Test 2: Sociology
who was the theorist who said that a major source of conflict in society was the result of the inequality that existed between workers and owners
Karl Max
what serious social problem might be made worse if more people were encouraged to telecommute
alienation and loneliness
which of the following is true about the sociological imagination
all of these are true
which of the following is an example of corporate welfare
all of these could be examples of corporate welfare
which of the following statements about slavery is false
all of these statements are false
because social mobility is possible in the United States, the country is considered to be
an open system
what is Durkheim's term for a state of normlessness
anomie
which of the following is NOT an example of discrimination
believing that African Americans are better dancers than white people
which of the following is an example of a prejudice
believing that asians are better at math
a women who works on an assembly line on the floor of a factory has a
blue-collar job
what is the most extreme form of socialism called
communism
according to Emile Durkheim, traditional religious beliefs are the only source of social stability
false
according to Max Weber wealth, power, and prestige are often related to another, but one cannot be converted into another
false
according to sociologists, most normal people have never engaged in any acts of deviance
false
most poor people in the United States are unemployed
false
sociological research has consistently shown that, as punishments become more severe, the crime rate declines
false
the words "race" and "ethnicity" are used interchangeably because they mean essentially the same thing
false
Benny does freelance work from home. What is most likely the best benefit of this arrangement
flexibility
based on what you read about the Agricultural Revolution, which of the following is true
food production was greatly increased by new innovations in farming and animal husbandry
the invention and widespread use of the plow (and later irrigation) launched a economic revolution that is sometimes called the "birth of the modern". the revolution is known as
Agrarianism
the idea that societies can evolve, and that "survival of the fittest" might apply to societies too was first discussed by
Herbert Spencer
which sociologist was r responsible for coining the term "the looking-glass self"
Charles Cooley
which of the following people's teachings would be most associated with symbolic interactionism
George Herbert Mead
German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, in 1887, wrote a work entitled, which roughly translates as
Gesellschaft, Gesellschaft
which of the following brought about the rapid transformation of social life resulting from the technological and economic developments that began with the assembly line, steam power, and urbanization
Industrial Revolution
how is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Max
Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person's social class
seeing some event without any preconception in order to view things in a new way is using
a beginner's mind
society is
a group of people who share their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups
how do sociologists define a minority group
a group whose members suffer from unequal treatment
how do sociologists define ethnicity
a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage
a subculture is
a group within a group that wants to break away from the larger entity to establish its own values, norms, and laws
functionalist theory is very concerned with the ways that structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure
a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society
according to Robert Merton's structural strain theory, which of the following individuals would be LEAST likely to be a deviant
a white college student from a middle-class family who's experimenting with drugs while in college and is interested in sports
which of the following is a paradigm interested in the power imbalances within a society
conflict theory
Although Karl Marx died long before anyone had used the word "postmodern," many postmodern theorists still draw on elements of his work to inform their own theories. Given what you know about postmodernism, which of the following quotes from Marx's writings reveals his "postmodern side"
constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones....
the spread of McDonald's restaurants throughout Asia is an example of
cultural diffusion
if you've ever gone to a new place, and suddenly felt disoriented because the environment was so strange to you, you may have experienced
culture shock
in order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered deviant, it must
depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction
how does structural strain theory explain the existence of deviance
deviance is the result of the tension between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to meet those goals through socially approved means
Angela's mother says to her, "I don't want you to hang around with Melissa. She's going to be a bad influence on you." The mother may not know it, but she's subscribing to which theory
differential association theory
an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of his membership in a racial or ethnic group is called
discrimination
why was imprisonment such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century
earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons
the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries are called
globalization
according to Max Weber, a bureaucracy
has a clear hierarchy
what was one of the key differences between hunting and gathering societies and horticultural societies
horticultural societies tended to have more permanent settlements
a group that one indentifies with and feels loyalty toward is called a
in-group
how is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination
institutional discrimination is more systematic and widespread
which of the following is a characteristics of capitalism
it is based on the laws of market competition
a researcher studying the interaction between a cashier and a customer at a grocery store would likely be doing what
macrosociology
when whites are less than half the population of any given state, it is called
majority minority state
which of the following is NOT a feature of a minority group
minority group members believe they are superior to the majority
Ascribed status is usually involuntary and often assigned at birth. Achieved status is voluntary and often based on merit, ability, or achievement. What sort of status would you expect to find in a closed system
