Test #1

Rhetorical Questions

-When using a question to open a speech, you will generally use a rhetorical question, the kind to which you don't expect an answer. A rhetorical question can prompt your listeners' mental participation in your introduction, getting their attention and giving them a reason to listen.

preceding Speech

-Worse still, that speaker may even use some of the same supporting materials you had planned to use. When this situation occurs, it may be wise to refer to a preceding speech. If the other speaker has spoken on a topic closely related to your own, you can draw an analogy. In a sense, your introduction becomes a transition from that earlier speech to yours.

Reasons for Audience to listen

-You can help establish listening motivation by showing the members of your audience how the topic affects them. One criterion for determining the effectiveness of your supporting material is proximity, the degree to which the information affects your listeners directly. Just as proximity is important to supporting materials, it is also important to speech introductions. "This concerns me" is a powerful reason to listen. It does not matter so much how or when you demonstrate proximity. But it is essential that you do at some point establish that your topic is of vital personal concern to your listeners.

Personal Preferences

-You might reveal your reason for interest in the topic. You might express appreciation at having been asked to speak. Or you might share a personal experience. Whatever form of personal reference you use, the purpose is to establish a bond between you and your audience.

receiver

-a listener or an audience member -• The receiver of the message is the individual audience member, whose decoding of the message will depend on his or her own particular blend of past experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and values. An effective public speaker should be receiver- or audience-centered.

source

-a public speaker is a source of information and ideas for an audience -the public speaker

message

-in public speaking is the speech itself-both what is said and how it is said. -the content of a speech and the mode of its delivery.

free speech

-is protected by law, the right to speak freely must be balanced by the responsibility to speak ethically.

code

-made up of verbal or nonverbal symbols, that an audience can recognize. -a verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image.

external noise

-physical sounds that interfere with communication. --• Anything that interferes with the communication of a message is called noise. A noisy air conditioner or incessant coughing is an example of external noise.

3.6 Describe several types of supporting material that can be used to support speech ideas.

Supporting material consists of facts, examples, definitions, and quotations from others that illustrate, amplify, clarify, provide evidence, or tell a story. You can find supporting material through the Internet, library resources, other people, or your daily life.

Explain how to select a topic that is appropriate to the audience, the occasion

Supporting material consists of facts, examples, definitions, and quotations from others that illustrate, amplify, clarify, provide evidence, or tell a story. You can find supporting material through the Internet, library resources, other people, or your daily life.

oral citation

The How To box offers advice for integrating an oral citation smoothly into a speech.

Identify three strategies for generating the main ideas for a speech.

Virtually any speech can be organized by answering the following three questions: Does the central idea have logical divisions? Are there several reasons the central idea is true? Can you support the central idea with a series of steps?

internal noise

-physiological interference with communication -Internal noise may stem from either physiological or psychological causes and may directly affect either the source or the receiver. A bad cold (physiological noise) may cloud a speaker's memory or subdue his or her delivery. An audience member who is worried about an upcoming exam (psychological noise) is unlikely to remember much of what the speaker says. Noise interferes with the transmission of a message.

patchwriting

-plagiarism. A less obvious, but still serious, form is patchwriting—lacing a speech with compelling phrases that you find in a source but do not credit.7 A speaker whose sentences were very similar to those used in a news article would be patchwriting if he or she did not acknowledge that the phrasing came from the article.

context

-the enviornment or situation in which a speech occurs. -The context of a public-speaking experience is the environment or situation in which the speech occurs. It includes such elements as the time, the place, and both the speaker's and the audience's cultural traditions and expectations. For example, if the room is hot, crowded, or poorly lit, these conditions affect both speaker and audience. A speaker who fought rush-hour traffic for 90 minutes to arrive at his or her destination may find it difficult to muster much enthusiasm for delivering the speech.

encode

-the job of the source or speaker is to encode, or translate, the ideas and images in his or her mind into a code -to translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols.

