TEST #3
What is the net ATP for Kreb's cycle?
1/ Acetyl Co A= +2
most nutrition texts say there are how many essential amino acids?
9
chylomicrons-
95% of triglycerides that have been aborbed through the GI tract
What is line I pointing to?
48-51 Fundus
What does line G point to?
48-51 Pyloric Antrum
energy contect of food: proteins
4kcal/gm
what cell functions are performed with metabolism chemical reactions?
1.metabolic turnover-repair & maintenance 2.growth & cell division 3.secretion, contraction, etc.
The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.
False
The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.
False
The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.
False
True or False: Blood volume affects heat production.
False
True or False: Dentin anchors the tooth in place.
False
True or False: Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.
False
True or False: Glycogenesis is one way to make glucose.
False
True or False: Hepatocytes produce digestive enzymes
False
True or False: The esophagus produces digestive enzymes.
False
True or False: The first phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.
False
True/False: Fat soluble vitamins, such as A, D, and E, are best absorbed when you take them on a totally empty stomach.
False
Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are all involved in:
Glucose Catabolism
46. Which of the following is not a major nutrient the body needs? A) Carbohydrates B) Glycogen C) Proteins D) Minerals E) Vitamins
B) Glycogen
Where can pyruvate dehydrogenase be found?
Mitochondria
Most of NADH is formed here. A. the electron transport chain B. glycolysis C. the Krebs Cycle
C. the Krebs Cycle
Which of the following contains skeletal muscle?
Muscularis
Which of the following contains skeletal muscle? A) Muscularis B) Mucosa C) Serosa D) Submucosa
Muscularis
This plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis.
Myenteric plexus
This plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis
Myenteric plexus
This plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis. * A) ENS B) Myenteric plexus C) Submucosal plexus D) Digestive plexus E) Absorption plexus
Myenteric plexus
This major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions.
Pancreatic Duct
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosato the muscularis.
Submucosa
The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by the age, size, and metabolic rate of the person.
T
The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.
T
The major function of HDL is to transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
T
The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.
T
The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.
T
Triglycerides and cholesterol do not circulate freely in the bloodstream.
T
perspiration-
evaporating cooling or increased depth of respiration
B 12 functions in the body
coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism, maturation of RBCs
What are NADH and FADH2?
coenzymes that act as electron carriers at specific steps within the metabolism process. NADH is a product of both glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, FADH2 is a product of the Krebs cycle
PICA
craving and eating something substances not normally considered nutrients, such as clay cornstarch or dirt
pica
craving and eating substances not normally considered nutrients
collapsed muscular tube involved in deglutition and peristalsis
esophagus
basal metabolic rate
energy body needs to perform its most essential activities
What are the functions of the lamina propria?
The lamina propria has the following functions: (1) It contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which are the routes by which nutrients are absorbed from the GI tract; (2) it supports the mucosal epithelium and binds it to the muscularis mucosae; and (3) it contains mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT), which helps protect against disease.
How does the digestive system assist the muscular system?
The liver converts lactic acid produced by muscles to glucose.
What type of tissue is the main component of teeth?
The main component of teeth is connective tissue, specifically dentin.
What is the end product of Kreb's Cycle?
Waste- CO2
which process is the function of the villi of the small intestine?
absorption
anabolism
general term for all reactions involved in building molecules or structures; i.e. bonding amino acids to form proteins
Storage form of carbohydrates
glycogen
large amounts of ___ are stored in the liver for immediate availability to all body tissues.
glycogen
What are the four stages of ATP generation in order
glycolysis, acetyl-CoA generation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Excess stimulation of the thyroid gland results in
goiter
This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine.
greater omentum
IGF-I production is stimulated by
growth hormone (GH)
During the fasting state, the energy stores of the ________ become the major source of glucose for the whole body. ANSWER: pancreas brain liver muscles adipose tissues
liver
Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.
liver
Which of the following enzymes acts to produce monoglycerides and fatty acids as products?
lipase
which enzyme acts to produce monoglycerides as products?
lipase
An enzyme that digests fats is ANSWER: hydrolase. ligase. lipase. lyase. kinase.
lipase.
HDL have equal amounts of what?
lipid & proteins
lipoproteins-
lipids that have to be transported on protein carriers
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?
liver
calorie-
measure of energy
sources of lipids
meat, dairy foods, coconut, butter, nuts, oils, seeds; cholesterol can by found in egg yok, meats, shellfish and milk products
potassium sources
meats, dairy products, many fruits & vegetables, grains
B 12 (cyanocobalamin) sources
meats, eggs, dairy products except butter
The site of electron transport is the:
mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)
magnesium deficiency
nervous system disturbances, tremors, muscle weakness, hypertension, sudden cardiac death extreme: diarrhea
The brain neurotransmitter that is an important stimulus for food intake is ANSWER: neuropeptide Y. orexin. insulin. ghrelin. leptin.
neuropeptide Y.
A nutritionally incomplete protein lacks:
one of the essential amino acids needed by the body.
When blood glucose levels fall, ANSWER: only glucagon is released. only protein synthesis decreases. only peripheral cells take up less glucose. only insulin is released. All of these answers are correct.
only glucagon is released
sodium functions in body
osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, water-balance, nerve function, important for pumping glucose and other nutrients
Parathyroid hormone stimulates
osteoclast activity
this gastric enzyme digest protein
pepsin
vasoconstriction-
preventing heat loss at skins surface
phosphorylation
primes molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work
_____ cells originally gain energy with glycolysis
primordial
The pancreas is stimulated to release its secretions by:
secretin
factors that influence metabolic rate
skeletal muscle activity and food ingestion
2/3 of glycogen are stored where?
skeletal muscles
Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the:
small intestine
this layer of the GI tract is composed of areola connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis
submucosa
nutrient
substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair
Longitudinal muscular bands in the large intestine, tonic contractions produce haustra
teniae coli
nutrition-
the aborption of nutrients from food
what forms can lipids occur?
triglycerides, phospholipids & steroids
The final product of glycolysis is:
two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP. Acetyl coenzyme A is produced in the Krebs cycle, not by glycolysis.
peripheral vasodilation-
warm blood close to skins surface transfers heat
radiation-
warm objects lose heat
Satiety means
"I'm full"
malnutrition-
"mal" means bad. bad nutrition, starvation or obesity
What is the net ATP for glycolysis?
+2
How does binding of insulin to its receptor cause glucose uptake from the bloodstream? ANSWER: -It causes intramembrane GLUT4 channels to open, allowing glucose to diffuse into the cell. -It causes liver cells to release glucose chaperones (GLUT4) that shuttle glucose into cells. -It causes insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane. -It causes the nuclear transcription factor GLUT4 to stimulate glucose channel production to increase glucose diffusion.
-It causes insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane.
Which process is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine?
Absorption
) The patient is 45 years old and is obese. He states he has been on the Atkins diet and has lost 20 pounds. What are the dangers inherent in following fad diets for quick weight loss? Answer: Many fad diets are nutritionally unhealthy, particularly if they limit certain groups of nutrients. Some of the liquid high-protein diets contain poor-quality protein and are actually dangerous.
...
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals B) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish C) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ D) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains Answer: B
...
________ is controlled hyperthermia. 110) Answer: Fever
...
________ is controlled hyperthermia. 110) Answer: Fever
...
What are the exercise goal recommendations?
1. activities of daily living goal: burn calories for weight control. 2. moderate aerobic activities 3-5x/week: goal= train cardiovascular and skeletal muscle system; clean blood vessels 3. strength and flexibility training 3-5x/week: goal= strength and mobility as age; decrease injury risk
list steps of carb breakdown:
1.glycolysis 2.TCA cycle 3.electron transport form
How many ATPs can come from substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis?
2
TCA cycle yields how many ATP?
2
how many ATPs can come from substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis?
2
What is the net gain for the Kreb's cycle?
2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2
What is the coenzyme reduction of glycolysis?
2 NADH
What H is harvested by glycolysis?
2 NADH2 Sent to mitochondria
acetyl CoA is a
2 carbon sugar conveys the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production
in energy production, the reaction breaks down glucose (6 carbon sugar) into what?
2 molecules of pyruvate (pyruvate acid)
pyruvate acid is a what?
3-carbon compound
how many ATP does the electron transport chain yield?
32! much more than glycolysis or TCA cycle
the catabolism of one molecule of glucose gains how may molecules of ATP?
36
7.3 Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
36 ATP and 12 H2O molecules
with carbs chemical breakdown yields how many kcal/gm?
4
Which of the following cells secrete mucus?
52-55 B
Which of the following cells secretes intrinsic factor?
52-55 C
Which of the following cells secretes pepsinogen?
52-55 D
Which of the following cells secretes gastrin?
52-55 E
Name the structure labeled D
56-59 Chief cell
Name the structure labeled G
56-59 Gastric glands
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems.
A
Most obese humans are deficient in leptin. ANSWER: True False
False
3. When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed? A) Adenosine diphosphate B) GTP C) Adenosine monophosphate D) Metabolic water E) Glucose
A) Adenosine diphosphate
Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) No metabolism occurs. D) Only glucose metabolism occurs.
A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
25. Where does glycolysis take place? A) Cytosol B) Plasma membrane C) Nucleus D) Mitochondria E) Golgi Apparatus
A) Cytosol
Dietary fats are important because they ________.
A) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins
name the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E & K
What are fat soluble vitamins?
A,D, E, and K. absorbed with lipid digestion products. stored in the body except for vitamin K (maybe toxic). A, D, and E act as antioxidants
Which 2 enzymes catalyze the citric acid cycle reactions where CO2 molecules are released? (from animated interactive)
A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Glycolysis produces _____ NADHs per glucose, each of which can yield _____ ATPs if oxygen is present. A. 2/2 B. 2/3 C. 4/2 D. 4/3 E. 4/4
A. 2/2
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen: A. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa B. muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa C. serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa D. submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa
A. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? A. parietal cells B. mucous neck cells C. enteroendocrine cells D. zymogenic cells
A. parietal cells
The oropharynx does NOT include: A. pharyngeal tonsils B. lingual tonsils C. palatine tonsils D. fauces
A. pharyngeal tonsils
The energy currency of cells is
ATP
3.2 Lipids
Act as an accessory fuel; component of membranes
The hard palate A) is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth B) Is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones C) Is covered by a mucous membrane D) is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, formed by the maxillae and palatine bones E) All of the above
All of the above
The hard palate 1. is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. 2. is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones. 3. is covered by a mucous membrane.
All of these choices
What nutrients form enzymes and some hormones?
Amino Acids
Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures are known as
Anabolism
Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures are known as * A) Metabolism B) Anabolism C) Catabolism D) Metatheses E) None of the above
Anabolism
The ʺpickupʺ molecule for the Krebs cycle is ________ acid. A) isocitric B) fumaric C) oxaloacetic D) malic
Answer: C
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) gluconeogenesis B) fat utilization C) lypogenesis D) lipolysis
Answer: D
17. Accumulation of a large amount of H+ between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, is described as A) Proton pump B) Chemiosmosis C) Krebs cycle D) ATP synthesis E) Glycolysis
B) Chemiosmosis
name the water soluble vitamins?
B & C
Lipogenesis occurs when _____. A. there is a shortage of fatty acids B. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high C. excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D. glucose levels drop slightly
B. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called: A. absorption B. chemical digestion C. mechanical digestion D. secretion
B. chemical digestion
_____ does not require the presence of oxygen. A. the electron transport chain B. glycolysis C. the Krebs Cycle
B. glycolysis
5.5 Folic acid
Basis of coenzymes in formation of certain amino acids, choline, DNA, RBCs, and normal neural tube development in embryo
Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
Brunner's glands
Both mucous and an alkaline juice
10. This reaction oxidizes acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH+H+ and FADH2. A) Glycolysis B) Formation of acetyl co-A C) Krebs cycle D) Electron transport chain E) Phosphorylation
C) Krebs cycle
18. How many ATPs can come from substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4
C) 2
Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substrate molecule. A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
equation for oxidation of glucose
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 32ATP + 6H20 + Heat
Glycogenolysis is ________ and stimulated by ___________
Catabolic, Epinephrine
Accumulation of a large amount of H+ between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, is described as
Chemiosmosis
What is the function of the chloride ions in saliva?
Chloride ions activate salivary amylase.
This hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat and amino acids in the small intestine
Cholecystokinin
This hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat and amino acids in the small intestine. A) Pepsin B) Secretin C) Gastrin D) Cholecystokinin E) Amylase
Cholecystokinin
What is a lipid that is not used for energy?
Cholesterol
2.4 Minerals
Comprised of electrolytes; important as cofactors
What is the location of glycolysis?
Cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytosol
in the mouth, this runs posteriorly to the sides of the pharynx.
Palatopharyngeal arch
When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may _____. A. pant B. exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels C. perspire heavily D. shiver
D. shiver
Chemical digestion of _____ begins in the mouth. A. protein B. lipids C. nucleic acids D. starch E. none of the above
D. starch
what dictates what, when and how many proteins will be made?
DNA
6.6 Phosphorus
Diets rich in proteins; milk, eggs meat, fish, poultry, legumes, nuts, whole grains
Which structures of the digestive system secrete digestive enzymes?