mostly ascribed status
according to labeling theory, why were none of the pseudopatients in David Rosenhan's "On Being in Insane Places" discovered
once a person has been labeled "mentally ill" it is very hard for anyone to see past the label
a company that hires an engineer in India because she can be paid significantly lower wages than an engineer in the United States is practicing
outsourcing
the belief that all Irish are drunks is an example of
prejudice
what explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today
prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion
how is prejudice different from discrimination
prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action
Weber would argue that a person who belongs to an exclusive country club would belong to a higher social class due to that membership's
prestige
which of the following is one of the primary principles of capitalism
privatization of the means of production
Karl Marx referred to the workers as the ____ and the owners as the ____
proletariat; bourgeoisie
if someone breaks into your house or cars, that person has committed
property crimes
a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another is
racism
the belief that Asians are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than Europeans is an example
racism
The Bell Curve by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray generated an enormous amount of controversy when it first came out, largely because it suggested that racial differences in IQ scores were due to genetically driven differences in intelligence and argued that "both genes and the environment have something to do with racial differences." For these who disagreed, this seemed like a very familiar argument, because
racist beliefs are often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are biologically based
Emile Durkheim argued that even an actor as seemingly individual as suicide has important social compartments. What social factors did he examine
religious affiliation and marital status
a stay at home mom going back to school learn how to be a lawyer would be an example of
resocialization
a man has an important business meeting at 2p.m., but his daughter has a piano recital at the same time. He will experience
role conflict
David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is other relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a
self-fulfilling prophecy
Johnny got sick and missed a week of school. He failed the test when he came back. His friends called him stupid. He was upset that he didn't want to go back to school, so he skipped a lot of classes. His teachers said that he wasn't a good student, so he decided to drop out of school. What happened?
self-fulfilling prophecy
what did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made
self-fulfilling prophecy
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige in society is called
social inequality
if you start out at your job as a janitor, but retire as the vice president of operations, you would likely have experienced
social mobility
the division of a society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy is called
social stratification
which of the following is true about the process of socialization
socialization teaches individuals what they need to become functioning members of society
if someone tells you that you are "middle class" they would be describing your
socioeconomic status
a man who has his Ph D in sociology, yet continues to work as a cashier at a retail store, is an example of
status inconsistency
which of the following theories views society as a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together
structural functionalism
which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent upon the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations
symbolic interactionism
what racial issue does functionalism help to explain
the assimilation of European ethnic groups into larger society
a functionalist analysis of education might focus on
the functions that education provides for society
what happens to a group when the number of people in the group increases
the number of possible relationships increases
the economy is not only about money, but also about
the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
what new technology was integral of the Industrial Revolution
the steam engine
according to conflict theory, what is the real source of racism
the struggle for power and control
Examine the graphic depiction above of Robert Merton's typology of deviance. Why do you think that those who embrace both new means and new goals are depicted as being just barely connected to the other types that Merton described
they advocate a radical alternative to the existing social order and are trying to break free from everyone else
a person who is not prejudiced may still participate in discrimination
true
in many cases, people who date interracially face pressure form within their own racial group to date and marry within their own race
true
sociologists argue that no behavior, not even one designed to kill a great number of people, is inherently deviant
true
the differential association theory of deviance focuses on peer pressure and "bad influences" to show how deviance is a process of social learning
true
the economic benefits of outsourcing are gained by businesses, but the disadvantages are felt by workers
true
the fact that there were different racial categories in the past than there are today demonstrates the social construction of race
true
the industrial revolution changed not only working conditions, but also many other elements of daily life
true
the peak age for committing both property and violent crimes is under twenty years old
true
which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance
violations of social norms
how do we decide when to display situational ethnicity
we do a cost-benefit analysis
which of the following is a component of Cooley's looking-glass self
we experience some kind of felling about ourselves based on our perception of other people's judgement
how do self-fulfilling prophecies work
we respond not only to the objective features of a situation, but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning
which of the following is not true of technological change
when sociologists discuss technology and technological change, they are referring to electronic technology alone, and not to other tools to reshape our material and cultural environment
which of the following best describes the economic system found in the United States
while the United States is a capitalist nation, it also has socialist elements
insider trading is an example of
white-collar crimes