Proximity

-them. One criterion for determining the effectiveness of your supporting material is proximity, the degree to which the information affects your listeners directly. Just as proximity is important to supporting materials, it is also important to speech introductions. "This concerns me" is a powerful reason to listen.

Recent Events

-timely, a reference to a recent event can be a good way to open your speech. An opening taken from a recent news story can take the form of an illustration, a startling statistic, or even a quotation. Referring to a recent event increases your credibility by showing that you are knowledgeable about current affairs.

decode

-to translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images -• If a speaker has trouble finding words to convey his or her ideas or sends contradictory nonverbal symbols, listeners may not be able to decode the speaker's verbal and nonverbal symbols back into a message.

Feedback

-verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker -• Without an audience to hear and provide feedback, public speaking serves little purpose.

gather supporting material

-• Tell stories based on your own experiences, and help the audience see how the stories relate to them. -Supporting material should be personal, concrete, and appeal to your listeners' senses. The more senses you trigger with words, the more interesting your talk will be. -Relate abstract statistics to something tangible. It is easier for an audience to understand that a company sells 2.6 billion pounds of snack food each year if you also tell them that 2.6 billion pounds is triple the weight of the Empire State Building.2 -Learn to use the various electronic databases your library subscribes to, your library's computerized card catalog, an e-version of Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, and a wide assortment of Internet indexes such as Google Scholar. -Be on the lookout as you read, watch TV or YouTube, receive tweets, and search the Internet for examples, illustrations, and quotations that you can use in a speech. • Learn to research Internet and library resources. • Look for materials throughout your daily life. • Relate materials to your audience. • Tell stories and give vivid descriptions. • Make statistics understandable.

Effective Introduction Techniques

-• Use an illustration or anecdote. • Present startling facts or statistics. • Use an appropriate quotation. • Use humor. • Begin with a rhetorical question. • Refer to historical events or recent events. • Use personal references. • Refer to the occasion or to preceding speeches. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 119). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Consider your audience

About the first question you should ask when getting ready to give a speech is, "What do I know about my audience?" Rothwell lists five types: 1) Captive - have to be there 2) Committed - want to hear specific speaker 3) Contrary - hostile! 4) Concerned - are interested in topic, but not necessarily the specific speaker 5) Casual - never intended to be an audience -because your audience influences the topic you choose and every step of the speechmaking process. Considering the audience is a continuous process rather than a step in preparing a speech.

Gain Audience Attention

A key purpose of the introduction is to gain favorable attention for your speech. Because listeners form their first impressions of a speech quickly, the introduction must capture their attention and cast the speech in a favorable light or the rest of the speech may be wasted on them. It is possible to gain an audience's attention with words or presentation aids that alienate or disgust them so that they become irritated instead of interested in what you have to say.

List and explain five criteria for ethical public speaking.

An ethical public speaker should have a clear, responsible goal; use sound evidence and reasoning; be sensitive to, and tolerant of, differences; be honest; and take appropriate steps to avoid plagiarism. Avoid plagiarizing by doing your own work and acknowledging—orally, in writing, or both—the sources for any quotations, ideas, statistics, or visual materials you use in a speech.

Motivate Audience Response

At the beginning of your speech, your goal was to motivate your audience to listen to you. At the end, you want to motivate listeners to respond to your message. If your speech is informative,

Accomidation

Being audience centered requires that you become as aware as possible of others' feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds. Sometimes called accommodation, sensitivity to differences does not mean that you must abandon your own convictions.

Negative thought

I'm going to forget what I'm supposed to say. So many people are looking at me.

Explain the relationship between ethics and free speech

In the United States, citizens have the right to speak freely, but that right comes with the responsibility to speak ethically. Speaking ethically allows your audience to trust you. Being trustworthy is an important part of being credible, or believable.