Digestive enzymes are produced by the salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
How many molecules of oxygen are used, and how many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule?
During the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule, six molecules of oxygen are used and six molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.
Including the ATP from glycolysis, the cell gains 34 ATP molecules from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule.
False
30. Glucose-6-phosphate A) Can be used to make ribose-5-phosphate B) Can be dephosphorylated to glucose C) Can be used to synthesize glycogen D) Can be converted to pyruvic acid E) All of these choices
E) All of these choices
29. Liver cells convert: A) Urea into ammonia B) Ammonia into lactic acid C) Lactic acid into urea D) Pyruvic acid into urea E) Ammonia into urea
E) Ammonia into urea
39. Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect heat production? A) Exercise B) Hormones C) Nervous system D) Ingestion of food E) Blood volume
E) Blood Volume
4.3 Vitamin D
Enhances absorption of calcium; works in conjunction with hormones regulating calcium blood levels
A deficit of potassium can cause rickets.
F
Including the ATP from glycolysis, the cell gains 34 ATP molecules from aerobic metabolism of one 35) glucose molecule.
F
Including the ATP from glycolysis, the cell gains 34 ATP molecules from aerobic metabolism of one 35) glucose molecule.
F
This is a derivative of riboflavin.
FAD
True/False: If you obtain 5 of the 8 essential amino acids at breakfast, you can still ingest the remaining 3 essential amino acids hours later at lunch and thereby use all 8 to make proteins in the body.
False
True/False: Parietal cells in the gastric glands secrete pepsin.
False
True/False: The body requires adequate supplies of only three minerals (calcium, sodium, chloride) and trace amounts of all others.
False
Neuropeptide Y stimulates
Food Intake
5.6 Vitamin B12
Functions as coenzyme in all cells; acts in synthesis of DNA; essential for erythrocyte division during RBC production
This cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of hydrochloric acid.
G Cell
This cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of gastric acid.
G cell
Glycolysis, formation of acetyl co-A, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are all involved in: * A) Lipogensis B) Gluconeogenesis C) Glucose catabolism D) Formation of Glycogen E) Formation of vitamin C
Glucose catabolism
What is the reactant or substrate of glycolysis?
Glucose from blood or glycogen stores
In the absorptive state, most glucose that enters the liver is converted to
Glycogen
What are the goals of Kreb's cycle?
Harvest H, send to mitochondria. Remake small amount of ATP. Excrete CO2 HARVEST A LOT OF ATP!!!!
What are the goals of the Kreb's cycle?
Harvest hydrogen, send it to the ETS
This digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins.
Hydrochloric Acid
This digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins.
Hydrochloric acid
This digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins. * A) Bicarbonate ion B) mucus C) Bile D) Hydrochloric acid E) Water
Hydrochloric acid
What molecule is the source of the hydrogen ions that are secreted into gastric juice?
Hydrogen ions secreted into gastric juice are derive from carbonic acid.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the
Hypothalamus
This structure regulates the flow of material into the colon.
Ileocecal Sphincter
This structure regulates the flow of material into the colon
Ileocecal sphincter
In a pancreatic cell that produces digestive enzymes, does anabolism or catabolism predominate?
In pancreatic acinar cells, anabolism predominates because the primary activity is synthesis of complex molecules (digestive enzymes).
When is ATP formed in the Krebs Cycle?
In the fourth step.
What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?
Insulin
What happens to carbon dioxide given off during cellular respiration?
It diffuses into the blood, is transported by the blood to the lungs, and is exhaled.
How does the Krebs Cycle help us form lots of ATP?
It produces lots of electron carriers, in the form of NADH and FADH2, which will be used in the Electron Transport Chain to form the majority of ATP in cellular respiration.
Why is it important that your cells make lactic acid when oxygen is in limited supply?
It saves pyruvate for later use. Lactic acid can be remade into new glucose.
Metabolic acidosis can result from an accumulation of ______ in the blood.
Keytones
Why is the enzyme that catalyzes step three of glycolysis called a kinase?
Kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate (add phosphate to) their substrate.
This reaction oxidizes acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH+H+ and FADH2.
Krebs Cycle
What is an essential fatty acid?
Linoleic Acid
Which enzyme acts to produce monoglycerides as one product?
Lipase
6.2 Sulfur
Meat, milk, eggs, legumes
Which peritoneal fold binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
Mesentery binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
This portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines.
Mesocolin
This portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines.
Mesocolon
This portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines.
Mesocolon
This portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the large intestine. * A) Greater omentum B) Falciform ligament C) Lesser omentum D) Mesentery E) Mesocolon
Mesocolon
What is the outcome of ketosis?
Metabolic Acidosis
6.5 Magnesium
Milk, dairy products, whole grain cereals, nuts, legumes, leafy green vegetables
6.1 Calcium
Milk, milk products, leafy green vegetables, egg yolk, shellfish
Which process is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
Mixing and Propulsion
Which of following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
Mixing and propulsion
this is a derivative of vitamin B
NAD
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No
What is the location of the Kreb's cycle?
Outer mitochondria
This major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions. * A) Pancreatic duct B) Hepatopancreatic duct C) Cystic duct D) Bile duct E) Hepatic duct
Pancreatic duct
Which small intestine cell secrete lysozyme?
Paneth Cells
Which of the following small intestine cells secrete lysozyme?
Paneth cells
Which of the following small intestine cells secrete lysozyme? A) Goblet cells B) Absorptive cells C) Mucosa cells D) Paneth cells E) S cells
Paneth cells
8.5 Glycogenesis
Polymerization of glucose
What situation would a negative nitrogen balance be present in?
Pregnancy, growth, and starvation
4.2 Vitamin E
Primarily an antioxidant preventing oxidative damage to cell membranes and atherosclerosis
What processes directly elevate blood glucose during the postabsorptive state, and where does each occur?
Processes that directly elevate blood glucose during the postabsorptive state include lipolysis (in adipocytes and hepatocytes), gluconeogenesis (in hepatocytes), and glycogenolysis (in hepatocytes).
What is primary function of respiration?
Produce ATP
What are the goals of ETC/ETS?
Produce lots of ATP. Excrete waste as water. ENZYMES: Iron & Sulfer
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for which processes?
Production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies, formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochrome, and production of some hormones.
Amino acids are the building block for __________
Protein
An excess of what nutrient has been linked to bone loss?
Protein
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________.
Protein and Peptide Fragments
Are the reactions that occur during the absorptive state mainly anabolic or catabolic?
Reactions of the absorptive state are mainly anabolic.
The most abundant product of the reactions of the Krebs cycle is
Reduced Coenzymes
How does your body use vitamins?
Regulate body processes. Ex. Coenzymes
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets in children, bone softening (osteomalacia), poor muscle tone, joint pain, enhanced vulnerability to infections, increased cancer risk
This is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical cord in a fetus.
Round Ligament
This is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical cord in a fetus.
Round ligament
This is the structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage.
Rugae
This layer functions by secreting a lubricating fluid
Serosa
This layer functions by secreting a lubricating fluid.
Serosa
This layer functions by secreting a lubricating fluid. A) Serosa B) Submucosa C) Muscularis D) Mucosa E) MALT
Serosa
What is the mineral widely distributed in our plasma and tissue fluid (extracellular fluid)?
Sodium
3.6 Water
Solvent for chemical reactions in body
What are the forms of phosphorylation?
Substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation.
Reduction is the
The Addition of Electrons
Describe the structures and functions of the enteric nervous system.
The ENS consists of the submucosal plexus in the submucosa and the myenteric plexus in the smooth muscle areas of the muscularis. Both contain sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons. The sensory neurons function as chemoreceptors or stretch receptors. The interneurons process incoming sensory information and activate or inhibit outgoing enteric neurons. Motor neurons of the myenteric plexus control GI tract motility. Motor neurons of the submucosal plexus control secretions of the GI tract organs.
Oxidation is
The Removal of Electrons
Which portions of the colon are retroperitoneal?
The ascending and descending portions of the colon are retroperitoneal.
If you lose mitochondria, what happens?
The cell would become where weak and eventually die.
What type of fluid is found in the common bile duct?
The common bile duct contains bile.
Where is the concentration of hydrogen ions highest?
The concentration of hydrogen ions is highest in the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
What is the energy source that powers the proton pumps?
The energy source that powers the proton pumps is electrons provided by NADH and hydrogen ions.
In which layers of the esophagus are the glands that secrete lubricating mucus located?
The esophageal mucosa and submucosa contain mucus-secreting glands.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
The esophagus produces digestive enzymes.
Which permanent teeth do not replace any deciduous teeth?
The first, second, and third molars do not replace any deciduous teeth.
What are the functions of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the enteric nervous system?
The neurons of the myenteric plexus regulate GI tract motility, and the neurons of the submucosal plexus regulate GI secretion.
Why does food initially cause the pH of the gastric juice to rise?
The pH of gastric juices rises due to the buffering action of some amino acids in food proteins.
For each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are generated?
The reactions of glycolysis consume two molecules of ATP but generate four molecules of ATP, for a net gain of two.
What is the function of the uvula?
The uvula helps prevent foods and liquids from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing.
What does the wider base of each band in MyPyramid mean?
The wider base of each band represents foods with little or no solid fats or added sugars.
All of the following would increase the surface area of the small intestine except:
Total length of 1 foot
All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.
True
True/False: Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.
True
Which of the following processes is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine?
absorption
Does ETC/ETS require oxygen?
YES!!!!
Does Kreb's Cycle require oxygen?
Yes
is glycolysis anaerobic?
Yes- DOES NOT require oxygen
A low-density lipoprotein would contain:
a high lipid content. The higher the percentage of a lipid in a lipoprotein, the lower the density.
A low-density lipoprotein would contain:
a high lipid content. The higher the percentage of a lipid in a lipoprotein, the lower the density.
lipid catabolism: fatty acids are broken down to generate _____ which feeds the TCA cycle
acetyl CoA
the preparatory reaction converts pyruvic acid into ____ which can enter the ___ cycle.
acetyl CoA, TCA
potassium functions in body
acid-base balance, water balance, nerve function, muscle contraction
Metabolism-
all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
________ cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon
alpha
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts to produce monosaccharides?
amylase
which pancreatic enzyme acts to produce monosaccharides?
amylase
iron deficiency
anemia
sources of proteins
animal products, beans, peas, nuts, and cereals
what is LDL known as?
bad cholesterol
beta oxidation
breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA
In glycolysis, what nutrient is the only participant
carbohydrates
NADH
carries its hydrogen atom to the mitochondria, where it is used to generate ATP
glycogenolysis is ________ and stimulated by ____________
catabolic, epinephrine
chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones
catabolism
what is the overall reaction of carb breakdown?
cellular respiration
heat is a byproduct of what?
chemical reactions
when a large amount of H+ accumulates btw the inner and outer mitochondria membranes, this describes_____
chemiosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation is considered what type of process
chemiosomtic
This hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine.
cholecystokinin
Which hormone stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice that is rich in digestive enzymes and contraction of the wall of the gallbladder to release bile?
cholecystokinin
this hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine
cholecystokinin
HDL lipid consists of what?
cholesterol and phospholipids
Vitamin C functions in body
collagen synthesis, antioxidant, improves iron absorption
forms a semisolid waste material through haustral churning and peristalsis
colon
the poison ___ interferes with electron transport
cyanide
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? a) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ, b) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals, c) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains, d) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish.
d) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish.
Vitamin D (antirachitic factor) sources
dairy products, egg yolk, made in human skin with sunlight
phosphorus sources
dairy products, meats, whole grains, and nuts
conduction-
direct transfer of heat through physical contact
Vitamin D3 function
directly stimulates GI calcium uptake
glycolysis
each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Radiation
electromagnetic waves such as light
if there is no oxygen, the ______ shuts down
electron transport
The localized mixing contractions and relaxations of the muscularis that do not push along the GI tract is called peristalsis
false
During the act of deglutition:
food moves from the mouth to the stomach
phenylketonuria (PKU)
genetic defect in which tissue cells are unable to break down amino acid phenylalanine and acts neurotoxins causing brain damage and retardation
why is HDL considered good cholesterol?
gets rid of excess cholesterol
What hormone stimulates appetite
ghrelin
The alpha cells of the pancreas produce ANSWER: cortisol. insulin. renin. digestive enzymes. glucagon.
glucagon.
convection-
heat loss directly overlying body surface
evaporation
heat loss due to evaporation of water from body surfaces
A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to: move one kilogram of water one meter. heat one kilogram of water one degree Fahrenheit. amount of energy locked up in one kilogram of water heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius.
heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius. A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius.
A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to: move one kilogram of water one meter. heat one kilogram of water one degree Fahrenheit. amount of energy locked up in one kilogram of water heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius.
heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius. A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius.
The role of _____________ is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.
high-density lipoproteins The role of high-density lipoproteins is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.
Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called ANSWER: very high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs). low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs).
