Test 1

Which of the following is a key evolutionary strategy that sets members of Domain Archaea apart from members of Domain Bacteria? A. Microscopic individuals B. Adaptation to extreme environments C. Reproduction by asexually splitting in two D. Single-celled individuals

Adaptation to extreme environments

Scientists have evidence that life began about 3.5 billion years ago. Which is an appropriate hypothesis to explain the origin of life on Earth? Choose one or more: A. Aliens seeded life on Earth. B. A divine being created life on Earth. C. Life spontaneously arose from nonlife due to specific known conditions that existed on early Earth but that do not exist today. D. Life arose from organic material that arrived on Earth on a meteorite.

Life spontaneously arose from nonlife due to specific known conditions that existed on early Earth but that do not exist today. Life arose from organic material that arrived on Earth on a meteorite.

What Rt value indicates that an outbreak of a viral disease may end soon? i. Rt is greater than 1 (Rt > 1). ii. Rt equals zero (Rt = 0). iii. Rt is less than 1 (Rt < 1). iv. Rt equals 1 (Rt = 1).

Rt is less than 1 (Rt < 1)

Why should scientific evidence rather than anecdotal evidence be used to investigate the validity of a scientific claim? Choose one or more: A. Scientific evidence is only collected by scientists. B. Scientific evidence can be empirically tested and verified. C. Anecdotal evidence represents all the collected data and observations about a particular natural phenomenon. D. Anecdotal evidence represents only one or a few observations about a particular natural phenomenon.

Scientific evidence can be empirically tested and verified. Anecdotal evidence represents only one or a few observations about a particular natural phenomenon.

Adaptive radiation refers to... A. the evolution of many new species that fill vacant ecological roles. B. the extinction of a large number of species in a relatively short period of time. C. evolution in a population that makes it more suited to its environment. D. an unusual number of mutations in an organism that lead to novel traits.

The evolution of many new species that fill vacant ecological roles.

Fuzzy white material was discovered on little brown bat noses in places where large numbers of those bats had died. Researchers obtained samples of the white fuzz. Photo courtesy Ryan von Linden. Photo used with permission from New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. All rights reserved. Which statement below describes the problem researchers had in identifying this lifeform? A. The fuzz was not composed of cells. B. The fuzz did not have a nervous system. C. The fuzz did not possess DNA. D. The fuzz would not grow on culture plates.

The fuzz would not grow on culture plates.

Do meningitis cases decline more rapidly post vaccination in the group vaccinated before age 19 or the group vaccinated after age 20? A. The length of time between vaccination and decline in meningitis cases is the same in the population vaccinated before age 19 and the population vaccinated after age 20. B. There is no correlation between the meningitis vaccine and a decline in the number of cases of meningitis. C. The length of time between vaccination and decline in meningitis cases is shorter in the population vaccinated before age 19. D. The length of time between vaccination and decline in meningitis cases is shorter in the population vaccinated after age 20.

The length of time between vaccination and decline in meningitis cases is shorter in the population vaccinated before age 19.

Andrew Wakefield stated that he believed single vaccines, rather than the MMR triple vaccine, were likely to be "safer" for children. His study was published around the same time that officials began documenting an increase in rates of autism. Did Wakefield's claim represent real science or pseudoscience, and why? Choose one or more: A. science, because an experiment was conducted and data were collected B. pseudoscience, as the sample was not randomized C. pseudoscience, as the sample size was small, yet the results were extrapolated to all children D. pseudoscience, as the findings could not be repeated E. pseudoscience, as there was no control group

pseudoscience, as the sample was not randomized pseudoscience, as the sample size was small, yet the results were extrapolated to all children pseudoscience, as the findings could not be repeated pseudoscience, as there was no control group

The node on an evolutionary tree represents A. the most distant ancestor shared by two lineages. B. the convergence of two lineages into one new one. C. the most recent common ancestor shared by the two lineages branching out from it. D. a given ancestor and all of its descendants.

the most recent common ancestor shared by the two lineages branching out from it.

Which case is most likely a claim made by a physician who is biased?A. A physician makes claims about the effectiveness of a new welding technique used in building bridges. B. After conducting large-scale trials on his or her own patients, a physician claims a new drug is very effective in reducing cancerous tumors. C. A physician who does consulting work for a pharmaceutical company claims that one of its new drugs is very effective in reducing cancerous tumors. D. After reproducing the trial results on his or her own patients, a physician claims that a new drug is very effective in reducing cancerous tumors.

A physician who does consulting work for a pharmaceutical company claims that one of its new drugs is very effective in reducing cancerous tumors.

What pair of statements about Blehert's and Behr's work represent an observation that was first made directly in the field and then a repeat, reinforcing observation made in the lab? Choose one or more: A.A microbiologist with the U.S. Geological Survey grew crescent-shaped fungal spores in a lab at room temperature. B.A specialist with the New York State Health Department, on an exploration, found dead bats with white noses. C.A specialist with the New York State Health Department detected crescent-shaped fungal spores when examining a sample swabbed directly from a living bat with a white nose. D.A microbiologist with the U.S. Geological Survey grew crescent-shaped fungal spores in a lab on refrigerated plates.