Organize your speech

introduction, body, conclusion -Every well-prepared speech has three major divisions: 1. The introduction helps capture attention, serves as an overview of the speech, and provides the audience with reasons to listen to you. 2. The body presents the main content of your speech. 3. The conclusion summarizes your key ideas.

describe several techniques to become confident speakers

know your audiencedon't procrastinateselect appropriate topicpreparebe organizedknow introduction & conclusionmake practice realbreathechannel nervous energyvisualize successgive yourself mental pep talkfocus on message, not fearlook for positive supportseek speaking opportunitiesfocus on accomplishments, not fear

Define "ethics"

moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.

specific purpose

purpose: a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do when you finish your speech. For example, "At the end of my speech, the class will be able to identify three counseling facilities on campus and describe the best way to get help at each one."

generating main ideas

subdivisions of the central idea of a presentation that provide detailed points of focus for developing the presentation

general purpose

the speaker's overall objective: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain

to pursuade

to get others to think as you do about a subject or topic -A speech to persuade seeks to change or reinforce listeners' attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior. Ads on the TV, radio, and Internet; sermons; political speeches; and sales presentations are designed to persuade.

to entertain

to interest and amuse -After-dinner speeches and comic monologues are intended mainly as entertainment. The key to an effective, entertaining speech lies in your choice of stories, examples, and illustrations, as well as in your delivery.

speaking ethically

· Have a clear, responsible goal.If your overall objective is to inform or persuade, it is probably ethical; if your goal is to demean, coerce, or manipulate, it is unethical. · Use sound evidence and reasoning.Ethical speakers use critical-thinking skills such as analysis and evaluation to formulate arguments and draw conclusions. Unethical speakers substitute false claims and emotional manipulation for evidence and logical arguments. · Be sensitive to and tolerate differences.convictions. It does mean that you should demonstrate a willingness to listen to opposing viewpoints and learn about different beliefs and values. Such willingness not only communicates respect but can also help you to select a topic, formulate a purpose, and design strategies to motivate an audience. A speaker who is sensitive to differences also avoids language that might be interpreted as biased or offensive. Learn more about avoiding biased language in Chapter 15. · Be honest.Knowingly offering false or misleading information to an audience is an ethical violation. · Don't plagiarize.Honesty also requires that speakers give credit for ideas and information that are not your own.

Understand why speakers are nervous

• One study found several reasons people feel anxious about public speaking: fear of humiliation, concern about not being prepared, worry about their appearance, pressure to perform, personal insecurity, concern that the audience won't be interested in them

List and describe five barriers to effective listening.

• Select or single out a message from several competing messages. Your job as a speaker is to motivate listeners to focus on your message. • Attend to, or focus on, the message. • Understand, or assign meaning to the message. • Remember ideas and information. • Respond, or react with behavior that demonstrates you listened to the message.

to inform

(v) inspire, animate; give substance, essence, or context to; be the characteristic quality of -When you inform, you teach, define, illustrate, clarify, or elaborate on a topic. The primary objective of class lectures, seminars, and workshops is to inform.

channel

- the visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to reciever. -• A message is usually transmitted from sender to receiver via two channels: visual and auditory. Audience members see the speaker and decode his or her nonverbal symbols—eye contact (or lack of it), facial expressions, posture, gestures, and dress. If the speaker uses any visual aids, such as PowerPoint™ slides or models, these too are transmitted along the visual channel. The auditory channel opens as the speaker speaks. Then the audience members hear words and such vocal cues as inflection, rate, and voice quality.

Startling Facts or Statistics

-A second method of introducing a speech is to use a startling fact or statistic. Grabbing an audience's attention with the extent of a situation or problem invariably catches listeners' attention, motivates them to listen further, and helps them remember afterward what you had to say.

Historical Events

-An Internet search for "this date in history" will reveal many possible events. Be sure the historical reference you choose is clearly linked to the purpose of your speech.

