Test 2: Sociology

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who was the theorist who said that a major source of conflict in society was the result of the inequality that existed between workers and owners

Karl Max

what serious social problem might be made worse if more people were encouraged to telecommute

alienation and loneliness

which of the following is true about the sociological imagination

all of these are true

which of the following is an example of corporate welfare

all of these could be examples of corporate welfare

which of the following statements about slavery is false

all of these statements are false

because social mobility is possible in the United States, the country is considered to be

an open system

what is Durkheim's term for a state of normlessness

anomie

which of the following is NOT an example of discrimination

believing that African Americans are better dancers than white people

which of the following is an example of a prejudice

believing that asians are better at math

a women who works on an assembly line on the floor of a factory has a

blue-collar job

what is the most extreme form of socialism called

communism

according to Emile Durkheim, traditional religious beliefs are the only source of social stability

false

according to Max Weber wealth, power, and prestige are often related to another, but one cannot be converted into another

false

according to sociologists, most normal people have never engaged in any acts of deviance

false

most poor people in the United States are unemployed

false

sociological research has consistently shown that, as punishments become more severe, the crime rate declines

false

the words "race" and "ethnicity" are used interchangeably because they mean essentially the same thing

false

Benny does freelance work from home. What is most likely the best benefit of this arrangement

flexibility

based on what you read about the Agricultural Revolution, which of the following is true

food production was greatly increased by new innovations in farming and animal husbandry

the invention and widespread use of the plow (and later irrigation) launched a economic revolution that is sometimes called the "birth of the modern". the revolution is known as

Agrarianism

the idea that societies can evolve, and that "survival of the fittest" might apply to societies too was first discussed by

Herbert Spencer

which sociologist was r responsible for coining the term "the looking-glass self"

Charles Cooley

which of the following people's teachings would be most associated with symbolic interactionism

George Herbert Mead

German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, in 1887, wrote a work entitled, which roughly translates as

Gesellschaft, Gesellschaft

which of the following brought about the rapid transformation of social life resulting from the technological and economic developments that began with the assembly line, steam power, and urbanization

Industrial Revolution

how is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Max

Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person's social class

seeing some event without any preconception in order to view things in a new way is using

a beginner's mind

society is

a group of people who share their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups

how do sociologists define a minority group

a group whose members suffer from unequal treatment

how do sociologists define ethnicity

a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage

a subculture is

a group within a group that wants to break away from the larger entity to establish its own values, norms, and laws

functionalist theory is very concerned with the ways that structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure

a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society

according to Robert Merton's structural strain theory, which of the following individuals would be LEAST likely to be a deviant

a white college student from a middle-class family who's experimenting with drugs while in college and is interested in sports

which of the following is a paradigm interested in the power imbalances within a society

conflict theory

Although Karl Marx died long before anyone had used the word "postmodern," many postmodern theorists still draw on elements of his work to inform their own theories. Given what you know about postmodernism, which of the following quotes from Marx's writings reveals his "postmodern side"

constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones....

the spread of McDonald's restaurants throughout Asia is an example of

cultural diffusion

if you've ever gone to a new place, and suddenly felt disoriented because the environment was so strange to you, you may have experienced

culture shock

in order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered deviant, it must

depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction

how does structural strain theory explain the existence of deviance

deviance is the result of the tension between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to meet those goals through socially approved means

Angela's mother says to her, "I don't want you to hang around with Melissa. She's going to be a bad influence on you." The mother may not know it, but she's subscribing to which theory

differential association theory

an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of his membership in a racial or ethnic group is called

discrimination

why was imprisonment such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century

earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons

the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries are called

globalization

according to Max Weber, a bureaucracy

has a clear hierarchy

what was one of the key differences between hunting and gathering societies and horticultural societies

horticultural societies tended to have more permanent settlements

a group that one indentifies with and feels loyalty toward is called a

in-group

how is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination

institutional discrimination is more systematic and widespread

which of the following is a characteristics of capitalism

it is based on the laws of market competition

a researcher studying the interaction between a cashier and a customer at a grocery store would likely be doing what

macrosociology

when whites are less than half the population of any given state, it is called

majority minority state

which of the following is NOT a feature of a minority group

minority group members believe they are superior to the majority

Ascribed status is usually involuntary and often assigned at birth. Achieved status is voluntary and often based on merit, ability, or achievement. What sort of status would you expect to find in a closed system