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
The respiratory quotient is ________ for consumed carbohydrates compared to proteins and fats. ANSWER: lowest highest the same
highest
This digestive aid, produce by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins.
hydrochloric acid
this digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins
hydrochloric acid
An insulin secreting tumor would result in
hypoglycemia
The area that regulates body temperature is the
hypothalamus
The thermoregulatory center is located in the:
hypothalamus
What controls hunger
hypothalamus
The feeding and satiety centers are located in the ANSWER: cerebrum. cerebellum. hypothalamus. medulla oblongata. pons.
hypothalamus.
regulation of food intake
hypothalamus; neural signals from digestive tract, bloodborne signals related to body energy stores, hormones
which process is the primary function of the mouth?
ingestion
This structure regulates flow of material into the colon.
ileocecal sphincter
This structure regulates the flow of material into the colon.
ileocecal sphincter
this structure regulates the flow of material into the colon
ileocecal sphincter
Contains aggregated lymphatic follicles in the submucosa
ileum
energy output (energy balance)
immediately lost as heat, used to do work, stored as fat/glycogen
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
in the Mitochondrial Matrix
Where is the pituitary gland
in the brain inferior to the hypothalamus
T4 and T3 function
increase the basal metabolic rate
triglycerides are also the form in which most lipids are ____.
ingested
FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
inherited condition in which the LDL receptors are absent or abnormal. Uptake of cholesterol by tissue is blocked, total concentration of cholesterol in blood is enormously elevated. (680 mg/ 100 ml blood) Affected pts develop atherosclerosis at an early age, heart attacks in 30's, most die by 60 from coronary artery disease. treatment- dietary changes, exercise, cholesterol reducing drugs.
most cholesterol medications are designed to
inhibit glucose absorption
Cortisol function
inhibits inflammation
are lipids soluble or insoluble in water-based plasma?
insoluble
The hormone from the pancreas that lowers blood sugar is
insulin
Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.
is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.
is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
The hard palate:
is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, is formed by the maxillae and the palatine bone, is covered by a mucous membrane
Formation of ketone bodies.
ketogenesis
urea is released into bloodstream & filtered out where?
kidneys
When amino acids are metabolized for energy, the nitrogen is converted to urea and then is excreted from the body by the ANSWER: kidneys. sweat glands. liver. skin. spleen.
kidneys.
this reaction oxidizes acetyl co-A to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH and FADH2
krebs cycle
The inner surface of each lip is attached to the gum by a midline fold of mucous membrane called the:
labial frenulum
The lymphatic capillary found in a villus is specifically called a
lacteal
lymphatic capillary used for chylomicron absorption in the small intestine
lacteal
Individuals who do not produce adequate amounts of enzyme lactase are said to be:
lactose intolerant
this layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels
lamina propria
why is large amounts of ammonia unsafe and what does the body do to protect from it?
large amounts can cause major metabolic problems so liver converts ammonia to a non-toxic substance called urea
Prolonged high protein intake can lead to:
loss of bone mass. Prolonged high protein intake would lead to a positive nitrogen balance
radiation
loss of heat by infrared rays
hypothermia
low body temp from cold exposure; vital signs decrease>shivering>coma>death by cardiac arrest
unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids
lower proportions of saturated fats & cholesterol; make platelets less stick; anti-arrhythmic effects on heart; lower blood pressure
list important events of absorptive state
major metabolic thrust (anabolism and energy storage; dietary amino acids & fats are used to make degraded body protein/fat), major energy fuel (glucose is oxidized to make ATP), liver metabolism (amino acids deaminated & used for energy/ stored as fat)
list important events of post absorptive state
major metabolic thrust (catabolism & replacement of fuels in blood), major energy fuel (glucose provided by glycogenesis & gluconeogenesis, fatty acids, and ketones make ATP), liver metabolism (amino acids converted to glucose)
this portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines
mesocolon
cyanide
metabolic poison that disrupts the poison by binding to cystochrome oxidase and blocking electron flow from complex IV to oxygen
sources of carbohydrates
milk sugar (lactose), plants, starch is found in grains & vegetable; apples and citrus fruits reduces blood cholesterol levels
riboflavin sources
milk, liver, yeast, meats, enriched grains, vegetables
basal metabolic rate-
minimum resting energy but staying awake
A function of the liver during the post-absorptive state is to:
mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis. The liver mobilizes glucose reserves quickly and efficiently to maintain blood sugar levels for about four hours during the post-absorptive state.
A function of the liver during the post-absorptive state is to:
mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis. The liver mobilizes glucose reserves quickly and efficiently to maintain blood sugar levels for about four hours during the post-absorptive state.
Wisdom teeth are of this late erupting type:
molars
essential nutrient
molecules that cannot be made by the body and must be ingested for life and good health
The end products of chemical digestion of lipids (triglycerides) are:
monoglycerides and fatty acids
Vitamin A symptoms of deficiency
night blindness; dry, scaling skin; increased infection extreme: headache, irritability, vomiting, hair loss, blurred vision, liver & bone damage
with amino acid catabolism, what must be removed from amino group & disposed of?
nitrogen
can neural tissue mobilize other molecules for energy?
no
alcohol is considered "empty" calories.why?
no nutrition
niacin sources
nuts, poultry, fish, meats, grains
What are the nutritional links of hypertension?
obesity, animal fats (atherosclerosis increase BP) sodium
H2O is generated in what stage of ATP generation
oxidative phosphorylation
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by:
oxidative phosphorylation during electron transport. Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by oxidative phosphorylation during electron transport.
at the end of the redox reactions (relay race) what is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen
in the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with
peridontal ligament
In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with:
periodontal ligament
mechanisms for increasing heat loss:
peripheral vasodilation & perspiration
The wavelike, rhythmic contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called:
peristalsis
The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is the ______ cavity:
peritoneal
Deciduous molars are replaced with:
premolars (bicuspids)
anterior pituitary gland
produces and secretes hormones
thyroid hormones
promotes glycolysis
fatty deposits in adipose tissue provide...
protective cushion around body organs, insulating layer under skin, easy to store source of energy
Which is NOT produced in the body for the purpose of storing extra calories? ANSWER: -fat -protein -carbohydrate -All of these are produced in the body for that purpose
protein
marasmus
protein & calorie malnutrition accompanied by progressive wasting
define negative nitrogen balance
protein breakdown for energy exceeds the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues
Proteases break down:
proteins
Diet-induced thermogenesis is highest after ingestion of ANSWER: spicy foods, like jalapeno peppers. fats. carbohydrates. proteins.
proteins.
During the process of oxidative phosphorylation, high energy electrons
provide energy for the active transport of hydrogen ions
Anabolism is a term that describes ANSWER: -reactions that release energy and reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules. -reactions that require a net input of energy. -reactions that require a net input of energy and reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules. -reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules. -reactions that release energy.
reactions that require a net input of energy and reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules.
The anterior pituitary gland
receives blood that has already passed through a capillary bed and produces hormones
oxidative deamination
removal of an amine group from gluatmic acid as ammonia and regeneration ketoglutaric acid (ammonia is converted to urea by the liver)
oxidation
removal of electrons
thiamine functions in body
required for synthesis of acetylcholine and pentose sugars; coenzyme used in removing CO2 from organic compounds
The basal metabolic rate can be measured when a person is
resting
Vitamin D deficiency in children is called
rickets
this layer functions by secreting a lubricating fluid
serosa
KWASHIORKOR
severe protein and calorie deficiency which is particularly devastating in children, resulting in retardation and failure to grow. A consequence of malnutrition or starvation. it is characterized by a bloated abdomen because the level of plasma proteins in adequate to keep fluids in the bloodstream. Skin lesions and infections are likely.
kwashiorkor
severe protein deficiency in children, resulting in mental retardation and failure to grow (malnutrition/starvation)
responses to decreased core temperature
shivering, blood vessels constrict which directs blood to deeper tissues
the final acceptor (oxygen) will accept what also?
spent electrons
saturated fatty acid
stimulate liver synthesis of cholesterol; inhibit cholesterol secretion from body (butter)
Growth hormone function
stimulates bone and muscle growth and increases blood glucose concentrations
PTH function
stimulates bone resorption
Aldosterone function
stimulates sodium uptake in the kidneys
What does the hormone CCK do?
stimulates the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes and decreases hunger signals to the cortex
Gastric glands increase their secretory activity in response to a hormone released from the:
stomach
Responsible for churning, peristalsis, storage and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin
stomach
The pyloric sphincter is found between the:
stomach and duodenum
metabolism
sum total of biochemical reactions going on inside body cells
complete proteins-
supply essential amino acids
responses to increased core temperature
sweat, capillaries become flushed with warm blood
gluconeogenesis-
synthesis of glucose from non-carb sources (amino acids in proteins) ex: starvation
anabolism-
synthesis of new molecules from smaller building blocks
sodium sources
table salt, cured meats
composed of enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity, used in mastication
teeth
fever-
temp greater than 37.2C or 99F
why are some amino acids called non essential?
the body can make these on demand
the brain and RBC's use a lot of glucose so what happens if glucose is low?
the body will make its own glucose from protein through chemical reactions
Glycolysis is
the breakdown of glucose
Glycogenolysis is
the breakdown of glycogen
Thyroid hormones are synthesized in
the colloid of thyroid follicles
A bomb calorimeter measures ANSWER: -only the food calories available to the human body. -the oxygen consumed when a food sample is completely combusted. -the carbon dioxide produced when a food sample is completely combusted. -the heat produced when a food sample is completely combusted. -both carbon dioxide produced and oxygen consumed when a food sample is completely combusted.
the heat produced when a food sample is completely combusted.
During the absorptive state, ANSWER: -skeletal muscles break down glycogen. -the liver forms glycogen. -glucagon levels are elevated. -adipocytes contribute fatty acids to the circulation. -All of these answers are correct.
the liver forms glycogen.
Amino acids in the liver are used by
the liver to build fibrinogen
Leptin is
the opposite of ghrelin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue
Insulin secretion is stimulated by
the presence of food in the intestine
deamination-
the process by which the nitrogen containing amino group (-NH2) is removed from amino acid
metabolic rate-
the rate of chemical reactions in the body
What do the 3 flux regulation reactions in the citric acid cycle have in common? (from animated interactive)
the reactions of all of them are exergonic.
what lipid form is most abundant?
triglycerides
the body gets rid of water soluble vitamins b/c why?
they are in water, we rid of water
what happens when high-energy electrons are fed into electron transport chain?
they are transferred from compound to compound (runners). each transfer releases energy
lipid catabolism: why are lipids important energy sources?
they yield more ATP/gram than carbs & because they are a more efficient way to store energy in body than glycogen
since lipids are water-based insoluble to plasma, they must be transported how?
through blood attached to protein carriers
The gland in the neck that helps regulate metabolism is the
thyroid
which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?
thyroid
The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is:
thyroxine
with energy 1kg of water 1 centigrade. true or false?
true
BUN test analyzes what?
urea (kidney function & dehydration)
after the energy production reaction breaks down glucose, it then uses how many ATP?
uses 2 ATP and yields 4 ATP for a net yield of 2 ATP (very low)
When you swallow, which structures rise to close off the nasopharynx?
uvula and soft palate
mechanisms for promoting heat gain:
vasoconstriction shivering thermogensis non-shivering thermogenesis
A major means for conserving heat is:
vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels.
finger or ridge like projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area for digestion and absorption
villi
Vitamin A functions in the body
visual pigments, maintenance of epithelial tissues, antioxidant, helps prevent damage to cell membranes
phosphorus deficiency
weakness, loss of minerals from bone, rickets
magnesium sources
whole grains, green leafy vegetables
why would serum ammonia levels rise above normal?
with liver damage the conversion of ammonia to urea would be impaired
does anabolism require energy?
yes
The hard palate
(Is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth) (Is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones) (is covered by the mucous membrane) **All the above**
Body cells that respond to insulin include ANSWER: -Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. -Liver cells and muscle cells only. -Liver cells only. -Intestinal cells only. Muscle cells only.
-Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
A liver cell responds to insulin by ANSWER: -Releasing insulin. -Releasing glucagon. -Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. -Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. -Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose.
-Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
When blood glucose levels are low ANSWER: -The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. -The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. -The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. -The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. -Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.
-The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
When blood glucose levels are low: -The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. -The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. -The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. -The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. -Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.
-The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
) The patient is 45 years old and is obese. He states he has been on the Atkins diet and has lost 20 pounds. What are the dangers inherent in following fad diets for quick weight loss? Answer: Many fad diets are nutritionally unhealthy, particularly if they limit certain groups of nutrients. Some of the liquid high-protein diets contain poor-quality protein and are actually dangerous.
...
A young athlete is admitted to the hospital with diarrhea, vomiting, bone and joint pain, hyperglycemia, and tingling sensations. What is the problem? Answer: When asked what he had been taking, the athlete confessed that he was taking megadoses of vitamins to "help his body get stronger." Overdoses of vitamins A, D, E, C, B6, and niacin can be toxic.
...
A young athlete is admitted to the hospital with diarrhea, vomiting, bone and joint pain, hyperglycemia, and tingling sensations. What is the problem? Answer: When asked what he had been taking, the athlete confessed that he was taking megadoses of vitamins to "help his body get stronger." Overdoses of vitamins A, D, E, C, B6, and niacin can be toxic.
...
After chopping wood for about 2 hours, on a hot but breezy afternoon, John stumbled into the house and immediately fainted. His T-shirt was wringing wet with perspiration, and his pulse was faint and rapid. Was he suffering from heat stroke or heat exhaustion? Explain your reasoning and note what you should do to help John's recovery. Answer: John was suffering from heat exhaustion due to excessive loss of body fluids (indicated by his wet T-shirt); his low blood pressure; and cool, clammy skin. To help his recovery, he should be given fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy and should be cooled down.
