Test 2 Jerusalem

Khalif Abd al-Malik

685-705 - Most notable contribution to Jerusalem is construction of the Dome of the Rock, erroneously called the Mosque of Omar

Masjid al-Aqsa

705 - By naming the mosque, al-Aqsa, the Haram al-Sharif is forever linked with the life of Muhammad and the Qur'an. - Masjid al-Aqsa during this period is not the structure of today but a wooden building. 747- Huge, catastrophic earthquake along the Jordan River valley that destroys Jerusalem and damages the Masjid al-Aqsa

Abu Moslem

747-750 CE - Abu Moslem, freed Persian slave, starts militant and pietistic Islamic sect to overturn Umayyad power.

UNSCOP Proposal

8/31/47 - UNSCOP Report - One Jewish state - One Arab state - Demilitarized Jerusalem under international control.

Abd al-Ma'mun

810 CE Abd al-Ma'mun renovated the Dome of the Rock and the Masjid al-Aqsa as well as abandoned the Umayyad administrative complex. He changed the name on the dedicatory inscription on the Dome of the Rock from Abd al-Malik, who had built the Dome in the late seventh century, to read his own name instead, but forgot to change the date, so his forgery was not entirely successful.

Yom Kippur War

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur) Prime Minister Golda Meir: no first-strike; rely on intel October, 1973 - about 19 days; ~2500 KIA Loss of 400 tanks, 50+ aircraft US material intervention

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

Eudocia

Wife of Theodosius II and is exiled to Jerusalem in 443-460ce. Devotes her life to major construction such as: Patriarch of Jerusalem, rebuilding walls to provide protection for the near suburbs , and a massive basilica and a palace for herself

Templum Domini

(1142) - Dome of the Rock was consecrated as this name in the aftermath of the first crusade.

al-Kamil

(1229) - The fourth Ayyubid Sultan who signs the Treaty of Jaffa with Frederick II. This treaty turns Jerusalem over to the Crusaders as a Christian city but the Ayyubids get the surrounding region and also get Muslim control of the Haram al Sharif. When he dies, the Ayyubid Caliphate factionalizes. 2/28/1229 - al-Kamil, the fourth Ayyubid Sultan and Frederick II sign the Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul which turns Jerusalem over to the Crusaders as a Christian city but cedes control of the surrounding region to the Ayyubids and permits Muslim control of the Haram al-Sharif. 1238 - al-Kamil dies and the Ayyubid Caliphate factionalizes.

Camp David Accords

(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Constantine

(306- 337ce) employs christianity to unity his empire- the Roman Empire with its capital shifted east to Byzantium in modern day Turkey

Julian

(331-363 CE) Constantine's nephew Rises to throne in 361 CE Seeks to solidify Jewish support to his reign by promising rebuild the J. Temp,e and allow the restoration of sacrifices

Napoleon's Letter to the Jews

(Late 1700s) - Letters sent by Napoleon asking for the Jews to help defeat the Ottomans. Napoleon was stranded in Egypt, so he marches to capture Syria. Napoleon's excursion renews European artistic and archaeological interest in the region.

Umar

- 634-644: he succeeds Abu-Bakr - conquers J. In 638 from the Patriarch Sophronius with little or no bloodshed, after a two-year siege - First visits the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and then is led to site of the Temple to pray. - Establishes the site as a holy place and prays on the site of the current Masjid al-Aqsa.

Mu'awiya I

- 660-681 - Originally governor of Syria under Omar (ca. 640). - Rebuilds the supporting walls of the Temple Mount as the Haram al-Sharif, which sets the stage for the next round of Umayyad construction on the site. -Permits Jews back in the city

al-Abbas

- 750 CE Al-Abbas rises to power and consolidates his status as Caliph by eliminating the Umayyad dynasty and Abu Moslem.

King David Hotel Bombing

- British government had taken over a wing of the King David hotel for its administration. - 7/22/46 - The Irgun places several hundred pounds of explosives in the basement. - The resulting detonation kills 91 (28 Britons, 17 Jews, and 41 Arabs). - Destroys the Tenuat Hameri. - British engage in an open season against Irgun with help from the Haganah.

