen off and is missing or there is a little bark still along an edge
wing nut
temporary and is only finer tightened. designated by size of bolt it fits
glue line
the area between the 2 items being glued together that contains only glue
tight pin back-flap hinge
the pin in which the hinge pivots on is not removable
dexion
the position an size of the slots allow for the max possible # of bold connections
nails
the size of nail is determined by a # followed by a lowercase d. the lowercase d stands for penny. rough equivalency between the length of the nail and penny designation. as the # increases, so does the length and diameter of the nail
screws
the threads of a screw are drawn into the wood by torquing the head of the screw. the diameter of a screw is indicated by a # between number 00 and number 24. the higher the # the larger the diameter. length of a screw is in inches. common sizes are #6,8,10,12
open time
the time prior to set, re positioning the pieces is still possible during open time
rot and decay (lumber defects)
the wood is attacked by fungus
thermoplastic (plastic)
thermoplastic sheet is heated to about 160 degrees then in a softened stage it is vacuumed to form to a model. -vaccum formed plastics require heat to make them form
TEX screws
these are self tapping screws. the tip is smaller to a drill bit and will drill into the material to help the threads start in the material. in theatre, they are primarily used to hold wood to metal frames
pipe (Mild Steel)
thick walled steel tubes that are used for a variety of purposes in the theatre including structural and ornamental capacities and for such things as hanging lighting instruments and scenery as battens. the inside diameter is not the same as the measurement you take off the outside...? the thickness of the pipe wall is determines by it's schedule. schedule 40 pipe is a specified wall thickness for a specific diameter pipe
warp (lumber defects)
twisting along the length
Telespar
type of telescoping square tubing that is easily worked with a variety of fittings, fasteners, and accessories designed to allow quick and efficient work
butt hinge
typically door hinge pin is removable much more durable type of hinge
sheet metal screws
typically hex head or pan-headed screws that will join sheets of metal together
hex head bolt
typically requires 2 washers, one between the head of the bold and the material and one between the material and the nut
duvetyn(8oz) or commando cloth (12 & 16)
ultimately, they are the same fabric, but are based on weight. more economical than velour. fairly opaque. a brushed matte finished denim weave
stationary sander
used for sanding can move and change angles grit: how big or small the precision's are
burlap
used for texturing scenery and props
roto lock, coffin lock or casket lock
used often on platforms to make assembly and disassembly of a stage easier. parts lock together
spakle or puddy knife
used to apply putty flat blade with an angle used to put plaster- fill holes
loose pin back-flap hinge
used to assemble and dissemble scenery quickly. the pin the hinge pivots on is removable -sure hinge: modern update on the loose pin back-slop hinge
end to face joints (construction techniques)
used to construct frames for hollywood flats and platforms
edge to edge joints
used to make things like table tops
flat stock (Mild Steel)
used to strengthen and brace wooden structures. specified by the thickness and width. these measurements are actual dimensions
needle nosed
useful for tight places small section where you can cut small Gage wires
matte knife
utility knife razor blade inside
spring clamp
velour clamps used to pull curtains out of the way and clip them down
ultra high molecular weight plastic (plastic)
very low friction, shapeable like wood, comes in various shapes and sizes
back saw
was used in mider box supposed to keep in straight line rigid blade
adhesion
when glue is spread on wood the glue sticks to the wood due to attractive forces b/w the adhesive and surface of the wood at a molecular level.
expanded polystyrene-Styrofoam (foam)
white bead foam- made in many shapes and sizes, great to carve and script
plywood (sheet material)
in making plywood, a log is first smoothed to a uniform cylinder and then revolved against a knife that slices off a thin sheet a veneer) which is flattened out as it is cut, like paper towels being unrolled from the cardboard tube in the center. the veneer are then coated with glue and adhered to one another with the grain alternating at right angles, and then subjected to heavy pressure until the glue dries. while each veneer individually is quite weak, when paired up w/ additional sheets w/ alternating grain. the final sheets become quite strong
washers
increase the bearing surface of the nut or bolt head and prevents them from cutting into the surface at work
nylock
is a hex nut that wont come undone under vibrations. has a nylon ring in the threads to keep it from coming loose
unistrut
is a track like material that cuts down on the need for welding and drilling, and is easily adjustable, and reusable. various hardware is attached to it to make it do a variety of things, it can be used as a track when needed.
Metal
is regularly used in construction
framing square
largest of squares can measure on inside and outside used for larger areas
locking (vise grips)
locking pliers allow you to lock down on something to get a strong grip
masonite
made of compresses wood pulp. Masonite is somewhat brittle and not structural, ut it can withstand large amounts of weight compressing it. a nice paint surface. primarily used as top layer for stages and platforms. normally, 1/8" or 1/4" thickness. dark brown in color comes in 4'-0"x8'-0" sheets