...
After chopping wood for about 2 hours, on a hot but breezy afternoon, John stumbled into the house and immediately fainted. His T-shirt was wringing wet with perspiration, and his pulse was faint and rapid. Was he suffering from heat stroke or heat exhaustion? Explain your reasoning and note what you should do to help John's recovery. Answer: John was suffering from heat exhaustion due to excessive loss of body fluids (indicated by his wet T-shirt); his low blood pressure; and cool, clammy skin. To help his recovery, he should be given fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy and should be cooled down.
...
Compare and contrast PKU and galactosemia. Answer: In PKU, the tissue cells are unable to use the amino acid phenylalanine present in all protein foods. The defect involves a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. Galactosemia results from an abnormality or lack of liver enzymes needed to transform galactose to glucose. Both can lead to brain damage.
...
Compare and contrast PKU and galactosemia. Answer: In PKU, the tissue cells are unable to use the amino acid phenylalanine present in all protein foods. The defect involves a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. Galactosemia results from an abnormality or lack of liver enzymes needed to transform galactose to glucose. Both can lead to brain damage.
...
Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) adequate essential amino acids D) excessive amounts of protein in the diet Answer: D
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Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) adequate essential amino acids D) excessive amounts of protein in the diet Answer: D
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Define amino acid pool and explain how the pool is maintained even though we excrete 117) amino acids daily. Answer: The amino acid pool consists of the body's total supply of free amino acids needed to resynthesize body proteins. Even though a small amount of amino acids and proteins is lost daily in urine, these are replaced through diet. If they are not replaced, the amino acids resulting from tissue breakdown become a part of the pool.
...
Define amino acid pool and explain how the pool is maintained even though we excrete 117) amino acids daily. Answer: The amino acid pool consists of the body's total supply of free amino acids needed to resynthesize body proteins. Even though a small amount of amino acids and proteins is lost daily in urine, these are replaced through diet. If they are not replaced, the amino acids resulting from tissue breakdown become a part of the pool.
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Define nitrogen balance. List three factors that might lead to negative nitrogen balance and three that might result in positive nitrogen balance. Answer: Nitrogen balance is a state when the amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the amount of nitrogen excreted in urine and feces. Factors leading to negative nitrogen balance, when protein breakdown exceeds the use of protein for building structural or functional molecules, include physical and emotional stress, poor-quality dietary protein, and starvation. Factors leading to positive nitrogen balance, when the rate of protein synthesis is higher than the rate of its breakdown and loss, include the normal condition in growing children and pregnant women, periods of rebuilding or repair following illness, and site-specific regeneration following injury.
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Define nitrogen balance. List three factors that might lead to negative nitrogen balance and three that might result in positive nitrogen balance. Answer: Nitrogen balance is a state when the amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the amount of nitrogen excreted in urine and feces. Factors leading to negative nitrogen balance, when protein breakdown exceeds the use of protein for building structural or functional molecules, include physical and emotional stress, poor-quality dietary protein, and starvation. Factors leading to positive nitrogen balance, when the rate of protein synthesis is higher than the rate of its breakdown and loss, include the normal condition in growing children and pregnant women, periods of rebuilding or repair following illness, and site-specific regeneration following injury.
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Explain what happens to pyruvic acid if oxygen is not present in sufficient quantities to support the electron transport system. Answer: When oxygen is not present in sufficient amounts, the NADH + H+ produced during glycolysis begins to unload its hydrogen "baggage" back onto pyruvic acid, reducing it. This addition of hydrogen atoms to pyruvic acid results in the production of lactic acid.
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Explain what happens to pyruvic acid if oxygen is not present in sufficient quantities to support the electron transport system. Answer: When oxygen is not present in sufficient amounts, the NADH + H+ produced during glycolysis begins to unload its hydrogen "baggage" back onto pyruvic acid, reducing it. This addition of hydrogen atoms to pyruvic acid results in the production of lactic acid.
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Explain why the elderly more easily gain weight, even though they may actually eat very little. Answer: The metabolic rate of the elderly declines steadily with age as skeletal muscles begin to atrophy and activity usually declines. Even eating enough to maintain proper nutrition, the metabolic rate is so slow that not all of the food is used for energy.
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Explain why the elderly more easily gain weight, even though they may actually eat very little. Answer: The metabolic rate of the elderly declines steadily with age as skeletal muscles begin to atrophy and activity usually declines. Even eating enough to maintain proper nutrition, the metabolic rate is so slow that not all of the food is used for energy.
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Fat burning causes an accumulation of acetyl CoA, which the liver converts to ________. 109) Answer: ketones
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Fat burning causes an accumulation of acetyl CoA, which the liver converts to ________. 109) Answer: ketones
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Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) lipogenesis B) triglyceride anabolism C) glycogenolysis D) protein anabolism Answer: C
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Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) lipogenesis B) triglyceride anabolism C) glycogenolysis D) protein anabolism Answer: C
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Hank, a 17-year-old high school student, suffered a heart attack during a recreational swim. An autopsy revealed that he had had atherosclerosis and that his death had been caused by coronary artery disease. What might have been the cause of this disease that usually strikes a person much older than Hank? Answer: Hank suffered from a genetic disorder known as "familial hypercholesterolemia," a condition in which the LDL receptors are absent or abnormal, the uptake of cholesterol by tissue cells is blocked, and the total concentration of cholesterol and LDLs in the blood is enormously elevated. Victims of the disease usually die in adolescence of coronary artery disease.
...
Hank, a 17-year-old high school student, suffered a heart attack during a recreational swim. An autopsy revealed that he had had atherosclerosis and that his death had been caused by coronary artery disease. What might have been the cause of this disease that usually strikes a person much older than Hank? Answer: Hank suffered from a genetic disorder known as "familial hypercholesterolemia," a condition in which the LDL receptors are absent or abnormal, the uptake of cholesterol by tissue cells is blocked, and the total concentration of cholesterol and LDLs in the blood is enormously elevated. Victims of the disease usually die in adolescence of coronary artery disease.
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Harry is hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia. When you visit him, his teeth are chattering, his skin is cool and clammy to the touch, and he complains of feeling cold, even though the room is quite warm. Explain his symptoms. Answer: Harry's symptoms indicate a fever caused by his bacterial pneumonia. The white cells battling the pneumonia release pyrogens that act directly on the hypothalamus, causing its neurons to release prostaglandins. The prostaglandins reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temperature, causing the body to initiate Heat-promoting mechanisms. Vasoconstriction causes a decline of heat loss from the body surface, cooling of the skin, and shivering.
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Harry is hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia. When you visit him, his teeth are chattering, his skin is cool and clammy to the touch, and he complains of feeling cold, even though the room is quite warm. Explain his symptoms. Answer: Harry's symptoms indicate a fever caused by his bacterial pneumonia. The white cells battling the pneumonia release pyrogens that act directly on the hypothalamus, causing its neurons to release prostaglandins. The prostaglandins reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temperature, causing the body to initiate Heat-promoting mechanisms. Vasoconstriction causes a decline of heat loss from the body surface, cooling of the skin, and shivering.
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How is the postabsorptive state controlled and initiated? Answer: The postabsorptive state is controlled by the interaction of the sympathetic nervous system and several hormones, especially glucagon. The trigger for initiating postabsorptive events is damping of insulin release, which occurs as blood glucose levels begin to drop. Insulin levels decline, and the insulin-induced cellular responses are inhibited.
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How is the postabsorptive state controlled and initiated? Answer: The postabsorptive state is controlled by the interaction of the sympathetic nervous system and several hormones, especially glucagon. The trigger for initiating postabsorptive events is damping of insulin release, which occurs as blood glucose levels begin to drop. Insulin levels decline, and the insulin-induced cellular responses are inhibited.
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Hypervitaminosis may have serious consequences. Which vitamin group, water or fat soluble, is most likely to be involved in such cases and why? Answer: Fat-soluble vitamins are most likely involved in hypervitaminosis, because they are stored in the body and excesses are not removed.
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Hypervitaminosis may have serious consequences. Which vitamin group, water or fat soluble, is most likely to be involved in such cases and why? Answer: Fat-soluble vitamins are most likely involved in hypervitaminosis, because they are stored in the body and excesses are not removed.
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In the Krebs cycle, citric acid is followed by ________ acid. 113) Answer: isocitric
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In the Krebs cycle, citric acid is followed by ________ acid. 113) Answer: isocitric
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The Krebs cycle produces ________ ATP molecules per glucose molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation. Answer: two
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The Krebs cycle produces ________ ATP molecules per glucose molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation. Answer: two
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The enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions by removing hydrogen are 111) specifically called ________. Answer: dehydrogenases
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The enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions by removing hydrogen are 111) specifically called ________. Answer: dehydrogenases
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The patient is 52 years old and has a history of hypertension. His cholesterol level is 245. He states his job is very stressful and he is recently going through a divorce. He admits to being overweight and has an inactive lifestyle. His father died of a stroke at age 60. He is worried about having a heart attack and/or stroke and wishes to change his lifestyle. The nurse encourages the patient to eat more fish. Explain why eating more fish would be of benefit for this patient. Answer: The omega-3 fatty acids in cold-water fish have a powerful antiarrhythmic effect on the heart and also make blood platelets less sticky, thus helping to prevent spontaneous clotting that can block blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
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The patient is 52 years old and has a history of hypertension. His cholesterol level is 245. He states his job is very stressful and he is recently going through a divorce. He admits to being overweight and has an inactive lifestyle. His father died of a stroke at age 60. He is worried about having a heart attack and/or stroke and wishes to change his lifestyle. The nurse encourages the patient to eat more fish. Explain why eating more fish would be of benefit for this patient. Answer: The omega-3 fatty acids in cold-water fish have a powerful antiarrhythmic effect on the heart and also make blood platelets less sticky, thus helping to prevent spontaneous clotting that can block blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
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The patient is a 28-year-old female with insulin-dependent diabetes. She developed viral gastroenteritis with nausea and vomiting. She did not take her insulin and she became increasingly nonresponsive. Her husband called 911 and she was taken to the emergency room. Her pulse rate was 128 and her respiratory rate was 28, deep, and smelled fruity (Kussmaul breathing). Her urinary glucose and ketone levels were both 4+. Her pH was dangerously low. Explain how the body attempted to compensate for the low serum pH. Answer: The deep, rapid respirations were the body's attempt to compensate for the extremely low pH.
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The patient is a 28-year-old female with insulin-dependent diabetes. She developed viral gastroenteritis with nausea and vomiting. She did not take her insulin and she became increasingly nonresponsive. Her husband called 911 and she was taken to the emergency room. Her pulse rate was 128 and her respiratory rate was 28, deep, and smelled fruity (Kussmaul breathing). Her urinary glucose and ketone levels were both 4+. Her pH was dangerously low. Explain how the body attempted to compensate for the low serum pH. Answer: The deep, rapid respirations were the body's attempt to compensate for the extremely low pH.
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The process of splitting glucose through a series of steps that produces two pyruvic acid 112) molecules is called ________. Answer: glycolysis
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The process of splitting glucose through a series of steps that produces two pyruvic acid 112) molecules is called ________. Answer: glycolysis
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What are the four mechanisms of heat exchange and how are they defined? Answer: (1) Radiation is the loss of heat as thermal energy. (2) Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with each other. (3) Convection is the process of replacing the warm air around the body with cooler air and thus removing body heat. (4) Evaporation cools by removing large amounts of heat as water changes state from liquid to gas.
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What are the four mechanisms of heat exchange and how are they defined? Answer: (1) Radiation is the loss of heat as thermal energy. (2) Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with each other. (3) Convection is the process of replacing the warm air around the body with cooler air and thus removing body heat. (4) Evaporation cools by removing large amounts of heat as water changes state from liquid to gas.
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What are the possible complications of obesity from a medical standpoint? Answer: The obese have a higher incidence of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus.
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What are the possible complications of obesity from a medical standpoint? Answer: The obese have a higher incidence of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus.
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What is obesity, and what health problems accompany or follow its onset? Answer: Obesity is a BMI (body mass index) greater than 30. Health problems accompanying or following obesity include a higher incidence of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus.
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What is obesity, and what health problems accompany or follow its onset? Answer: Obesity is a BMI (body mass index) greater than 30. Health problems accompanying or following obesity include a higher incidence of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus.
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What is the significance of the fact that monosaccharides are phosphorylated immediately upon entry into cells? Answer: Monosaccharides are phosphorylated immediately upon entry into cells so that entry into metabolic pathways is possible. Additionally, phosphorylation, to change the structure of glucose, allows the maintenance of a diffusion gradient for simple glucose. Phosphorylation also prevents glucose from leaving the cell.
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What is the significance of the fact that monosaccharides are phosphorylated immediately upon entry into cells? Answer: Monosaccharides are phosphorylated immediately upon entry into cells so that entry into metabolic pathways is possible. Additionally, phosphorylation, to change the structure of glucose, allows the maintenance of a diffusion gradient for simple glucose. Phosphorylation also prevents glucose from leaving the cell.