Describe the significant features of the Dome of the Rock.

- Built on the format of a Byzantine martyrium. - Employs nearly perfect architecture. For instance the central dome is 67 feet in diameter which is also the length of each of the walls of the octagon. - Shrine surround the Foundation Stone (Arabic "Sakhrah"; Hebrew "Even HaShetiyah"). Myth accords it as the place from which the world was created, the rock on which Abraham attempted to sacrifice Isaac, over which the Jerusalem Temple stood, and where Muhammad landed on his night journey. - Extensive inscriptions from the Qur'an dealing with the death and resurrection of Jesus and the virgin birth.

Name at least four factors that led to the Crusades.

- Decline in Islamic protection for Christian Holy Sites and for Christians - Conflict between eastern and western branches of the Church culminating in the Great Schism in 1054. - A desire to re-open international trade routes through the Near East, particularly spices. - Fragmentation in the Islamic World (al-Sulami, The Book of Holy War)

Menachem Begin

- During World War II, there was an armistice and a suspension of violence due to Jewish concern about the approaching Axis powers. - By 1944, the armistice falls apart as the German threat decreases. - The Irgun is now led by Menachem Begin.

King Abdullah

- East Jerusalem and West Bank is formally annexed to the Hashemite Kingdom under King Abdullah. - Haj Amin al-Husseini is relativized in the aftermath of 1948 because the Arab League and King Abdullah had a hostility towards Palestinian nationalism and used the war to gain territory.

Haj Amin al-Husseini pt 2

- Grand Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseni forms the Arab Higher Committee. The AHC functions as a counterpart to Zionist organizations such as the Jewish Agency. - The Grand Mufti calls for a general strike that eventuates in violence against the Jewish population. - By late spring and summer there are widespread Jewish deaths including students and faculty at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. - After 1937 al-Husseni continues to lead the rebellion from exile in Lebanon.

Balian of Ibelin

- Jerusalem defenses led by Balian of Ibelin, one of the few survivors of the Battle of Hattin - Balian threatens that his forces will destroy Jerusalem and fight to the last death if Saladin does not let them surrender.

Describe how Suleiman I renovated the Dome of the Rock.

- Orders the re-tiling of the exterior using 450,000 porcelain tiles, a recent innovation.

Discuss the impact of Suleiman I on Jerusalem.

- Reigns from 1517-1550. Suleiman was also known as Kanuni, because of his efforts to normalize legal practice across his empire (including Jerusalem). He also rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem after fearing a Crusade from Charles V. Lastly, Suleiman renovated the Dome of the Rock as well as the Haram al-Sharif.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

- Secret agreement, officially known as the Asia Minor Agreement. - Negotiated by Sir Mark Sykes, British MP and Yorkshire Baronet, and French diplomat François Georges-Picot between November 1915 and March 1916.

Suleiman I

- Son of Selim I - Name is form of "Solomon."ÒReigns from 1517-1550. - Known in the West as the "Magnificent" because of his lavish court.

Charles V

- Suleiman I had strong concern about a crusade being launched by Emperor Charles V. Therefore, he rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem

Peel Commission

- The British Government is horrified by the scale and scope of the Arab revolt. - They send Lord William Robert Wellesley Peel to head the Palestine Royal Commission to inquire into the situation. - Lord Peel concludes that the Arab unrest is a result of national aspirations and concern about Zionist settlement. - Proposes the creation of both Jewish and Arab states, the transfer of 225,000 Arabs and 1250 Jews, and Jerusalem as an internationally administered district. - Ben-Gurion and the leadership of the Yishuv were open to the plan. - The Arab leadership outright rejected the plan

UN Resolution 242

- called for Israeli withdrawal from conquered territories gained after the Six Day War, and the recognition and security of all states in the Middle East; countries failed to apply this resolution-requires the establishment of just and peace in the Middle East.

Abdul Nasser

- in 1955, General Abdul Nasser begins buying large stocks of arms from the Soviet Union in preparation for an invasion of Israel. - July 26, 1956, Nasser cuts off access to the Suez Canal. - Israel invades Egypt with British and French assistance as far as Port Said, the entrance to the Suez canal. - Israel is eventually forced to withdrawal but the conflict sets the stage for the 1967 war.

