Test 1 chapter 17-19

Sensitization during hemolytic disease of the newborn refers to

the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs.

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

the wrong blood type was used

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

tissue

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

type 1 diabetes

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

120

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

5 liters

Which is the normal blood glucose range? Make sure you include the units!

70 to 110 mg/dL

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

92%

congenital hemolytic anemia is

when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a:

white blood cell differential count

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

Prolactin

The chief differences between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

Proteins

Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels.

antagonistically

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive.

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic, proteins

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

basophils

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

bind to DNA and initiate transcription.

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a

biogenic amine that is lipid soluble

Growth hormone does all of the following except

cause fat accumulation within adipocytes

The main function of leukocytes is to

defend against pathogens

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably

down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is

first messenger

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

hemostasis, 9

Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL of blood. This value indicates that

her hemoglobin level is normal.

The condition known as goiter can result from too

little iodine in the diet

Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have _____ levels of circulating growth hormone and _____ levels of circulating sex hormones.

lower; lower

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

more widespread and long-lasting effects

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a (n)

neutrophil

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

ovaries and testes

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when

oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

polycythemia

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

proteins

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be

synergistic

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: has anti-a antibodies b: has anti-b antibodies c: has surface antigen a on its erythrocytes d: has surface antigen b on its erythrocytes e: has neither surface antigen a and b on its erythrocytes f: will agglutinate with blood type b

B, c, f

Which are characteristic of type rH negative blood? a: always has rh (anti-d) antibodies b: only under certain conditions will rh (anti-d) c: always has the rh (d) antigen d: only under certain conditions will the rh (d) antigen be present e: is inherited independent of the ABO group

B, e

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

Cholesterol

The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

Cushing syndrome

Which hormone are collectively called the gonadotropins?

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

The process of producing the formed elements of bloods is called

Hemopoiesis

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

Neutrophil

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such as endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by

Humoral stimulation

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

Hypothalamus

Thyroid hormone's effects are to

Increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells

Thyroid hormone contains the element

Iodine

Which is not true about the thyroid gland?

It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

The reason is it more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

Lack a nucleus and organelle

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the pressure of a hormone is dependent on _____.

The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e a. has anti A antibodies b. has anti B antibodies e. has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumins

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by the

hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood

The pituitary gland is located _____ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the ______.

inferior, infundibulum

Which hormone includes its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

insulin