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When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________. A) pant B) shiver C) perspire heavily D) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels Answer: B
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When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________. A) pant B) shiver C) perspire heavily D) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels Answer: B
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Which nutritional state constitutes the period during and shortly after eating when nutrients are flushing into the bloodstream from the GI tract? Answer: absorptive
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Which nutritional state constitutes the period during and shortly after eating when nutrients are flushing into the bloodstream from the GI tract? Answer: absorptive
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Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver B) absorption of glucose from the GI tract C) glycogenolysis in the liver D) catabolism of cellular protein Answer: B
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Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver B) absorption of glucose from the GI tract C) glycogenolysis in the liver D) catabolism of cellular protein Answer: B
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Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. B) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. C) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream. D) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. Answer: B
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Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. B) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. C) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream. D) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. Answer: B
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Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals B) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish C) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ D) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains Answer: B
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Which of the following is correct? A) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. B) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. C) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle. D) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. Answer: A
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Which of the following is correct? A) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. B) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. C) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle. D) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. Answer: A
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Which of the following is not a function of LDLs? A) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells D) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver Answer: D
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Which of the following is not a function of LDLs? A) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells D) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver Answer: D
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What are the forces at work in ETC?
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What are the nutritional links of Cancer?
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What are the nutritional links of blood vessel disease?
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What are the nutritional links of stroke?
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Why are fat soluble vitamins important?
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If blood glucose decreases, what suffers most?
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What are the "best" grains/ proteins?
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What are the "healthy" fats? Why?
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What are the acid- roles of Niacin?
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What are the benefits of glucose when it enters the cell?
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What are the nutrients used in each glycolysis?
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What are the nutrition myths?
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What is the function of cytochromes? Where to get energy?
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Why is lactic acid important?
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Cholesterol, protein, fat, sat. fat, & RDA's & other recommendations.
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HDL vs LDL
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How do "healthy fats" help the body?
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What are the acid- roles of Riboflavin?
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What are the acid-roles of panthothenic?
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What are the benefits of phosphates?
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What are the minerals used in ETC?
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What are the problems using protein for fuel?
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What are the uses for vitamins?
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How long can food stay in the fundus before being mixed with gastric juices?
1 hour
How long can food stay in the fundus before being mixed with gastric juices? A) 10 minutes B) 20 minutes C) 30 minutes D) 45 minutes E) 1 hour
1 hour
how long can foodd stay in the fundus before being mixed with gastric juices?
1 hour
if we stop making ATP how long will we live how much residual ATP would we have?
1 minute worth
what can glucose-6-phosphate do? (4)
1. can be used to make ribose-5-phosphate 2. can be dephosphorylated to glucose 3. can be used to synthesized glycogen 4. can be converted to pyruvic acid
name the functions of the liver
1. conversion of carbohydrates 2. protein metabolism 3. storage or bilirubin 4. storage of vitamins
why are minerals necessary?
1. fluid & electrolyte balance 2. specific metabolic processes 3. cofactors for enzymes
describe the hard palate (3)
1. is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth 2. is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones 3. is covered by a mucous membrane
glycogenesis
1. performed by hepatocytes 2. performed by muscle fibers 3. one way to make glucose 4. only seen in the liver
form of phosphorylation
1. substrate level phosphorylation 2. oxidative phosphorylation 3. photophosphorylation
the net result of the complete oxidation of glucose include? (4)
1. water 2. CO2 3. ATP 4. waste heat
TCA cycle is called what? why?
1.TCA (tricarboxylic acid)- its a component 2.Krebs cycle- the discoverer 3.citric acid cycle-its a component
evaporation-
1.transfer heat from skin to water (high heat capacity). evaporation of water taking heat with it 2.insensible water loss 3.sensible perspiration
What is the end product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
The dental formula of the deciduous teeth in humans is:
2-1-0-2
The dental formula of the permanent teeth in humans is:
2-1-2-3
how many amino acids used to make proteins?
20
What are the nutritional links of the heart?
29% of all early deaths-etiology= blockage of heart blood vessels - ischemia and cell death.
How many stages of deglutition are there?
3
How many stages of deglutition are there? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 8
3
how many stages of deglutition are there?
3
What is the net ATP of ETC/ETS?
3 ATP per NADH2 2 ATP per FADH2 Approx. 34 34+2=36 Maximum yield per glucose
lipid catabolism: what happens when triglycerides are broken down to release energy?
3 fatty acid trails are removed from the glycerol molecule
What is the coenzyme reduction of Kreb's Cycle?
4 NADH & 1 FADH per pyruvate
Which layer contains the lamina propria?
42-44 B
What is line A pointing to?
42-44 MALT
What layer is composed of areolar connective tissue and epithelium?
42-44 None of these
This consists of calcified connective tissue.
45-47 B
What is line F pointing to?
45-47 Cementum
This has an opening called the apical foramen
45-47 G
This is the portion of the stomach that connects to the duodenum.
48-51 D
This is the area where pyloric stenosis occurs.
48-51 E
Name the structure labeled F
56-59 Gastric pit
Name the structure labeled C
56-59 Parietal cell
What is the normal glucose range
60-120 mg/dL
Name the layer labeled A
60-64 Circular muscle
Name the layer labeled B
60-64 Longitudinal muscle
Name the layer labeled E
60-64 Mucosa
Name the layer labeled C
60-64 Serosa
Name the layer labeled D
60-64 Submucosa
The enzyme produced in the organ labeled C which digests DNA is called
65-80 Deoxyribonuclease
The enzyme, active in the organ labeled D, that has starches as a substrate is
65-80 Pancreatic amylase
The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled C, that produces fatty acids and monoglycerides during digestion is called
65-80 Pancreatic lipase
The enzyme produced in the organ labeled C which digests RNA is called
65-80 Ribonuclease
Which of the following disorders involving the organ labeled F can result from cholesterol crystallization?
65-80 gallstones
Which of the following disorders involving the organ labeled E can result from viruses, drugs and chemicals such as alcohol?
65-80 hepatitis
The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled D, that produces both glucose and galactose as products is called
65-80 lactase
Name the disorder caused by a lack of proper enzymatic action in the organ labeled D resulting in diarrhea, gas and bloating after consumption of dairy products
65-80 lactose intolerance
The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled D, that produces only glucose as a product is called
65-80 maltase
Which of the following disorders results in an enlargement of the organ labeled G?
65-80 mumps
Which enzyme, active in organ D, has nucleotides as a substrate?
65-80 nucleosidases
Which of the following disorders involving the organ labeled C can result from alcohol abuse?
65-80 pancreatitis
Which of the following disorders can occur in the organ labeled B?
65-80 peptic ulcers
Which enzyme, active in organ D, has nucleotides as a substrate?
65-80 phosphatases
The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled D, that produces both glucose and fructose as products is called
65-80 sucrase
An enzyme, produced in the organ labeled D, that produces only glucose as a product is called
65-80 α-dextrinase
energy content of food: alcohol
7 kcal/gm
How many reactions take place during the Krebs cycle?
8
How many steps are in the Krebs Cycle?
8
how many reactions take place during Krebs cycle?
8
What is the Krebs Cycle
8 step pathway, step-wise catabolism of 6 carbon 6C citrate, happens twice for each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis
energy content of food: lipid
9kcal/gm
APPETITE
A desire for food. Psychological phenomenon dependent on memory and associations, as opposed to hunger, which is a physiological need to eat
Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) No metabolism occurs. D) Only glucose metabolism occurs
A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Only glucose metabolism occurs. C) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. D) No metabolism occurs.
A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Only glucose metabolism occurs. C) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. D) No metabolism occurs.
A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
47. Provitamins are A) Building blocks of vitamins B) Broken down glucose molecules C) Derivatives of minerals D) Found only in the blood E) Not stored in the body
A) Building blocks of vitamins
40. This is a mechanism of heat transfer that involves direct contact. A) Conduction B) Convection C) Radiation D) Evaporation E) Metabolic rate
A) Conduction
A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Glucose serves as the initial reactant.
A) Glycolysis
A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Occurs in the cytosol of a cell.
A) Glycolysis
19. What hormone stimulates glycogenesis? A) Insulin B) Glucase C) Estrogen D) Lactic acid E) Protease
A) Insulin
Produces the most ATP A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
Produces the most ATP A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
36. Cardiac muscles can produce ATP from A) Lactic acid B) Pyruvic acid C) Glucose-6-phosphate D) Proteins E) Lipids
A) Lactic Acid
27. Lipogenesis occurs when A) More calories are consumed than required for ATP need B) Less calories are consumed than required for ATP need C) More cholesterol is consumed than required for ATP need D) Less cholesterol is consumed than required for ATP need E) Gluconeogenesis fails
A) More calories are consumed than required for ATP need
Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream
A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
31. Which of the following are used in ìmetabolic crossroadsî? A) Pyruvic acid B) Glycogen C) Ribose D) ATP E) Lipase
A) Pyruvic acid
7. Which of the following is NOT a form of phosphorylation? A) Reduction phosphorylation B) Substrate level phosphorylation C) Oxidative phosphorylation D) Photophosphorylation E) None of these choices
A) Reduction phosphorylation
32. In the absorptive state A) Storage of energy is important B) Filtration is important C) Reabsorption is important D) Synthesis is important E) Production of heat is important
A) Storage of energy is important
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. B) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. C) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate. D) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage.
A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. B) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate. C) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage. D) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy.
A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. B) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. C) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate. D) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage
A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. B) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate. C) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage. D) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy.
A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.
A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge
The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
A) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
A) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) break down food molecules and generate ATP B) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals
A) break down food molecules and generate ATP
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) break down food molecules and generate ATP B) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals
A) break down food molecules and generate ATP
Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A) dehydrogenases and oxidases B) kinases and phosphorylases C) phosphatases and kinases D) synthetases and lipases
A) dehydrogenases and oxidases
Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A) dehydrogenases and oxidases B) kinases and phosphorylases C) phosphatases and kinases D) synthetases and lipases
A) dehydrogenases and oxidases
Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A) dehydrogenases and oxidases B) synthetases and lipases C) kinases and phosphorylases D) phosphatases and kinases
A) dehydrogenases and oxidases
Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A) dehydrogenases and oxidases B) synthetases and lipases C) kinases and phosphorylases D) phosphatases and kinases
A) dehydrogenases and oxidases
The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration
A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration
A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) proteins C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) vitamins and minerals
A) fats
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins
A) fats
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) proteins C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) vitamins and minerals
A) fats
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) fatty acids B) glycogen C) lactic acid D) amino acids Answer: A
A) fatty acids
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) fatty acids B) glycogen C) lactic acid D) amino acids Answer: A
A) fatty acids
Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads? A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA B) glucose-6-phosphate, lactic acid, acetyl CoA C) acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, ATP D) ATP, pyruvic acid, lactic acid
A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA
Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads? A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA B) glucose-6-phosphate, lactic acid, acetyl CoA C) acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, ATP D) ATP, pyruvic acid, lactic acid
A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycerol B) glycogen C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon
A) glycerol
Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis
A) glycogenesis
Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) glycogenolysis B) triglyceride anabolism C) protein anabolism D) lipogenesis
A) glycogenolysis
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins B) is the first site where absorption takes place C) is the only place where fats are completely digested D) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) insulin B) growth hormone C) epinephrine D) thyroid hormone
A) insulin
Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) insulin B) growth hormone C) epinephrine D) thyroid hormone
A) insulin
Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered
A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones B) carbohydrate utilization increases C) ketone bodies are formed D) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
A) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones B) carbohydrate utilization increases C) ketone bodies are formed D) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
A) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis
A) lipolysis
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) lipolysis B) fat utilization C) lipogenesis D) gluconeogenesis
A) lipolysis
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) lipolysis B) fat utilization C) lipogenesis D) gluconeogenesis
A) lipolysis
Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) liver B) muscles C) kidneys D) blood
A) liver
The lamina propria is composed of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) dense irregular connective tissue C) dense regular connective tissue D) reticular connective tissue
A) loose connective tissue
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________. A) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age B) their appetite begins to diminish C) they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food D) they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat
A) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) oxidation-reduction reactions D) oxidation reactions
A) oxidative phosphorylation
What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) phosphorylation B) beta oxidation C) cellular respiration D) glycolysis
A) phosphorylation
What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) phosphorylation B) beta oxidation C) cellular respiration D) glycolysis
A) phosphorylation
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________. A) production of energy B) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies C) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes D) production of some hormones
A) production of energy
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________. A) production of energy B) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies C) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes D) production of some hormones
A) production of energy
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________. A) production of energy B) production of some hormones C) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies D) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
A) production of energy
Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed ________. A) radiation B) convection C) conduction D) evaporation
A) radiation
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) release of epinephrine B) sympathetic sweat gland activation C) increase in ADH production D) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
A) release of epinephrine
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) release of epinephrine B) sympathetic sweat gland activation C) increase in ADH production D) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
A) release of epinephrine
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. A) serosa B) mucosa C) muscularis externa D) submucosa
A) serosa
The term metabolic rate includes _________ A) the total heat produced by the body B) the loss of organic molecules in urine C) the energy needed to make all organic molecules D) the loss of energy to perspiration
A) the total heat produced by the body
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? A) tongue B) esophagus C) nasal cavity D) salivary glands
A) tongue
Which of the following is not a function of LDLs? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis D) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
Which of the following is not a function of LDLs? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis D) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) triglycerides B) fatty acids C) cholesterol D) phospholipids
A) triglycerides
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) triglycerides B) fatty acids C) cholesterol D) phospholipids
A) triglycerides
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) urea B) ammonia C) acetyl CoA D) ketone bodie
A) urea
Which of the following is most correct? A. Saturated fats stimulate the liver to synthesize cholesterol B. unsaturated fats are easily oxidized but decrease cholesterol excretion C. excess intracellular cholesterol stimulates cellular production of LDL receptors D. smoking has been implicated in enhanced HDL synthesis
A. Saturated fats stimulate the liver to synthesize cholesterol
The patient wasn't getting enough iron in her diet. A. anemic hypoxia B. ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia C. hypoxemic hypoxia D. histotoxic hypoxia
A. anemic hypoxia
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A. b12 B. A C. C D. K
A. b12
Pancreatic amylase does NOT get to the small intestine via the _____: A. cystic duct B. accessory pancreatic duct C. main pancreatic duct D. hepatopancreatic ampulla
A. cystic duct
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called: A. digestion B. absorption C. secretion D. ingestion
A. digestion
... while pancreatic _____ secrete a bicarbonate-rich juice. A. duct cells B. islet cells C. vascular cells D. acinar cells E. digest-o-rama cells
A. duct cells
The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from _____. A. endoderm B. pachyderm C. ectoderm D. mesoderm
A. endoderm
The primary function of carbohydrates is _____. A. energy production within cells B. to form functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes C. to maintain a large storehouse of glycogen D. to contribute to cell structure
A. energy production within cells
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which _____. A. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors B. glycogen is broken down to release glucose C. glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water D. glycogen is formed
A. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
Glucose can be obtained from _____. A. glycogenolysis B. trygliceride anabolism C. protein anabolism D. cholesterol catabolism
A. glycogenolysis
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specigic enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A. lipase B. rennin C. pepsin D. cholecystokinin
A. lipase
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called _____: A. mesenteries B. serosal lining C. lamina propria D. mucosal lining
A. mesenteries
Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed _____. A. radiation B. conduction C. evaporation D. convection
A. radiation
Oxidative phosphorylation of ATP occurs here A. the electron transport chain B. glycolysis C. the Krebs Cycle
A. the electron transport chain
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? A. trypsin B. lipase C. amylase D. dextrinase
A. trypsin
released energy is used to make ATP from what & then ATP can run cell reactions?