Discuss what led Saladin to challenge Crusader power in the Near East?

- mistreatment of Muslims by Christian's - Decline of pretense of Islam in Near East - Holy War, Al Sulamis publication

Madaba Map

-6th Century CE Depicts Jerusalem with the Nea Church. Precisely charts main features of Christian Jerusalem at the time of Justinian. -Does not contain buildings constructed after 560. -Reflects sacred geography of the Christian world. Marks not only biblical sites but all new buildings the Christians had constructed to transform the country into a sacred space.

Palm Sunday Rebellion of 1757

-Greek Orthodox rebelled against Catholic control of holy sites. - Since 1690, Catholics were charged with protecting Christian holy sites. - Remember Franciscans had control of holy spaces in the city, particularly the Holy Sepulcher, since crusader times. - French were charged since the 1740s with protecting Catholics in the Ottoman Empire. - Orthodox Patriarch, Parthenios, travels to Istanbul. - Sultan Uthman III rules that Greek Orthodox community should assumed renewed responsibility for Holy Sites. - Leads to current situation today.

Discuss what led to increased European interest in Jerusalem in the Eighteenth Century

-Hotspot of many religions -controlling trade routes, (ottoman empire going to weaken so wanted stability for trade routes) -emerging ideas of colonialism...desire to have control over areas that connect to cultural and religious legacy of the west

Fatimids

1076 - Fatimids regain control and lose again to Seljuks in 1077 1098 - Fatimids again regain control of the city in face of an approaching Crusader army

Pope Urban II

1095 pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims Presented a new Christian theory of just war

Al-Sulami

1105 - Al-Sulami publishes The Book of Holy War - Al-Sulami saw internecine Islamic conflict as reason for decline in Islamic power in the Levant. - He resurrects the earlier Islamic concept of Jihad and interprets it as a necessary and just war. - Based on Al-Sulami's work, Saladin begins to develop a plan in the 1170s to push the crusaders

Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul

1229 - turns Jerusalem over to the Crusaders as a Christian city but cedes control of the surrounding region to the Ayyubids and permits Muslim control of the Haram al-Sharif. - signed by al-Kamil and Frederick II

Moses Montefiore

1784-1885 Typhoon of british jewish banking family who was interested in making poversity less apparent and making housing for the poor in Jerusalem- took several trips there. He paid for the expansion of Rachel's tomb, a place where women would go and pray if they were having fertility issues

Holy Sepulcher Fire of 1808

1808 - Fire Breaks out in the Holy Sepulcher - Not clear whether started by the Greeks or the Armenians. - Church is burned to the ground. - Rebuilding begins in 1819 - Resisted by Muslim population in Jerusalem. Leads to rebellion in city.

Mehmet Ali

1831 - Egyptian army seizes Jerusalem under Mehmet (Muhammad Ali), an Albanian Turk by origin and Pasha of Egypt. - Leads an army of 40,000-90,000 to wrest Syria and Palestine from Ottoman control. - Rule lasts until 1840. - Notable for equal rights for all its citizens and modernization and secularization of judicial system. - 1840 - Ottomans regain control of Jerusalem with help of Britain, France, and Russia.

Herbert Samuel

1870 - 1963 A moderate Zionist who believed that the Jews and Palestinians could live peacefully together who was appointed by the British to command their area of Palestine.within one year, got Haj Amin al-Husseini out of jail. Sir Herbet Samuel was the first British high commissioner in Palestine.

Chaim Weizmann

1874 - 1952 - Russian-born Jewish chemist who became the first president of Israel - Weitzmann had supported the British war effort through his work as a chemist. Balfour had a relationship with Dr. Chaim Weitzmann, when Weitzmann had first approached Balfour about Palestine as a Jewish homelandWeitzzmann had supported the British war effort through his work as a chemist

Moshe Dayan

1915-1981) minister of defense for the Israeli army in the six day war. In addition to his military skills, Dayan was also an avid amateur archaeologist and historian who had once compared himself to King David's right-hand man Joab and his brothers, the sons of Zurriah.Granted Narkiss permission to besiege the Old City, in the hope that the occupants would simply surrender.