Anecdote

-An illustration or anecdote can provide the basis for an effective speech introduction. In fact, if you have an especially compelling illustration that you had planned to use in the body of the speech, you might do well to use it in your introduction instead. -anecdote An illustration or story

Preview Main ideas

-An initial preview statement usually comes near the end of the introduction, included in or immediately following a statement of the central idea. This preview statement allows your listeners to anticipate the main ideas of your speech, which in turn helps ensure that they will remember those ideas after the speech.

Inspirational Appeal or Challenge

-Another way to end your speech is to issue an inspirational appeal or challenge to your listeners, rousing them to a high emotional pitch. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. stirred his audience with the famous inspirational closing to his "I Have a Dream" speech. When you use this method, the conclusion becomes the climax toward which your entire speech builds.

ethos

-Aristotle used the term ethos—the root word of ethics and ethical—to refer to a speaker's credibility, or believability.

Establish Creditbility

-Credibility is a speaker's believability. A credible speaker is one whom listeners judge to be a believable authority and a competent speaker. A credible speaker is also someone listeners believe they can trust. If you can establish your credibility early in a speech, it will help motivate your audience to listen.

Determine your purpose

-Decide on both a general purpose and a specific purpose before you start the research process. There are three general purposes for giving speeches: -To inform. When you inform, you teach, define, illustrate, clarify, or elaborate on a topic. The primary objective of class lectures, seminars, and workshops is to inform. -To persuade. A speech to persuade seeks to change or reinforce listeners' attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior. Ads on the TV, radio, and Internet; sermons; political speeches; and sales presentations are designed to persuade. -To entertain. After-dinner speeches and comic monologues are intended mainly as entertainment. The key to an effective, entertaining speech lies in your choice of stories, examples, and illustrations, as well as in your delivery.

Humor

-Humor, handled well, can be a wonderful attention-getter. It can help relax your audience and win their goodwill for the rest of the speech.

Positive Self-Talk

-I've practiced this speech many times. I've got notes to prompt me. If I forget or lose my place, no one will know I'm not following my outline. -I can do this! My listeners want me to do a good job. I'll seek out friendly faces when I feel nervous.

Explain the differences between conversation and public speaking.

-Public Speaking is more highly structured, Requires more formal language, Requires different delivery. -Public Speaking involveS MoRe cleaRly deFined roleS FoR sPeakeR and audience -Public Speaking RequiReS MoRe PRePaRation

Occasion

-References to the occasion are often made at weddings, birthday parties, dedication ceremonies, and other such events. A reference to the occasion can also be combined with other methods of introduction, such as an illustration or a rhetorical question.

Empowerment

-The ability to speak with competence and confidence will provide empowerment, - -Having resources, information, and attitudes that lead to action to achieve a desired goal Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 259). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Review Main Points/ Summarize Speech

-The end of your speech is your last chance to impress the central idea on your audience, and it provides you the opportunity to do it in such a way that they cannot help but remember. The conclusion is also your last chance to repeat your main ideas for the audience.

Quotations

-Using an appropriate quotation to introduce a speech is a common practice. -However, only use quotes if they are extremely interesting, compelling, or very much to the point. Using a quotation to open every speech can become a lazy habit.

List and describe the nine steps of the speech making process.

1. Consider the audience 2 Select and narrow your topic 3 Determine your purpose. 1) to inform2) to persuade3) to entertain 4 Develop the central idea: A one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulstes the major idea of a speech 5 Generate the main ideas- invention aristotle Invention The ability to develop discover msin ideas and insights on a topic 6 Gather verbal and visual support material 7 Organize the speech-disposition by AristotleDisposition-the organization+ arrangement of ideas illustrations 8 Rehearse the speech 9 Deliver the speech

A good introduction must perform five important functions:

1.Get the audiences attention 2.introduce the subject 3.give the audience a reason to listen 4.establish credibility 5.Preview your main ideas

credibility

A credible speaker is one whom an audience perceives to be competent, knowledgeable, dynamic, and trustworthy. The last of those four factors—trustworthiness—is dependent in large part on the speaker's known consistent adherence to ethical principles.