A specialist with the New York State Health Department detected crescent-shaped fungal spores when examining a sample swabbed directly from a living bat with a white nose. A microbiologist with the U.S. Geological Survey grew crescent-shaped fungal spores in a lab on refrigerated plates.

Which of the following is not an example of a scientific claim? A. Wearing copper bracelets can reduce the symptoms of arthritis. B. Eating a vegetarian diet can reduce the occurrence of heart disease. C. Taking large doses of vitamin C can reduce the symptoms of a cold. D. Aliens are responsible for building the pyramids in Egypt.

Aliens are responsible for building the pyramids in Egypt.

By the end of the Devonian period, 360 mya, Earth was covered by plants. Which of the following innovations was NOT found in plants? A. Fruit for seed dispersal B. Amniotic egg C. Waterproof cuticle D. Sperm cells contained in pollen

Amniotic egg

Which of the following examples would not be considered primary literature? A. An article published in the science section of The Washington Post B. A published science PhD dissertation C. A technical report published by the Centers of Disease Control D. An article published in the science journal Microbiology

An article published in the science section of The Washington Post

Many and varied fossils of ___________ are considered evidence that the Cambrian explosion contributed to the evolution of a variety of large, fast predators. A. soft-bodied scavengers B. animals with scales and shells C. simple, slow-moving herbivores D. plants

Animals with scales and shells

Characteristics and key evolutionary strategies of Domain Eukarya that set it apart from Domains Bacteria and Archaea include all of the following EXCEPT... A. asexual reproduction. B. the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed internal compartments. C. multicellularity in some groups .D. larger cell size than bacteria or archaeans.

Asexual reproduction

Main differences between Basic research and Applied research:

Basic Research: Unbiased Funded by the federal government Funded by taxpayers Intended to expand the fundamental knowledge base of science Applied Research: Application of scientific knowledge to human issues May have bias Funded by industry and business

At what age would it be most effective to be vaccinated against meningitis? A. Being vaccinated at age 19 or younger is most effective. B. Vaccination is best at age 23, because this is the last opportunity for vaccine to be effective. C. You should not get vaccinated, as vaccines are not effective. D. There is no difference in effectiveness if you are vaccinated before you turn 19 or after you turn 20.

Being vaccinated at age 19 or younger is most effective.

Which of the following is considered the smallest and most basic unit of life? A. cell B. DNA C. organ D. organism

Cell

A(n) ___________ is a branch of an evolutionary tree and all of the descendants of a particular ancestor at the beginning of that branch. A. root B. node C. leaf D. clade

Clade

The highest level in the organization of life describes the most basic and ancient divisions among living organisms. There are three of these ___________ of life. A. kingdoms B. species C. domains D. phyla

Domains

After the Cambrian explosion and about 480 mya, very simple algae-like plants were the first organisms to colonize land. Many scientists think that the ___________ were the next group of organisms to have evolved and colonized land. A. amphibians B. insects C. fungi D. reptiles

Fungi

The four eukaryotic kingdoms include... A. Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protista. B. Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Plantae. C. Protista, Bacteria, Animalia, Fungi. D. Fungi, Animalia, Protista, Plantae.

Fungi, Animalia, Protista, Plantae.

What questions need to be asked when evaluating a scientific claim?

Has the claim been reviewed by independent scientists and published in a reputable scientific journal? Does the scientific study supporting the claim meet the standards of the scientific method? Does the person making the claim have a PhD or MD in the field in which the claim is being made? Does the person making the claim have beliefs supported by the claim or stand to make money if others accept the claim?

What is meant by the term scientific literacy? A. Having a skeptical approach to understanding how the natural world works B. Having the ability to read scientific journals in order to draw conclusions based on data C. Having enough understanding of the basics of science to make informed decisions D. Having the ability to carry out scientific research using the scientific method

Having enough understanding of the basics of science to make informed decisions

One of the primary goals of human trials is to determine the course of treatment. In pre-clinical trials, mice that were treated with p41 within one day of showing ebola symptoms were more likely to recover than those whose treatment was delayed beyond one day.Complete the statement below by selecting the appropriate term to fill in the blank. The scientists ______ that early treatment is most effective for curing Ebola.

Hypothesize

Imagine that researchers at a Catholic hospital in Kansas City, Missouri, conducted an experiment to see if praying for cardiac patients would reduce their complications. About 1,000 patients participated in the year-long study, with prayers being said for 500 patients and no prayers for the other 500. Volunteers were told to pray for the anonymous cardiac patients to have fewer complications. Each patient's number and types of complications were recorded. At the end of the study, researchers found that patients who received prayers had 10 percent fewer complications than those who did not receive prayers. The results were published in the journal Archives of Internal Medicine. Is the study described above an example of pseudoscience or real science, and why? A. It is an example of real science because the researchers had experimental and control groups. B. It is an example of pseudoscience because not enough patients were recruited for the study to be valid. C. It is an example of real science because the researchers followed the scientific method. D. It is an example of pseudoscience because it is asking a question that cannot be answered using the scientific method.

