Test 2 Kearley PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Chloroplast - What is it? - What it contains and what is its function? - Draw and label a chloroplast from scratch?

- An organelle that is found only in plant cells - It contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis - See pic

Calvin Cycle - What is another name for it? Why called this?

- Light Independent Reaction (Because it does not need sunlight to take place)

Photosynthesis - Describe what happens - Give overall equation - What are the 2 major phases of photosynthesis?

- Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars - 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 1) Light Dependent Reaction (aka: Photosystem II & I) 2) Light Independent Reaction ( aka: Calvin cycle or Dark reaction)

What is the Second major phase of Photosynthesis?

Calvin Cycle

What is Grana made up of? -function?

Grana is the stacks of thylakoids on top of each other -where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place

Calvin Cycle - What goes in and out of the Calvin Cycle?

IN=> carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH (from the light reaction phase) Out => sugar (G3P) used to make glucose is the product that comes out

a) Draw the Photosynthesis chart given in class from scratch then be able to describe it> b) What are the molecules before and after of the reaction

a) 1. light goes into the light dependent 2. light dependent releases ATP and NADPH 3. ATP and NADPH and CO2 go into the Calvin Cycle 4. The Calvin Cycle then releases H2O and glucose b) C02 + H2O + ATP + NADPH = 3-carbon sugar + H+ ADP + P + NADP (Note ADP and NADP go back to light reactions) Just FYI, the exact chemical reaction is: 3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 5 H2O + 9 ATP → G3P + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi

Watch Video on Chloroplast

https://study.com/academy/lesson/chloroplast-structure-chlorophyll-stroma-thylakoid-and-grana.html

Watch Video on Photosystem II & I

https://study.com/academy/lesson/photosynthesis-i-photolysis-and-the-light-reactions.html

Watch Video on Thylakoid

https://study.com/academy/lesson/thylakoids-definition-functions-quiz.html

What is the Greenhouse effect? 1. Why has carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere over the last two centuries? 2. What happens when carbon dioxide increases? 3. What counteracts the Greenhouse effect?

it is when carbon dioxide traps heat and warms the air 1. Because of the increased use of fossil fuels and Industrialization 2. the average temperature will increase 3. photosenthesis conusmes the carbon dioxide, so it counteracts the Greenhouse effect

Chemiosmosis

using energy of proton gradient to make ATP

Stroma is the fluid within the _____________ and surrounds the ______________. Describe what happens in the Stroma?

Stroma is the fluid within the *chloroplast* and surrounds the *thylakoids*. -To conduct the Calvin Cycle of Photosynthesis ==> where enzymes take the carbon from carbon dioxide and then mixes it with oxygen and hydrogen to make a simple carbohydrate molecule

Light Dependent Reaction - Where does it take place? - What are the 2 phases of the Light Reaction - What are the inputs of outputs of this phase? - Describe all the steps (5 steps) that take place in the 2 phases (Great PIC so study it to learn)

- Within the Thylakoid Membrane - Photosystem I & II - Photons from sun + water => oxygen + Chemical Energy (NADPH + ATP) Note: The Chemical energy NADPH + ATP are used to power the Calvin Cycle - PHOTOSYSTEM II Step 1: A water splitting enzyme splits H2O into Hydrogen and Oxygen. The Oxygen gets released from the plant through to Stomata. They H+ stays inside the Thylakoid space. *Electrons are released from the water and get energized in next step* Step 2: Chlorophyll and other pigments use photons from the sun to energize electrons *that were released from the water* (This is called "Charge Separation) Step 3: The high energy electrons pass through an ETC and supply energy for Hydrogen Protein Pumps to pump H+ out of the Stroma and into the Thykaloid Space. This creates a high concentration of H+ inside the Thykaloid space PHOTOSYSTEM I Step 4: More Photons collected from sun and energize more electrons Step 5: This energy is used to a) reduce NADP+ into NADPH b) make ADP into ATP (an ATP Synthase Protein is used here) This is called Chemiosmosis Both are used to energize the processes that take place in Calvin Cycle

Stroma - define - Function

- fluid portion of the chloroplast outside of the thylakoids - Function is to handle the light independent portions of photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle)

Thylakoid Membrane - What is it? - Describe the main components. - Describe the process that takes place here?

- membrane in a chloroplast where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur - Pigments (ie. chlorophyll). Hydrogen Protein Pumps, ATP Synthase Pumps

What is a thylakoid made up of? -where is it located? -Function? - What does the thylakoid contain inside of it?

-flattened membrane-bound sac *that are arranged in stacks called Grana -the interior of the chloroplast - to carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis - Chlorophyl

Stomata - What is it? - Function?

-it is the pores of the leaf -it is where the pores let in carbon dioxide and let water and oxygen out

Pigments -Define -What is the *main pigment* found in plants? - Describe what it does with the different wavelengths of light? -What are accessory pigments? Name 2

-molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect/transmit others -Chlorophyll - Absorbs all wavelengths of light except for yellow-green and green wavelengths (which these are reflected) (Note: thats why they look green because that is the color reflected to our eyes -Pigments that absorbs light at different wavelengths then chlorophyll and then pass there energy onto chlorophyll - 1) Carotenoids 2)Anthocyanin

What is the Calvin Cycle? -why is it light-independent?

-the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. -The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight.