Test 2 A&P2

Calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 125 beats/minute, the end-diastolic volume is 130 ml, and the end-systolic volume is 40 ml.

11,250 ml / min

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

2,4,1,5,3,6

Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order. 1. Secretion of perforin 2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus 3. Lysis of abnormal cell 4. Recognition and adhesion

4,2,1,3

What is considered a "normal" cardiac output when resting? Please provide units. (Figure 20-24)

5-7.5 L/min

Calculate the cardiac output of a patient with a heart rate of 100 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 75 ml.

7500 ml/min

Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?

Aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve.

The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages.

B

Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to

beta-one

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located

between the left atrium and left ventricle.

An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will trigger a reflex to

both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure.

When carotid and aortic baroreceptors reduce their output,

both heart rate and stroke volume increase.

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to

calcium channels remaining open.

The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as

cardiac tamponade

The coronary sinus drains the ________ into the ________.

cardiac veins; right atrium

Rheumatic fever causes generalized inflammation of the heart called

carditis

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.

coronary

If the force of ventricular contraction increases, what will happen to the end-systolic volume?

decrease

Drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will

decrease heart rate.

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from

depolarization of the atria

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called

diastole

The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle when the semilunar valve closes is the

end-systolic volume

The structure that permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal circulation is the

foramen ovale

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.

helper T

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A to help prevent graft rejection. This medication is one in a class of drugs known as ________ drugs.

immunosuppressive

Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes

immunosuppressive drugs

Positive inotropic drugs such as glucagon and thyroid hormone cause

increased contractility

In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of

increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

Collectively, the conducting cells that carry the impulse from the SA node to the AV node is known as the

internodal pathway

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

is running a fever

During the beginning of ventricular systole when the muscle is contracting but not enough pressure has built up to open the semilunar valves the heart is said to be in

isovolumetric contraction.

The AV node delay is beneficial because

it allows time for the atria to contract.

An MI that affects the ________ side of the heart is more severe because it has to pump blood with ________ force.

left; more

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

lymphedema.

What types of cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen and in the red pulp of the spleen? (Figure 22-8)

lymphocytes; red blood cells

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin.

In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occupied by the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea called the

mediastinum

Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the

medulla oblongata

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called

microglia

Various types of macrophages are derived from

monocytes

Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system.

more than 30

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would

produce a fever

One possible consequence of untreated strep throat is a disease causing inflammation of heart called

rheumatic fever.

The pulmonary valve prevents backward flow into the

right ventricle

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

The basic heartrate established by the SA node is called the

sinus rhythm

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

stroke volume

Cardiac output is increased by

sympathetic stimulation

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called

systole

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears

As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit

tetany

The primary lymphoid tissues include

the bone marrow and thymus

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because

the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in

the sinoatrial node

If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,

the ventricles will beat more slowly.

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called

tonsillitis.

Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called

trabeculae carneae.

Beginning with the right atrium, what is the order of the valves through which blood will pass? (Figure 20-5)

tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve

What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction? (Figure 22-3)

valves

Which factor directly influences preload?

venous return

The heart spends most of the cardiac cycle in which phase?

ventricular diastole

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person

was recently infected with mumps.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus.

IgG

What happens to the electrical impulse when it reaches the AV node? (Figure 20-11)

It gets delayed

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

When heart rate increases, the time spent in

all phases decreases but most of the decrease is during diastole.

The complement system works closely with and complements the action of

antibodies

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by

antihistamines

What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine? (Figure 22-17)

artificially acquired active immunity

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

Tonsils

The adult heart is roughly the size of

a man's clenched fist.