Balfour Declaration

1917, Britain's declaration of support for the foundation of a Jewish state or nation in Palestine.

Irgun

1930s - The Irgun was a group that split from the Haganah. - Composed of Revisionist Zionist followers of Ze'evJabotinsky. - They respond to the Arab uprising with bombings and attacks against the Arab population.

Operation Nachshon

1948 to break siege of Jerusalem by capturing/destroying Arab villages along route First major Haganah operation

Mount Scopus convoy massacre

1948 4/14 Mount Scopus convoy massacre (77 unarmed medical personnel killed). The arab response to Deir Yassin Massacre As a result of the deir yassin massacre in 1948, the Arabs fought back. On April 14, 1948, a ten vehicle medical convoy bound for Hadassah Hospital- located on Mount Scopus, in the Arab section of Jerusalem- was attacked. The vehicles included two ambulances, several armored buses, and three trucks loaded with hospital supplies. All these vehicles belonged to the Jewish version of the Red Cross.

Yitzhak Rabin

1948 5/19 - Haganah/Palmach forces under Yitzhak Rabin make contact with and reinforce the 120 Haganah and 100 Irgun fighters defending the 2000 residents of the Jewish Quarter. He was in command of the Israeli army during the Arab-Israeli war in 1948. Rabin eventually became prime minister in the 1970s

Burma Road

1948 6/9 - The Burma Road, carved by hand Becomes the basis of the infrastructure for the post-war period Burma road= essential for making Jerusalem a part of the jewish state moving forward

Deir Yassin massacre

1948 Jerusalem is cut off - Haganah begins operation Nachshon to get supplies to Jerusalem - 4/9 Deir Yassin Massacre (100-250 men, women, and children killed) on April 9, 1948 the Irgun and Lehi, a joint operation, attacked the village of Deir Yassin, killing around 107 Palestinian Arabs. The attack is remembered like the massacre.

The Arab Revolt of 1936

3 years -Husseini called for strike on all of Palestine against both british and jewish population - deaths included faculty and students at Hebrew University - after 1937 al-Husseini continues to lead rebellion from exile in Lebanon - Significant uprising of the Arab population of Palestine against both the British and the Jewish population (the Yishuv). - Begins in 1936 and continues through 1939.

Nachmanides

A Jewish rabbi (Rambam) that was heavily influential in the reestablishment of Jewish community through his descriptions of Jerusalem in the mid 13th century. - Moses Ben Nachman (1194-1270) - set up a synagogue - marks beginning uninterrupted jewish occupation of Jerusalems - Marks traditional re est. of a jewish community in Jerusalem

Samuel Clemens

AKA Mark Twain Visited Jerusalem in 1867 as part of tour of the Holy Land and Near East. - Recorded his travels in a series of newspaper columns that were later collected and re-published in 1869 as Innocents Abroad, or, The New Pilgrim's Progress.

Fada'il al-Quds

About 1000 During this period a distinct genre of Islamic literature emerges called Fada'il al-Quds or "Praises of Jerusalem"

Discuss and compare the different proposals for the partition of Palestine made during the 1930s and 1940s.

According to the Sykes-picot Agreement from 1916, Jerusalem would be administered by international control after the fall over the Ottoman Empire. The Peel Commission from 1937 was similar in the way that Jerusalem was an internationally administered district. However, it was different because it proposes the creation of both Jewish and Arab states, and the transfer of 225,000 Arabs and 1250 Jews. The UNSCOP report of 1947 proposed having one jewish state, one arab state, and a demilitarized Jerusalem under international control (similar to the past proposals)

Fedayeen

Arab fighters in 1955 that the Egyptian intelligence began training to infiltrate Israel and conduct terrorist activities

al-Quds

Arabic name for Jerusalem

Haram al-Sharif

Arabic name for Temple Mount

Seljuks

Began to rise in late 10th century in what is modern day Uzbekistan among a Turkish tribe 1070 - captured Jerusalem under Atsiz ibn Umaq. They rebuild walls on roughly the same lines as contemporary walls. But leaves a significant problem because the height of the Western Hill enabled an army besieging Jerusalem to be at the same level or above the walls they are attacking

