Test 3 Chapter 9

According to Bandura, perhaps the most important source of motivation is when we do what to ourselves after a performance? A) Reward ourselves B) Reflect on our behavior C) Solicit others' feedback D) Keep practicing

A

Bandura found high self-efficacy leads to setting high goals, whereas low self-efficacy leads to discouragement and A) giving up. B) co-dependency. C) aggression. D) alcoholism

A

Bandura has argued that with more information readily available than ever before, educators need to focus on enhancing students' sense of A) self-efficacy. B) belonging. C) self-esteem. D) competency

A

Recent research has examined these as underlying the cognitive aspects of depression: A) neural mechanisms. B) unprocessed emotions. C) fantasy imagery. D) abuse experiences

A

Bandura provided a new model of human beings as self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting, and A) self-regulating. B) diligent. C) self-conscious. D) capable.

B

In cognitive therapy, self-defeating thoughts are A) maintained. B) modified. C) rushed. D) self-directed.

B

In contrast to traditional behaviorists, Bandura has argued that much significant human learning occurs through A) practice. B) observation. C) behavior. D) studying.

B

Which of the following methods has Bandura found to enhance self-efficacy? A) Encourage people to set goals that are easy to reach. B) Have the person observe models performing successfully. C) Withhold verbal encouragement and let the person find his or her own way. D) Encourage late nights and fasts when under pressure.

B

With a strong commitment to scientific empiricism, cognitive therapy focuses on the effect of cognition on human A) behavior. B) emotions. C) wants D) experience

B

According to Beck, the source, as well as the solution, lies within the individual's A) friends. B) theory. C) awareness. D) behavior.

C

Automatic thoughts are present in emotionally disturbed people and A) systems. B) conversation. C) healthy people. D) computers.

C

In social learning theory, the external environment is not only a cause of behavior, it is also an effect of A) internal events. B) intention. C) behavior. D) emotion.

C

Personalization is seeing oneself as the cause of a(n) A) doubt. B) thought. C) external event. D) relationship

C

Rational-emotive therapy was developed by A) Casey. B) James. C) Ellis. D) Cleveland

C

Research on the mirror neuron system in humans seems to indicate that we are neurologically "wired" to learn from A) emotion. B) punishment. C) observation. D) cognition.

C

When a group of spectators fails to help someone in trouble and the people involved say they were waiting for someone else to act first, this is what has happened: A) blaming victims. B) displacement. C) diffusion of responsibility. D) dehumanization

C

With training, automatic thoughts can become A) personal. B) developed. C) conscious. D) babble

C

A vicious cycle combines what with unpleasant emotional or physical symptoms? A) Automatic thoughts B) Needs C) Experience D) Cognitive schemas

D

As people's painful symptoms are eliminated in cognitive therapy, people become A) quiet. B) popular. C) funny D) productive

D

Moral disengagement occurs through the cognitive restructuring of inhumane actions as A) evil. B) appropriate. C) coercive. D) justifiable.

D

The therapist-client relationship in cognitive therapy is A) cold. B) controversial. C) correct. D) collaborative

D

This type of cognitive distortion occurs in the thinking of depressed people: A) logic. B) clarity. C) generalization. D) overgeneralization

D

Which of the following factors has Bandura found to influence observational learning? A) The imagined rewards B) The characteristics of the bystanders C) The punishment associated with the behaviors D) The characteristics of the observers

D

T or F . Rational-emotive therapists use empathy and unconditional support to encourage behavioral change.

F

T or F . The aim of cognitive therapy is to relieve the patient's suffering.

F

T or F Aaron Beck is best known as the founder of social learning theory and for his theory of self-efficacy.

F

T or F Although still influential, verbal persuasion is probably the least common of the five major sources from which self-efficacy develops

F

T or F Bandura found that a high sense of family efficacy was facilitated by task-focused family communication and selective sharing by adolescents of their activities outside the home

F

T or F Cognitive therapy tends to be long term and is based on Freud's later work.

F

T or F In a classic study of observational learning, children who observed an adult attack an inflated "Bobo" doll were three times as aggressive as children in a control group that had not seen the adult attack the doll

F

T or F Logic characterizes the thinking of depressed and anxious people.

F

T or F Only therapists can recognize a client's automatic thoughts

F

T or F Probably the best known modern psychotherapist, Bandura is the "father" of cognitive therapy.

F

T or F The discovery of automatic thoughts produced a shift in Albert Ellis's practice

F

T or F The gap is enormous between the expert and the layperson in cognitive therapy

F

T or F The methods of cognitive therapy are convoluted and obscure, not straightforward.

F

T or F The verbal representational system is composed of vivid, retrievable images formed while observing a model

F

T or F . Mainstream culture has embraced cognitive psychology

T

T or F . Many self-help books and programs today incorporate the methods of cognitive therapy

T

T or F According to social learning theory, our behavior affects the external environment

T

T or F Albert Bandura developed the concept of triadic reciprocality

T

T or F Applied research has shown that modeling techniques may be used to lower test anxiety.

T

T or F Automatic thoughts are usually followed by unpleasant emotions

T

T or F Beck's approach focuses on how the personality is formed around important social issues, such as acceptance or rejection and respect or disdain.

T

T or F Beck's cognitive approach respects human beings' capabilities to heal themselves.

T

T or F Depressed people talk to themselves in highly critical tones

T

T or F Goal setting is an important aspect of self-regulation

T

T or F In cognitive therapy, clients are capable of changing maladaptive patterns

T

T or F In emotional reasoning, the person assumes that negative emotions must be true.

T

T or F People are more affected by the behavior of models than is realized

T

T or F Self-efficacy theory holds that beliefs in one's own capabilities are among the most important factors in one's behavior

T

T or F The concept of moral disengagement provides a useful framework for understanding adolescent bullying.

T