It is an example of pseudoscience because it is asking a question that cannot be answered using the scientific method.

You notice that your lilies bloom before your asters in your flower garden. Which explanation for this phenomenon CANNOT be tested using the scientific method? A. Lilies bloom first because they are more beautiful than asters. B. The asters grow in slightly different soil and do not grow or bloom as fast as the lilies. C. Lilies start growing earlier than asters, so they bloom earlier. D. The lilies receive more sunlight, so they grow and bloom faster than asters.

Lilies bloom first because they are more beautiful than asters.

The line of descent between two species with an evolutionary relationship is often referred to as a(n)... A. node. B. lineage. C. ancestor. D. progeny.

Lineage

Which of the following is NOT a key evolutionary strategy or characteristic for organisms in Domain Bacteria? A. Membrane-enclosed internal compartments B. Single-celled individuals C. Communication and coordination within populations D. Diverse lifestyles

Membrane-enclosed internal compartments

Geomyces destructans is the fungus responsible for white-nose syndrome in bats. What level of the biological hierarchy is represented by the carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins that are found in this fungus? A. cell B. molecule C. tissue D. atom

Molecule

Protists are... A. part of the kingdom Plantae. B. a diverse group that include fungi and mosses. C. all consumers that rely on external food sources. D. mostly single-celled and microscopic.

Mostly single-celled and microscopic.

You performed an experiment testing the hypothesis that the increased corn yield this year was due to a new type of corn that the farmers planted. In your experiment, you found that the new type of corn produces a lot more corn than an older type. You conclude you proved your hypothesis: this new type of corn is responsible for this year's higher production of corn. Are you correct? A. No. Just because you think your corn is good does not mean other people will believe it's good. B. Yes. If your results show higher production in the new corn, then there is no other possible explanation. C. No. Your results support your hypothesis, but other explanations are always possible.

No. Your results support your hypothesis, but other explanations are always possible.

There have been at least three different lineages proposed to explain the evolutionary origins of birds. Which tree has been proven to be the actual lineage? A. None of the three trees has been proven to be the actual lineage because there may still be additional fossils that may reveal other relationships between the dinosaurs and birds. B. Godefroit's dinosaur-bird tree proposed in 2013 is the proven lineage because it is the most recent and includes all possible fossils that can illuminate the relationships between dinosaurs and birds. C. Xu's dinosaur-bird tree is the proven lineage because it was the first to examine Xiaotingia. D. The traditional dinosaur-bird tree is the proven lineage because it shows Archaeopteryx as an early bird splitting off from the deinonychosaur groups, and it looks back farther in time than the other two trees.

None of the three trees has been proven to be the actual lineage because there may still be additional fossils that may reveal other relationships between the dinosaurs and birds.

Al Hick's team entered bat caves and found sick bats with white noses. This is an example of a(n)...

Observation

Scientists entered a bat cave and collected samples of fungus from a bat. During what step(s) in the scientific method might this occur? A. observation B. accepting, rejecting, or modifying a hypothesis C. testing D. hypothesis/prediction

Observation and testing

The unique features common to all members of a group descended from an ancestor are referred to as the ___________ for that group. These features set the group apart from other groups. A. convergent traits B. nodes C. shared derived traits D. clades

Shared derived traits

A researcher is testing a potential treatment for white-nose syndrome. What is an appropriate experimental design for this investigation? A. The control group does not receive the treatment; the test group does. B. The control group receives the treatment; the test group does not. C. The control group is found in the wild and eat a varied diet; the test group is kept in a lab and eat a nutrionally limiting diet. D. The control group is exposed to fungus; the test group is not.

The control group does not receive the treatment; the test group does.

Which of the following statements are true about the flu vaccine?Choose one or more: A. The flu vaccine protects an individual for life against the particular strain(s) for which that individual is vaccinated. B. The flu vaccine could protect an individual against a strain of the virus that does not spread that year but does spread in the future. C. The flu vaccine protects an individual against all future strains of the influenza virus. D. The flu vaccine protects an individual from all current strains of the influenza virus.

The flu vaccine protects an individual for life against the particular strain(s) for which that individual is vaccinated. The flu vaccine could protect an individual against a strain of the virus that does not spread that year but does spread in the future.

When evaluating the validity of a scientific claim, which of the following questions should you ask about the person making the claim? Choose one or more: A. Where does the funding for the person's research come from? B. What is the marital status of the person making the scientific claim?C. Does the person making the claim have the appropriate background knowledge and experience in the area of the claim? D. Does the person making the claim have a personal or subjective reason to support the claim?

Where does the funding for the person's research come from? Does the person making the claim have the appropriate background knowledge and experience in the area of the claim? Does the person making the claim have a personal or subjective reason to support the claim?

Identify the question below that science cannot address. A. What diet results in more weight loss? B. Which face cream will make me more beautiful? C. Which fertilizer grows more tomatoes? D. What is the cause of climate change?

Which face cream will make me more beautiful?