Richard I the Lionheart

Brother was King John. Launched the 3rd crusade to retake Jerusalem after Saladin captured it. He took Aere, but could not take Jerusalem. Crusader forces arrive from all over Christendom. Most famous of them is Richard I the Lionheart. One month later on July 12, 1191, the siege is over

Nea Church

Built by Justinian during the 6th Century. Built from the remains of the Temple Mount which angered Jews. Considered an affront by the Jews of the Empire Destroyed by Jewish members of Khosraus Army.

Judah heHasid

Ca. 1700, about 500-1000 followers of Judah heHasid (Judah the Pious) move to Jerusalem from Moravia. - doubles the Jewish population in Jerusalem. - They build a small synagogue, which is destroyed by local Muslims in 1721

Haroun al-Rashid

Ca. 800, Haroun al-Rashid (of 1000 and One Arabian Nights fame) allowed Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Emperor, to create a uniquely Christian quarter in Jerusalem, primarily because of gifts and diplomatic missions between the two monarchs.

Hercalius

Eastern Roman Empire in early seventh century 622 CE he invades Persian Empire and reconquers J. In 62 9 CE

Discuss the impact that Helena, Constantine's mother had on Jerusalem.

Convinces Constantine to build churches in the east at prominent christian Holy sites. Oversees the construction of thr the church of the Holy sepulcher and church of st.sion Jews were banned from J. At her investigation

Discuss what happened to Jerusalem after the 1948 war.

East Jerusalem and the West Bank is formally annexed to the Hashemite Kingdom under King Abdullah Feb 1949- Jerusalem formally named as Israel's capital

Treaty of Jaffa

Emperor Fredrick ends up signing a three-year truce in 1192 CE, called the Treaty of Jaffa, that provides a small crusader kingdom on the coast and access to Jerusalem. end of third crusade three-year truce in 1192 CE, called the Treaty of Jaffa, that provides a small crusader kingdom on the coast and access to Jerusalem.

Edmund Allenby

General Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby is given command of British Forces in the Middle East in June 1917 by PM David Lloyd George to overtake jerusalem

St. Anne's Church

Goodfrey Built St. Anne's church on the traditional site of the home of Hannah and Joachim, the Virgin Mary's parents

Naqib al-Ashraf Revolt

In 1703, the local Ottoman governor, Jurji Mohammed Pasha, was enriching himself through excessive taxation. - During Friday prayers in May of that year, the qadi (religious judge) of Jerusalem calls for rebellion. - Size of Jerusalem's population shrinks to 8000 and heavy taxation is imposed.

Palestinian National Charter of 1964

In its 1968 charter (the Palestine National Charter, or Covenant) the PLO delineated its basic principles and goals, the most important of which were the right to an independent state, the total liberation of Palestine, and the destruction of the State of Israel.

1968 Palestinian National Charter

In its 1968 charter (the Palestine National Charter, or Covenant) the PLO delineated its basic principles and goals, the most important of which were the right to an independent state, the total liberation of Palestine, and the destruction of the State of Israel. document drafted by the PLO in 1968 that negated Israel's right to exist and established and appealed for Palestinian statehood.

Discuss the major features of Arab national policy (by Jordan and Egypt in particular) toward Palestine in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.

In the 1940s, Arab countries had a hostility towards Palestinian nationalism and used the 1948 war to gain territory. In the 1950s, Nasser, leader of the Egyptian forces, was only interested in Palestinian Liberation as a means to obliterate Israel and gain land for his vision of Pan-Arabism. This same view towards Palestinian Liberation was taken towards Palestine by the Arab countries in the 1960s as well, especially during the Six Day War.

American Colony

In the 19th century, the increase in the population of the city as well as an increase in pilgrimage, led to the founding of settlements outside the city walls. These included: The protestant American colony in the north. Founded in 1881 by Anna and Horatio Spafford, from Chicago, in an existing Arab residence just outside the Damascus Gate near Sheikh Jarrah. - The american colony is supplemented by a swedish group in the 1890s -At its height number 150 ppl-Founded as a utopian, Christian community marked by communal living and charity -Supported by farming, photography, and teaching schools -Their residence was converted into a hotel in the 1950s

Discuss the impact of early Islam on Jerusalem and its approach to other religious groups in the city

Islam became main religion. Judaism and Christianity were tolerated.

Discuss the boundaries of Jerusalem after the 1949 armistice agreement and the problems that it poses for current discussions of Jerusalem's future.

Jews have all of Negev and above near HaifaEgypt gains the gaza strip and the west bank becomes part of JordanAt the end of 1948, there was no arab state. In part b/c the local leadership did not went to consent to any of these documents For the first time in its history, in the wake of the 1948 war, Jerusalem moved from being a unified city to being a city that parts of it are in one territory and parts of it are in another. On 11/28.1948 with the formal cease fire, the borders were determined to be where fighting had stopped on 07.18/1938. In comparison to the UNSCOP proposal, Israel controls a large western territory that is continuous along the coast from Egypt to Lebanon. It wraps around the West bank to touch Syria and jordan. To the south it includes the entire Negev. They also control West Jerusalem. But Egypt gains the Gaza Strip, Jordan gets West Bank, but there is no Arab state. The green line followed the November 1949 cease fire line. The people involved in the negotiation in the 1949 took a wide tipped sharpie knife, marker that was green to mark the green line that divided the line. but now when you down to the specific of the map, the sharpie is wider than a fine line. this is what leads to continuous

Ḥurva Synagogue

Judah heHasid and his people build this and is destroyed by local Muslims in in 1721 Lays ruin for 140 years In 1864, it is rebuilt and officially named the Beis Yaakov Synagogue and became the main Ashkenazi synagogue.

Horns of Hattin

July 1187- Saladin and his Muslim armies captured or killed the majority of the crusader forces, leaving the Crusaders without the ability to wage war. Islamic forces once again became the prominent military power reconquering Jerusalem and several other Crusader-held cities. Guy of Lusignan was captured and taken to Damascus as prisoner.

Stern Gang/Lechi

Lechi, a radical breakoff from Irgun, continues operations during World War II - Lechi = Lochamei Cherut Yisrael ("Fighters for the Freedom of Israel") - Led by Abraham Stern until his death in 1942 - Yitschaq Shamir becomes one of the prominent leaders - The group is known by the British as the Stern Gang. MID- 1940s - 11/6/44 - Assassinated Lord Moyne, the minister for Middle East Affairs, in Cairo. - By late 1945, the British began restricting immigration to 1500/month. - The Haganah, Irgun, and Lechi form the Tenuat Hameri (or "United Resistance Movement").

Discuss what led to increased European interest in Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century

Montefiore: Interested in making poverty less apparent and making housing for them. Russians: Interested b/c wanted to facilitate russian orthodox christians to go the city American interest Sparked by millennial expectation (sparked by periodic renewals of faith going back to the great awakening, and sparking of revival happening in the 19th century = tied to protestant christianity revivals happening in 19th century tied to the mormons which emerge out of this) and orientalist interest (understanding roots of western civilization)

Mamluks

Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance rule Jerusalem from 1300-1516 without any threats from Europe or other Islamic powers. - Mamluks then rule Jerusalem from 1300-1516 without any threats from Europe or other Islamic powers. - They spend their time embellishing the Haram al Sharif.