ADP & a phosphate group
Which of the following processes is the primary fuction of the villi of the small intestine?
Absorbption
Which of following processes is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine?
Absorption
Which of following processes is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine? A) Ingestion B) Secretion C) Mixing and propulsion D) Absorption E) None of the above
Absorption
Which of the following processes is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine?
Absorption
Oxaloacetate
Accepts acetyl groups in the Kreb's cycle
Which substance is the gateway into the Krebs cycle for molecules that are being oxidized to generate ATP?
Acetyl coenzyme A is the gateway into the Krebs cycle for molecules being oxidized to generate ATP.
5.2 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Acts as coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism; required to transform pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA; oxidation of alcohol
5.3 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Acts as hydrogen acceptor in electron transport (FAD and FMN); component of amino-acid oxidases
5.4 Niacin
Acts as hydrogen acceptor in electron transport (NAD) during glycolysis and Krebs cycle; inhibits cholesterol synthesis; peripheral vasodilator
When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed?
Adenosine Diphosphate
When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed? A) Adenosine diphosphate B) GTP C) Adenosine monophosphate D) Metabolic water E) Glucose
Adenosine diphosphate
After a very large meal, does your stomach still have rugae?
After a large meal, the rugae stretch and disappear as the stomach fills.
Describe the structural characteristics of the small intestine that enhance its function as the major absorber of nutrients.
All structures increase surface area to increase the rate of reabsorption: great length (10' in living humans), microvilli on plasma membrane of each epithelial cell, villi (fingerlike projections of mucosa), and circular folds (permanent ridges in the mucosa).
Liver cells convert:
Ammonia Into Urea
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on glycogen and starches?
Amylase
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on glycogen and starches?* A) Chymotrypsin B) Amylase C) Trypsin D) Phosphatase E) Nucleosidase
Amylase
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts to produce monosaccarides?
Amylase
Which pancreatic enzyme acts on glycogen and starches?
Amylase
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which enzyme will help to digest the meal?
Amylase
What do Brunner's glands secrete?
An Alkaline Mucus
Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight? An increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favor fat accumulation) in fat cells An increase in heat loss from the body that requires more food intake An increase in taste receptors An increase in metabolism that increases the appetite An increase in thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate
An increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favor fat accumulation) in fat cells Fat cells of overweight people sprout more alpha-receptors, making it easier for fat cells to accumulate fat.
Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight? An increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favor fat accumulation) in fat cells An increase in heat loss from the body that requires more food intake An increase in taste receptors An increase in metabolism that increases the appetite An increase in thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate
An increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favor fat accumulation) in fat cells Fat cells of overweight people sprout more alpha-receptors, making it easier for fat cells to accumulate fat.
Cholesterol, while it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because ________. A) it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) it helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs C) it helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D) it enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered
Answer: A
Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) glycogenolysis B) trygliceride anabolism C) protein anabolism D) the Calvin cycle
Answer: A
In carbohydrate metabolism, the carbohydrates ________. A) are converted into fat if present in excess B) such as galactose are normally used to make ATP C) are converted into fructose by the liver before they enter into general circulation D) that are highly refined offer many valuable nutrients in addition to calories
Answer: A
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycerol B) glycogen C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon
Answer: A
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________. A) production of energy B) production of some hormones C) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies D) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
Answer: A
Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed ________. A) radiation B) convection C) conduction D) evaporation
Answer: A
Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A) dehydrogenases and oxidases B) kinases and phosphorylases C) phosphatases and kinases D) synthetases and lipases
Answer: A
Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) liver B) muscles C) kidneys D) blood
Answer: A
The liver synthesizes lipoproteins for cholesterol transport. Select the other function(s) of the liver. A) synthesizes a component essential for blood clotting B) synthesizes phospholipids C) uses phospholipids to make bile components D) synthesizes some vitamins
Answer: A
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________. A) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age B) their appetite begins to diminish C) they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food D) they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat
Answer: A
The term metabolic rate includes ________. A) the total heat produced by the body B) the loss of organic molecules in urine C) the energy needed to make all organic molecules D) the loss of energy to perspiration
Answer: A
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) urea B) ammonia C) acetyl CoA D) ketone bodies
Answer: A
Which is not a function of LDLs? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis D) influences cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
Answer: A
Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.
Answer: A
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) release of epinephrine B) sympathetic sweat gland activation C) increase in ADH production D) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
Answer: A
Which of the following is most correct? A) Saturated fats stimulate the liver to synthesize cholesterol. B) Unsaturated fats are easily oxidized but decrease cholesterol excretion. C) Smoking has been implicated in enhanced HDL synthesis. D) Excess intracellular cholesterol stimulates cellular production of LDL receptors
Answer: A
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) oxidation-reduction reactions D) oxidation reactions
Answer: A
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins
Answer: A
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of mineral oil as a laxative? A) It interferes with the absorption of fat-soluble minerals. B) It is a strong cathartic and may cause dehydration. C) Mineral oil is often contaminated and could cause severe illness in the elderly. D) Mineral oil is an old-fashioned laxative and should not be used by any segment of society.
Answer: A
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed
Answer: B
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) liver B) brain C) pancreas D) spleen
Answer: B
Dietary fats are important because ________. A) they keep blood pressure normal B) they help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins C) they contribute significantly to the health of the skin D) they help prevent the common cold
Answer: B
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors C) glycogen is formed D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water
Answer: B
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) postabsorptive state B) absorptive state C) starvation period D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest
Answer: B
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) formation of sugar
Answer: B
Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) utilize hydrogenases B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons C) are rarely coupled together D) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen
Answer: B
Select the correct statement. A) Anabolism is the process of breaking down large substances into smaller ones. B) Cellular respiration is a catabolic process. C) During oxidation reactions, substances gain electrons. D) During reduction reactions, substances lose electrons.
Answer: B
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) norepinephrine B) thyroxine C) prolactin D) ADH
Answer: B
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) cellulose
Answer: B
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) lactic acid
Answer: B
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) Krebs cycle D) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid
Answer: B
Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. C) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle.
Answer: B
While the amount of protein required in the diet varies depending on age, size, and needs, the daily recommendation is approximately ________. A) 0.4 g/kg body weight B) 0.8 g/kg body weight C) 10 g/kg body weight D) 13 g/kg body weight
Answer: B
A diet rich in minerals would include which of the following foods? A) fats, sugars, and apples B) refined cereals, grains, and rye bread C) legumes, milk, and pork D) eggs, bacon, and pizza
Answer: C
Among the conditions required for measuring the basal metabolic rate is ________. A) being in an absorptive state B) remaining in an upright position C) keeping the room temperature between 20 and 25 degrees C D) sleeping
Answer: C
Catabolism would be best described as a processes that ________. A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels
Answer: C
Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) adequate essential amino acids B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet D) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea
Answer: C
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) glyceraldehyde B) pyruvic acid C) ammonia D) oxaloacetic acid
Answer: C
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water-soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
Answer: C
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A) the way an individual metabolizes fat B) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) an individualʹs body weight
Answer: C
Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.
Answer: C
The primary function of carbohydrates is ________. A) to contribute to cell structure B) to maintain a large storehouse of glycogen C) energy production within cells D) to form functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
Answer: C
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to urea C) transferred to a keto acid D) converted to ammonia
Answer: C
Vitamins are organic compounds. They ________. A) are classified as water-soluble or protein-soluble classes B) are all water-soluble and absorbed with water from the digestive tract C) often function as coenzymes to assist in catalysis D) may serve as building blocks
Answer: C
Which of the following is correct? A) A 24-carbon fatty acid yields 6 acetyl CoA molecules. B) Beta oxidation of a 10-carbon fatty acid would produce 2 acetyl CoA molecules. C) Lipogenesis is triglyceride synthesis. D) Lipolysis results in the formation of triglycerides.
Answer: C
Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation? A) It occurs in the mitochondrion. B) Every second carbon is reduced. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments.
Answer: C
Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________. A) reducing activity B) the evaporation of sweat C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
Answer: D
Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
Answer: D
Peptides called NPY and AgRP ________. A) serve as indicators of the bodyʹs total energy stores B) are the ʺset pointsʺ which maintain total energy content C) are intestinal hormones secreted during food digestion D) are powerful appetite enhancers
Answer: D
Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) control of blood volume C) noninflammatory responses D) control of blood pressure
Answer: D
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) cholesterol B) phospholipids C) fatty acids D) triglycerides
Answer: D
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
Answer: D
The primary reason the elderly seem to have more negative nutrition-related effects from medications is that ________. A) they often fail to take their medications as prescribed B) they tend to skip meals C) medications taken for many age-related disorders suppress vitamin synthesis D) medications taken for many age-related disorders interfere with nutrient absorption
Answer: D
The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules
Answer: D
Vitamin ________ is present in the body as coenzyme FAD and FMN and is a component of amino acid oxidase. A) A B) D C) B1 D) B2
Answer: D
When a personʹs hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________. A) pant B) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels C) perspire heavily D) shiver
Answer: D
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
Answer: D
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must meet all the bodyʹs amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
Answer: D
6.3 Potassium
Avocados, dried apricots, meat, fish, fowl, cereals, bananas
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. A) D B) A C) M D) E
B) A
2. Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures are known as A) Metabolism B) Anabolism C) Catabolism D) Metatheses E) None of these choices
B) Anabolism
________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion. A) Distension B) Carbohydrates C) Peptides D) Low acidity
B) Carbohydrates
21. Glycogenolysis is ________ and stimulated by ___________. A) Anabolic, Insulin B) Catabolic, Epinephrine C) Catabolic, Insulin D) Anabolic, Epinephrine E) Metathesis, Insulin
B) Catabolic, Epinephrine
6. This is a derivative of riboflavin. A) NAD B) FAD C) Lactic acid D) Pyruvic acid E) ADP
B) FAD
33. In the absorptive state, most glucose that enters the liver is converted to A) Pyruvic acid B) Glycogen C) Amino acids D) Insulin E) Glucase
B) Glycogen
Glucose serves as the initial reactant. A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
B) Glycolysis
Glucose serves as the initial reactant. A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
B) Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytosol of a cell. A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
B) Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytosol of a cell. A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
B) Glycolysis
43. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the A) Anterior pituitary B) Hypothalamus C) Cerebral cortex D) Liver E) Kidney
B) Hypothalamus
A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substrate molecule.
B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons.
B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Produces the most ATP.
B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
35. Which of the following is NOT a postabsorptive state reaction? A) Breakdown of liver glycogen B) Lipogenesis C) Gluconeogenesis using lactic acid D) Gluconeogenesis using amino acids E) None of these choices
B) Lipogenesis
9. This process is the synthesis of triglycerides. A) Gluconeogensis B) Lipogenesis C) Phosphorylation D) Glycolysis E) Lipolysis
B) Lipogenesis
Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. C) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle.