mostly ascribed status

according to labeling theory, why were none of the pseudopatients in David Rosenhan's "On Being in Insane Places" discovered

once a person has been labeled "mentally ill" it is very hard for anyone to see past the label

a company that hires an engineer in India because she can be paid significantly lower wages than an engineer in the United States is practicing

outsourcing

the belief that all Irish are drunks is an example of

prejudice

what explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today

prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion

how is prejudice different from discrimination

prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action

Weber would argue that a person who belongs to an exclusive country club would belong to a higher social class due to that membership's

prestige

which of the following is one of the primary principles of capitalism

privatization of the means of production

Karl Marx referred to the workers as the ____ and the owners as the ____

proletariat; bourgeoisie

if someone breaks into your house or cars, that person has committed

property crimes

a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another is

racism

the belief that Asians are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than Europeans is an example

racism

The Bell Curve by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray generated an enormous amount of controversy when it first came out, largely because it suggested that racial differences in IQ scores were due to genetically driven differences in intelligence and argued that "both genes and the environment have something to do with racial differences." For these who disagreed, this seemed like a very familiar argument, because

racist beliefs are often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are biologically based

Emile Durkheim argued that even an actor as seemingly individual as suicide has important social compartments. What social factors did he examine

religious affiliation and marital status

a stay at home mom going back to school learn how to be a lawyer would be an example of

resocialization

a man has an important business meeting at 2p.m., but his daughter has a piano recital at the same time. He will experience

role conflict

David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is other relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a

self-fulfilling prophecy

Johnny got sick and missed a week of school. He failed the test when he came back. His friends called him stupid. He was upset that he didn't want to go back to school, so he skipped a lot of classes. His teachers said that he wasn't a good student, so he decided to drop out of school. What happened?

self-fulfilling prophecy

what did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made

self-fulfilling prophecy

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige in society is called

social inequality

if you start out at your job as a janitor, but retire as the vice president of operations, you would likely have experienced

social mobility

the division of a society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy is called

social stratification

which of the following is true about the process of socialization

socialization teaches individuals what they need to become functioning members of society

if someone tells you that you are "middle class" they would be describing your

socioeconomic status

a man who has his Ph D in sociology, yet continues to work as a cashier at a retail store, is an example of

status inconsistency

which of the following theories views society as a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together

structural functionalism

which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent upon the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations

symbolic interactionism

what racial issue does functionalism help to explain

the assimilation of European ethnic groups into larger society

a functionalist analysis of education might focus on

the functions that education provides for society

what happens to a group when the number of people in the group increases

the number of possible relationships increases

the economy is not only about money, but also about

the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

what new technology was integral of the Industrial Revolution

the steam engine

according to conflict theory, what is the real source of racism

the struggle for power and control

Examine the graphic depiction above of Robert Merton's typology of deviance. Why do you think that those who embrace both new means and new goals are depicted as being just barely connected to the other types that Merton described

they advocate a radical alternative to the existing social order and are trying to break free from everyone else

a person who is not prejudiced may still participate in discrimination

true

in many cases, people who date interracially face pressure form within their own racial group to date and marry within their own race

true

sociologists argue that no behavior, not even one designed to kill a great number of people, is inherently deviant

true

the differential association theory of deviance focuses on peer pressure and "bad influences" to show how deviance is a process of social learning

true

the economic benefits of outsourcing are gained by businesses, but the disadvantages are felt by workers

true

the fact that there were different racial categories in the past than there are today demonstrates the social construction of race

true

the industrial revolution changed not only working conditions, but also many other elements of daily life

true

the peak age for committing both property and violent crimes is under twenty years old

true

which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance

violations of social norms

how do we decide when to display situational ethnicity

we do a cost-benefit analysis

which of the following is a component of Cooley's looking-glass self

we experience some kind of felling about ourselves based on our perception of other people's judgement

how do self-fulfilling prophecies work

we respond not only to the objective features of a situation, but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning

which of the following is not true of technological change

when sociologists discuss technology and technological change, they are referring to electronic technology alone, and not to other tools to reshape our material and cultural environment

which of the following best describes the economic system found in the United States

while the United States is a capitalist nation, it also has socialist elements

insider trading is an example of

white-collar crimes


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