Suez Crisis of 1956

Nasser cuts off access to the Suez CanalCut off trade routes for western nations transiting through the canal

Russian Compound

One of the settlements built outside of the city walls in the 19th century due to the increase in population of the city as well as the increase in pilgrimage. It was in the northwest and was one of the pilgrimage centers for Russian Orthodox christians. The russian compound has a number of city offices, there are remnants of the central prison still there today, and at the heart of the russian compound was the basilica and barracks for pilgrims to stay

Yitschaq Shamir

Prominent leader of the Lechi during World War II

Khosrau II

Sassanian king Conquers Jerusalem in 614 CE Jews mays have viewed him as a modern day Cyrus to come and liberate them

Ayyubids

Shiite clan that take over Baghdad, forces Abbasid caliph to surrender auth. 1217 - Fifth Crusade; Saladin's brother al- Adil and nephew al-Mu'azzam dismantle Jerusalem's fortifications along with other Ayyubid forts throughout the region. 2/28/1229 - al-Kamil, the fourth Ayyubid Sultan and Frederick II sign the Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul which turns Jerusalem over to the Crusaders as a Christian city but cedes control of the surrounding region to the Ayyubids and permits Muslim control of the Haram al-Sharif. 1238 - al-Kamil dies and the Ayyubid Caliphate factionalizes.

Saladin

Shirkuh dies and Saladin rises to power as vizier of Egypt. - July 4, 1187 - Saladin defeats crusader forces at "Horns of Hattin" near the western shores of the Sea of Galilee - September 1187 - begins age-old strategy of taking out other cities before conquering Jerusalem by capturing Ascalon (ancient Ashkelon)

Yerushalayim shel Zahav

Song written by Naomi Shremer in 1967 and premiered on May 15, Israeli Independent Day-Captures mood israel has of Jerusalem

Kanuni

Suleiman I was known in the East at Kanuni "the lawgiver" because of his efforts to regularize and normalize legal practice in his Empire.

al-Hakim

The Egyptian Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim (996-1021) begins what can best be described as a Caligulan chapter in Islamic history. In 1009, he orders the destruction of Jewish and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, including the Holy Sepulcher which is razed to its foundation

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s). Nixon overwhelmed, Kissinger has freer hand USSR intervention US 6th Fleet and USSR Mediterranean Squadron Prepares to invade Sinai, help Egypt 3rd Army DEFCON 3 Convinces Israel to back off of Egypt 3rd Army

Describe the key architectural features of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher during the fourth century CE.

The slope: demolished in order to build church Inhumation Champer, alleged site of christs tomb, current church, and Golgotha rock

Discuss the causes of the Six Day War or en-Naksah.

The training of fedayeen, buying large stocks of arms, and cutting of access to Suez canal all leads to 1967 war

Sherif Hussein

eader of Arabs during WWI.. The British make promises to everyone in the middle east to get them on their side, like negotiation with Sherif Hussein of Mecca. Sherif Hussein asks for the rather ridiculous- all of Arabia, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq in exchange for launching a revolt against the OttomansSir henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt makes vague promises to Sherif Hussein to ensure the revolt

King Abdullah

had replaced Haj Amin with a new Mufti of Jerusalem in December 1948. He was assassinated while attending Friday morning prayers at the al-Aqsa Mosque in 1951. King of jordanians.

Godfrey of Bouillon

leader of First Crusade army; became king of the Holy Land 1096 - Army of French noblemen, other Europeans, and Norman Englishmen set out under leadership of Godfrey of Bouillon.

Pan Arabism

movement in which Arabs sought to unite all Arabs into one statehe group of palestinian Arab people who wish to destroy Israel. Believe Palestine is an Arab homeland. Political movement that emerged in first half of 20th century- all arab countries should unite to form one country or state. Nasser promoted this.

Haj Amin al-Husseini

one of the speakers at the arab riots. - He was the son of the mufti of Jerusalem and the cousin of the mayor of Jerusalem. - Also the future uncle of Yasser Arafat and the great-uncle of Faisal Husseini, the late Palestinian Authority minister for Jerusalem affairs. - He was later convicted and sentenced in prison for 10 years for his role in the 1920 riot. - Allied himself with Hitler. Broadcasted anti-Jewish and anti-British propganda in Arabin from BerlinConstantly accused of being responsible for the agitations in Jerusalem and throughout Palestine during the 1920's and 1930;s and especially causing the riots of 1929 and 1936

1967 War

was also called the six day war. Was a war between the Israeli's and the Jordinians and Egyptians. Ended with Israeli's capture of the Old City. Israeli's ended up capturing East Jerusalem and the Old City. Jordan lost control of East Jerusalem and of the holy places on the Haram al-Sherif.