B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. C) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle
B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
4. Oxidation is A) The removal of protons B) The removal of electrons C) The addition of protons D) The addition of electrons E) None of these choices
B) The removal of electrons
48. Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? A) Vitamin B B) Vitamin E C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin O E) None of these choices
B) Vitamin E
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) postabsorptive state B) absorptive state C) starvation period D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest
B) absorptive state
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) starvation period B) absorptive state C) period when the metabolic rate is lowest D) postabsorptive state
B) absorptive state
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) starvation period B) absorptive state C) period when the metabolic rate is lowest D) postabsorptive state
B) absorptive state
Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis
B) beta oxidation
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) liver B) brain C) pancreas D) spleen
B) brain
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. A) mastication B) catabolism C) anabolism D) fermentation
B) catabolism
Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high C) glucose levels drop slightly D) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane
B) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high C) glucose levels drop slightly D) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane
B) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action
B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage C) distribute hormones D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) formation of sugar
B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? A) crown B) enamel C) pulp D) cementum
B) enamel
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) lactic acid
B) fatty acids
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) lactic acid
B) fatty acids
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) cellulose
B) glucose
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) cellulose
B) glucose
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors C) glycogen is formed D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water
B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads? A) glucose-6-phosphate, lactic acid, acetyl CoA B) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA C) ATP, pyruvic acid, lactic acid D) acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, ATP
B) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA
Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads? A) glucose-6-phosphate, lactic acid, acetyl CoA B) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA C) ATP, pyruvic acid, lactic acid D) acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, ATP
B) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycogen B) glycerol C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon
B) glycerol
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycogen B) glycerol C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon
B) glycerol
Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose? A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis
B) glycogenolysis
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) Krebs cycle D) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid
B) glycolysis
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? A) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid B) glycolysis C) Krebs cycle D) electron transport
B) glycolysis
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? A) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid B) glycolysis C) Krebs cycle D) electron transport
B) glycolysis
Dietary fats are important because they ________. A) keep blood pressure normal B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins C) contribute significantly to the health of the skin D) help prevent the common cold
B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins
Dietary fats are important because they ________. A) keep blood pressure normal B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins C) contribute significantly to the health of the skin D) help prevent the common cold
B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________. A) duodenum B) ileum C) jejunum D) pyloric sphincter
B) ileum
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? A) hepatic portal vein B) inferior vena cava C) superior mesenteric artery D) celiac artery
B) inferior vena cava
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed
B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) utilize hydrogenases B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons C) are rarely coupled together D) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen
B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) utilize hydrogenases B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons C) are rarely coupled together D) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen
B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) glycogen buildup E) glucogenesis
B) metabolic acidosis
What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) glycogen buildup E) glucogenesis
B) metabolic acidosis
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________. A) they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food B) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age C) their appetite begins to diminish D) they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat
B) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________. A) they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food B) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age C) their appetite begins to diminish D) they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat
B) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth C) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet D) derived only from legumes and other plant material
B) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth C) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet D) derived only from legumes and other plant material
B) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidation-reduction reactions B) oxidative phosphorylation C) substrate-level phosphorylation D) oxidation reactions
B) oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidation-reduction reactions B) oxidative phosphorylation C) substrate-level phosphorylation D) oxidation reactions
B) oxidative phosphorylation
Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed ________. A) convection B) radiation C) evaporation D) conduction
B) radiation
Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed ________. A) convection B) radiation C) evaporation D) conduction
B) radiation
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) sympathetic sweat gland activation B) release of epinephrine C) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels D) increase in ADH production
B) release of epinephrine
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) sympathetic sweat gland activation B) release of epinephrine C) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels D) increase in ADH production
B) release of epinephrine
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) muscularis externa D) serosa
B) submucosa
The liver synthesizes lipoproteins for cholesterole transport. Select the other fnction(s) of the liver. A) synthesizes a component essential for blood clotting B) synthesizes phospholipids C) uses phospholipids to make bile components D) synthesizes some vitamins
B) synthesizes phospholipids
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) norepinephrine B) thyroxine C) prolactin D) ADH
B) thyroxine
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) norepinephrine B) thyroxine C) prolactin D) ADH
B) thyroxine
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is _____. A. gastric juice B. bile C. pancreatic juice D. intestinal juice
B. bile
Match each term to its definition. A. anabolism B. biochemical pathway C. catabolism a series of interconnected chemical reactions
B. biochemical pathway
Match the term to its definition. A. metabolism B. catabolism C. anabolism large molecules broken into smaller ones
B. catabolism
Which of the following is NOT true of beta oxidation? A. Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments B. every second carbon is reduced C. it occurs in the mitochondrion D. it involves catabolism of fatty acids
B. every second carbon is reduced
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of mineral oil as a laxative? A. mineral oil is often contaminated and could cause severe illness in the elderly B. it interferes with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins C. mineral oil is an old-fashioned laxative and should not be used by any segment of society D. it is a strong cathartic and may cause dehydration
B. it interferes with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Anabolism includes reactions in which _____. A. carbohydrate utilization increases B. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C. structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D. ketone bodies are formed
B. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the: A. trachea B. larynx C. pharynx D. carina
B. larynx
The _____ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. A. spleen B. liver C. pancreas D. stomach
B. liver
The function of the goblet cells is to _____. A. provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food B. produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion C. secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral D. absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
B. produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
Which is NOT a B vitamin which we saw caught in the act of being a coenzyme in the Krebs Cycle? A. nicotinic acid (B3) B. thiamine (B1) C. pantothenic acid (B5) D. riboflavin (B2) E. all of the above form coenzymes in the Krebs Cycle
B. thiamine (B1)
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is _____. A. converted to urea B. transferred to a keto acid C. transferred to acetyl CoA D. converted to ammonia
B. transferred to a keto acid
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly _____. A. ammonia B. urea C. acetyl CoA D. ketone bodies
B. urea
LDL
BAD; transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues from membranes, storage, and hormone synthesis
Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs to maintain life?
BMR The BMR is only the amount of energy required for "housekeeping" activites, which keep us alive.
Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs to maintain life?
BMR The BMR is only the amount of energy required for "housekeeping" activites, which keep us alive.
factors that influence basal metabolic rate
BSA, age&gender, body temperature, stress, thyroxine
A monoglyceride may be larger than an amino acid. Why can monoglycerides be absorbed by simple diffusion, but amino acids cannot?
Because monoglycerides are hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, they can dissolve in and diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract.
What group is removed from an amino acid before it can enter the Krebs cycle, and what is this process called?
Before an amino acid can enter the Krebs cycle, an amino group must be removed via deamination.
thiamine deficiency
Beriberi (nerve disorders, emaciation, anemia) profound fatigue
Which of the following substances is considered a provitamin?
Beta-carotene Vitamin D can be made in the skin and is not a provitamin. Beta-carotene is considered a provitamin because the body can convert it to vitamin A through digestion.
Which of the following substances is considered a provitamin?
Beta-carotene Vitamin D can be made in the skin and is not a provitamin. Beta-carotene is considered a provitamin because the body can convert it to vitamin A through digestion.
Deciduous molars are replaced by
Bicuspids
Deciduous molars are replaced by...
Bicuspids
This major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions.
Bile Canaliculi
This is the principle bile pigment
Bilirubin
This is the principle bile pigment.
Bilirubin
This is the principle bile pigment. A) Stercobilin B) Bilirubin C) Biliverdin D) Both stercobilin and bilirubin E) All of the above
Bilirubin
This is the principle pigment in bile.
Bilirubin
What is the critical factor influencing BMR?
Body surface area
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called 1. Motility 2. Propulsion 3. Digestion 4. Defecation
Both 1 and 2
Is swallowing a voluntary action or an involuntary action?
Both. Initiation of swallowing is voluntary and the action is carried out by skeletal muscles. Completion of swallowing - moving a bolus along the esophagus and into the stomach - is involuntary and involves peristalsis by smooth muscle.
What are the goals of glycolysis?
Break glucose. Harvest hydrogen, send it to the ETS. Make a few ATP.
8.1 Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose
What is glycolysis?
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid- an anaerobic excercise.
What is glycogenolysis?
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
8.2 Lipolysis
Breakdown of lipids
Provitamins are
Building Blocks of Vitamins
While the amount of protein required in the diet varies depending on age, size, and needs, the daily recommendation is approximately ________. A) 0.4 g/kg body weight B) 0.8 g/kg body weight C) 10 g/kg body weight D) 13 g/kg body weight
C) 0.8 g/kg body weight
16. How many reactions take place during the Krebs cycle? A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10 E) 12
C) 8
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? A) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes. B) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. D) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food.
C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.
49. Antioxidant vitamins A) Are found in plasma membranes B) Are vitamin derivatives C) Can inactivate oxygen free radicals D) Are all excreted in feces E) Are all stored in adipose cells
C) Can inactivate oxygen free radicals
1. Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called: A) Metabolism B) Anabolism C) Catabolism D) Metatheses E) Oxidation reactions
C) Catabolism
Select the correct statement. A) Anabolism is the process of breaking down large substances into smaller ones. B) Cellular respiration is a catabolic process. C) During oxidation reactions, substances gain electrons. D) During reduction reactions, substances lose electrons.
C) Cellular respiration is a catabolic process.
23. These transport dietary lipids. A) Apoproteins B) Low density lipoproteins C) Chylomicrons D) Very low density lipoproteins E) High density lipoproteins
C) Chylomicrons
Select the correct statement about digestive processes. A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.
C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
28. Excess amino acids in the body are A) Excreted in urine B) Excreted in feces C) Converted into glucose D) Stored as ATP E) Converted into proteins
C) Converted into glucose
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. A) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. B) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. D) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
11. Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are all involved in: A) Lipogensis B) Gluconeogenesis C) Glucose catabolism D) Formation of Glycogen E) Formation of vitamin C
C) Glucose catabolism
Select the correct statement about absorption. A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries. C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. D) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.
C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.
Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation? A) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments. B) It occurs in the mitochondrion. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) Every second carbon is reduced.
C) It involves the anabolism of fats.
Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation? A) It occurs in the mitochondrion. B) Every second carbon is reduced. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments
C) It involves the anabolism of fats.
Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation? A) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments. B) It occurs in the mitochondrion. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) Every second carbon is reduced.
C) It involves the anabolism of fats.
Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substrate molecule. A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons. A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons. A) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. B) Glycolysis C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
55. According to the standard height-weight chart, 4'8î Maria should weigh 100 pounds. She currently weighs 125 pounds. Clinically, Maria is described as ___. A) height-weight proportionate B) a little underweight C) obese D) a little overweight E) morbidly obese
C) Obese
12. This is the key regulator of the rate of glycolysis. A) ATP B) NADH C) Phosphofructokinase D) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate E) FAD
C) Phosphofructokinase
Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.
C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.
C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis
C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
14. The most abundant product of the reactions of the Krebs cycle is A) Carbon dioxide B) GTP C) Reduced coenzymes D) pyruvate E) water
C) Reduced coenzymes
42. The heat promoting center stimulates parts of the brain that A) Decrease smooth muscle tone B) Increase blood glucose C) Stimulates skeletal muscle activity D) Inhibits the sympathetic division E) None of these choices
C) Stimulates skeletal muscle activity
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong.
C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20
Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) glycogenolysis in the liver B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract D) catabolism of cellular protein
C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract
Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) glycogenolysis in the liver B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract D) catabolism of cellular protein
C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa? A) simple diffusion B) facilitated diffusion C) active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy D) bulk flow
C) active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. A) acidosis B) ketosis C) alkalosis D) dysphagia
C) alkalosis
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) glyceraldehyde B) pyruvic acid C) ammonia D) oxaloacetic acid
C) ammonia
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) glyceraldehyde B) pyruvic acid C) ammonia D) oxaloacetic acid
C) ammonia
Chief cells ________. A) occur in the intestine B) produce HCl C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands D) produce mucin
C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels
C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin CCK D) gastric inhibitor peptide
C) cholecystokinin CCK
Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) noninflammatory responses C) control of blood pressure D) control of blood volume
C) control of blood pressure
Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) noninflammatory responses C) control of blood pressure D) control of blood volume
C) control of blood pressure
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) lipogenesis B) glycogenesis C) conversion to a nucleic acid D) ATP production E) amino acid synthesis
C) conversion to a nucleic acid
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) lipogenesis B) glycogenesis C) conversion to a nucleic acid D) ATP production E) amino acid synthesis
C) conversion to a nucleic acid
The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy needed to make all organic molecules B) loss of energy to perspiration C) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities D) loss of organic molecules in urine
C) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy needed to make all organic molecules B) loss of energy to perspiration C) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities D) loss of organic molecules in urine
C) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) adequate essential amino acids B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet D) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea
C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet
Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) adequate essential amino acids B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet D) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea
C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis
C) glycolysis
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation B) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain C) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation D) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis
C) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation B) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain C) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation D) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis
C) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A) mucin B) pepsinogen C) hydrochloric acid D) rennin
C) hydrochloric acid
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? A) HCl B) pepsinogen C) intrinsic factor D) gastric lipase
C) intrinsic factor
Among the conditions required for measuring the basal metabolic rate _______ A) being in an absorptive state B) remaining in an upright position C) keeping the room temperature between 20-25 degrees C D) sleeping
C) keeping the room temperature between 20-25 degrees C
A diet rich in minerals would include which of the following foods? A) fats, sugars, and apples B) refined cereals, grains, and rye bread C) legumes, milk, and pork D) eggs, bacon, and pizza
C) legumes, milk, and pork
Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis
C) lipogenesis
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) vitamins provide protection against the common cold
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) vitamins provide protection against the common cold
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
The "pickup" molecule for the Krebs cycle is the _________ acid. A) isocitric B) fumaric C) oxaloacetic D) malic
C) oxaloacetic
What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) glycolysis B) cellular respiration C) phosphorylation D) beta oxidation
C) phosphorylation
What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) glycolysis B) cellular respiration C) phosphorylation D) beta oxidation
C) phosphorylation
Which of the following is the most important function of the liver? A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) protein metabolism D) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D
C) protein metabolism
Which of the following is the most important function of the liver? A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) protein metabolism D) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D
C) protein metabolism
Paneth cells _____________. A) are more common in the ileum than in the jejunum. B) are absorptive cells in the small intestine. C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria. D) are located next to the laacteal in a villus.