Explain the five parts of the introduction to a speech

A good introduction captures the audience's attention, gives the audience a reason to listen, introduces your subject, establishes your credibility, and previews your main ideas.

deliver your speech

Delivery is the final step in the preparation process. Before you walk to the front of the room, look at your listeners to see whether the audience assembled is what you expected. -• When you are introduced, walk calmly and confidently to the front of the room. • Establish eye contact with your audience. • Smile naturally. • Deliver your attention-catching opening sentence. • Concentrate on your message and your audience. • Deliver your speech in a conversational style. • Deliver your speech just as you rehearsed it before your imaginary audience: Maintain eye contact. Speak loudly enough to be heard. Use some natural variation in pitch. • Remember the advice of columnist Ann Landers: "Be sincere, be brief, and be seated."

List and describe ten methods of introducing a speech

Effective introduction methods include illustrations, startling facts or statistics, quotations, humor, questions, references to historical events, references to recent events, personal references, references to the occasion, or references to preceding speeches, used alone or in combination.

ethics

Ethics are the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong. Ethics serve as criteria for many of the decisions we make in our personal and professional lives and also for our judgments of others' behavior.

first amendment

First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteed that "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech."

plagiarism

Presenting the words and ideas of others without crediting them is called plagiarism.

Provide Closure

Signal the End of Your Speech Verbal Signals ●● Use such transition words and phrases as finally, for my last point, in conclusion, and so on. ●● Avoid giving listeners permission to "tune out" too soon. ●● Follow transition quickly with the final statement of the speech. Nonverbal Signals ●● Pause between the body of your speech and its conclusion. ●● Slow your speaking rate. ●● Move out from behind the podium to make a final impassioned plea. ●● Use a falling vocal inflection for your final statement.

Rehearse Speech

The best way to practice is to rehearse your speech aloud, standing just as you will when you deliver it to your audience. As you rehearse, try to find a comfortable way to phrase your ideas, but don't try to memorize your talk. -• Practice making eye contact with your imaginary audience as often as you can. For video, do not use overly animated gestures or facial expressions. • Speak loudly enough for all in the room to hear. • If you are not sure what to do with your hands when you rehearse, just keep them at your side. Focus on your message, rather than worrying about how to gesture.

List and describe techniques used to rehearse and deliver a speech

The essential aspects of effective delivery include good eye contact with your listeners, a voice that can be heard by all, and appropriate gestures and posture that seem natural. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 26). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Refer to Introduction

The following are excellent ways to provide closure in the conclusion: • Finish a story from your introduction. • Answer your opening rhetorical question. • Remind the audience of the startling fact or statistic you presented in the introduction. Like bookends, a related introduction and conclusion provide unified support for the ideas in between.

central idea

The most important point the author makes

Explain the two parts of the conclusion to a speech.

The two main purposes of the conclusion are to summarize your speech in a memorable way and to provide closure.

select and narrow your topic

While keeping your audience foremost in mind, determine what you will talk about and how to limit your topic to fit the constraints of your speaking assignment. You might be asked to speak about a specific subject. Often, though, the task of selecting and narrowing a topic will be yours. You may discover a topic by asking three standard questions: 1. Who is the audience? 2. What are my interests, talents, and experiences? 3. What is the occasion? Give yourself plenty of time to select and narrow your topic. Don't wait until the last minute to ponder what you might talk about. The amount of time you spend preparing for your speech is one of the best predictors of a good grade on your speech. 1 -consider occasion -consider yourslef -briansotrming -listening and reading -don't procrasinate

Describe how to narrow a topic.

Who is the audience? What are my interests, talents, and experiences? And what is the occasion?

Introduce topic

Within a few seconds after you begin your speech, the audience should have a pretty good idea of what you are going to talk about. The best way to ensure that your introduction does indeed introduce the subject of your speech is to include a statement of your central idea in the introduction.

written citation

You can also provide a written citation for a source. Style guides, such as those published by the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA), are now available online as well as in print format.

blueprint

a plan of action or a design