C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production? A) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B) shivering C) sweating D) enhanced thyroxine release
C) sweating
Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production? A) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B) shivering C) sweating D) enhanced thyroxine release
C) sweating
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? A) produce gas B) absorb bilirubin C) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins D) synthesize vitamins C and D
C) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A) the way an individual metabolizes fat B) an individual's body weight C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen
C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A) the way an individual metabolizes fat B) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) an individual's body weight
C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A) the way an individual metabolizes fat B) an individual's body weight C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen
C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) prolactin B) ADH C) thyroxine D) norepinephrine
C) thyroxine
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) prolactin B) ADH C) thyroxine D) norepinephrine
C) thyroxine
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to ammonia C) transferred to a keto acid D) converted to urea
C) transferred to a keto acid
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to urea C) transferred to a keto acid D) converted to ammonia
C) transferred to a keto acid
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to ammonia C) transferred to a keto acid D) converted to urea
C) transferred to a keto acid
What is the reactant or substrate of Kreb's Cycle?
C-C acetyl groups from ALL 3 nutrients.
Vitamin _____ is present in the body as coenzyme FAD and FMN and is a component of amino acid oxidase. A. D B. B1 C. B2 D. A
C. B2
Tooth structure includes _____. A. the dentin, which is the hardest substance in the body B. a root covered with enamel C. a thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in place D. pulp, an avascular connective tissue filling the hollow cavity of the tooth
C. a thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in place
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the _____. A. postabsorptive state B. starvation period C. absorptive state D. period when the metabolic rate is lowest
C. absorptive state
Which of the following statements is correct? A. H+ has little effect on the blood pH B. H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to decrease the rate and depth of breathing C. arterial pH does not affect central chemoreceptors directly D. low arterial pH is the most powerful stimulator of respiration
C. arterial pH does not affect central chemoreceptors directly
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs _____. A. at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time B. when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required C. before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought D. immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients
C. before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
Which of the following is NOT one of the three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver (i.e. each of the siz corners of the hexagonal lobules)? A. branch of bile duct B. cranch of hepatic portal vein C. branch of hepatic vein D. branch of hepatic artery
C. branch of hepatic vein
_____ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor. A. sodium B. phosphorus C. calcium D. iron
C. calcium
Which of the following is NOT true of saliva? A. moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus B. dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted C. contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins D. cleanses the mouth
C. contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A. proteins B. foods and beverages high in caffeine C. fats D. vitamins and minerals
C. fats
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? A. fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform B. palatine and circumvallate C. fungiform and circumvallate D. circumvallate and filiform
C. fungiform and circumvallate
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and _____ are converted to glucose. A. cholesterol B. glycogen C. glycerol D. glucagon
C. glycerol
Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria? A. electron transport B. Krebs cycle C. glycolysis D. formation of malic acid from fumaric acid
C. glycolysis
The structures that produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine are the _____. A. microvilli B. intestinal crypts C. lacteals D. cilium
C. lacteals
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because _____. A. all vitamins are water-soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization B. very few foods contain vitamins C. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D. all vitamins provide protection against the common cold
C. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
The plicae circulares and intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of the alimentary tube wall? A. lamina propria B. serosa C. mucosa D. adventitia
C. mucosa
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that _____. A. they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat B. they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food C. muscle mass and metabolism decline with age D. their appetite begins to diminish
C. muscle mass and metabolism decline with age
Vitamins are organic compounds. They _____. A. are all water-soluble and absorbed with water from the digestive tract B. are classified as water-soluble or protein-soluble classes C. often function as coenzymes to assist in catalysis D. may serve as building blocks
C. often function as coenzymes to assist in catalysis
Hepatocytes do NOT: A. process nutrients B. store fat-soluble vitamins C. produce digestive enzymes D. detoxify
C. produce digestive enzymes
Select the correct statement about proteins. A. proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the 8 essential amino acids are present B. strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids C. proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested D. catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.
C. proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include _____. A. ACh B. gastrin C. secretin D. histamine
C. secretin
Chyme is created in the _____: A. small intestine B. mouth C. stomach D. esophagus
C. stomach
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A. an individual's body weight B. the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C. the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D. the way an individual metabolizes fat
C. the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body
In transamination, the nitrogens removed from amino acids are incorporated into molecules of: A. uric acid B. ammonia C. urea D. creatinine E. all of the above
C. urea
name two most important products of TCA cycle:
CO2 & high-energy electrons
What is released in the Krebs Cycle?
CO2, NADH, and ATP
The most abundant mineral in the human body.
Calcium
Ketone bodies A) Can enter the Krebs cycle B) Are used for ATP production C) Can be used to make lipids D) Can enter Krebs or be used for ATP production E) Convert into aldehydes in the liver
Can enter Krebs or be used for ATP production
Antioxidant vitamins
Can inactivate oxygen free radicals
Antioxidant vitamins A) Are found in plasma membranes B) Are vitamin derivatives C) Can inactivate oxygen free radicals D) Are all excreted in feces E) Are all stored in adipose cells
Can inactivate oxygen free radicals
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?
Canine Tooth
When in cellular respiration is carbon dioxide given off?
Carbon dioxide is given off during the production of acetyl coenzyme A and during the Krebs cycle.
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called:
Catabolism
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called: A) Metabolism B) Anabolism C) Catabolism D) Metatheses E) Oxidation reactions
Catabolism
This hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine
Cholecystokinin
This hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine.
Cholecystokinin
This hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine.
Cholecytokinin
This hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine.
Choleystokinin
Which element below is considered a trace mineral? Sodium Chromium Potassium Chlorine Phosphorus
Chromium is considered a trace mineral. Glucose cannot be metabolized properly without chromium.
Which element below is considered a trace mineral? Sodium Chromium Potassium Chlorine Phosphorus
Chromium is considered a trace mineral. Glucose cannot be metabolized properly without chromium.
These transport dietary lipids.
Chylomicrons
These transport dietary lipids. A) Apoproteins B) Low density lipoproteins C) Chylomicrons D) Very low density lipoproteins E) High density lipoproteins
Chylomicrons
Identify the different types of lipoproteins and describe the function of each.
Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids in the lymph and blood. Very low density lipoproteins transport endogenous triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes for storage. Low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol through the body for use in repair of membranes and synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts. High density lipoproteins transport excess cholesterol to the liver for elimination.
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on peptide bonds?
Chymotrypsin
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on peptide bonds? * A) Chymotrypsin B) Amylase C) Pepsin D) Phosphatase E) Nucleosidase
Chymotrypsin
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts to produce smaller peptides from proteins?
Chymotrypsin
Which pancreatic enzyme acts on peptide bonds?
Chymotrypsin
Which 4 intermediate compounds release carbon atoms in the first round of CO2? (from animated interactive)
Citrate, Isocitrate, A-ketoglutarate, and Oxaloacetate.
another name for Krebs cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
What are most vitamins used as?
Coenzymes
Which of the following statements about a "redox" reaction is correct?
Coenzymes accept hydrogen. Enzymes do not accept hydrogen. In a "redox" reaction coenzymes accept hydrogen.
Which of the following statements about a "redox" reaction is correct?
Coenzymes accept hydrogen. Enzymes do not accept hydrogen. In a "redox" reaction coenzymes accept hydrogen.
2.2 Protein
Comprised of amino acids; used to build structural components of cells as well as functional components (enzymes)
2.3 Lipids
Comprised of fatty acids and glycerol; should be 20%-35% of caloric intake
2.1 Carbohydrate
Comprised of simple sugars; used as the major fuel source for cellular respiration
This is a mechanism of heat transfer that involves direct contact.
Conduction
Prostaglandins play a role in ________.
Control of Blood Pressure
Excess amino acids in the body are
Converted Into Glucose
What is beta oxidation?
Converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA
What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?
Cortisol
6.4 Sodium
Cured meats, sauerkraut, cheese
Where does glycolysis take place? A) Cytosol B) Plasma membrane C) Nucleus D) Mitochondria E) Golgi Apparatus
Cytosol
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. A) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion. B) Bile functions to emulsify fats. C) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs. D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion
34. Keto acids A) Can enter the Krebs cycle B) Are used for ATP production C) Can be used to make lipids D) Can enter Krebs or be used for ATP production E) Convert into aldehydes in the liver
D) Can enter Krebs or be used for ATP production
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. A) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport. B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
13. Where can pyruvate dehydrogenase be found? A) Cytosol of the cell B) Plasma membrane C) Lysozyme D) Mitochondria E) Interstitial fluid
D) Mitochondria
26. Where does the Krebs cycle take place? A) Cytosol B) Plasma membrane C) Nucleus D) Mitochondria E) Golgi Apparatus
D) Mitochondria
15. The net result of the complete oxidation of glucose does NOT include: A) water B) carbon dioxide C) ATP D) oxygen E) waste heat
D) Oxygen
22. Thyroid hormones: A) Aid in glycogenesis B) Inhibit gluconeogensis C) Inhibit lipogenesis D) Promote glycolysis E) Promote gluconeogenesis
D) Promote glycolysis
5. Reduction is the A) The removal of protons B) The removal of electrons C) The addition of protons D) The addition of electrons E) None of these choices
D) The addition of electrons
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) pyruvic acid B) glyceraldehyde C) oxaloacetic acid D) ammonia
D) ammonia
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) pyruvic acid B) glyceraldehyde C) oxaloacetic acid D) ammonia
D) ammonia
Peptides called NPY and AgRP ________ A) serve as indicators of the body's total energy stores B) are the "set points" which maintain total energy content C) are intestinal hormones secreted during food digestion D) are powerful appetite enhancers
D) are powerful appetite enhancers
The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) spleen B) pancreas C) liver D) brain
D) brain
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) spleen B) pancreas C) liver D) brain
D) brain
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state B) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies C) elevates glucagon levels D) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
D) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state B) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies C) elevates glucagon levels D) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
D) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) incisor tooth B) molar tooth C) premolar tooth D) canine tooth
D) canine tooth
Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) control of blood volume C) noninflammatory responses D) control of blood pressure
D) control of blood pressure
Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) control of blood volume C) noninflammatory responses D) control of blood pressure
D) control of blood pressure
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water B) formation of sugar C) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water D) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid Answer: D
D) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water B) formation of sugar C) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water D) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid Answer: D
D) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) ATP production B) lipogenesis C) amino acid synthesis D) conversion to a nucleic acid E) glycogenesis
D) conversion to a nucleic acid
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) ATP production B) lipogenesis C) amino acid synthesis D) conversion to a nucleic acid E) glycogenesis
D) conversion to a nucleic acid
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
The solutes contained in saliva include ________. A) only salts and minerals B) only proteases and amylase C) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals D) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
D) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) cephalic B) gastric C) intestinal D) enterogastric
D) enterogastric
Formation of glucose from proteins or fats. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis
D) gluconeogenesis
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.
D) glucose
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.
D) glucose
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is formed B) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water C) glycogen is broken down to release glucose D) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
D) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is formed B) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water C) glycogen is broken down to release glucose D) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
D) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
Which is not a function of LDLs? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or homone synthesis D) influences cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
D) influences cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells.
Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine D) insulin
D) insulin
Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine D) insulin
D) insulin
Formation of ketone bodies. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis
D) ketogenesis
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) muscularis mucosae B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria
D) lamina propria
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) gluconeogenesis B) fat utilization C) lipogenesis D) lipolysis
D) lipolysis
Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) are rarely coupled together B) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen C) utilize hydrogenases D) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
D) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) are rarely coupled together B) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen C) utilize hydrogenases D) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
D) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
The primary reason the elderly seem to have more negative nutrition-related effects from medication is that _____________ A) they often fail to take their medications as prescribed B) they tend to skip meals C) medications taken for many age-related disorders suppress vitamin synthesis D) medications taken for many age-related disorders interfere with nutrient absorption
D) medications taken for many age-related disorders interfere with nutrient absorption
What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) glycogen buildup C) metabolic alkalosis D) metabolic acidosis E) glucogenesis
D) metabolic acidosis
What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) glycogen buildup C) metabolic alkalosis D) metabolic acidosis E) glucogenesis
D) metabolic acidosis
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
Which of these is not a component of saliva? A) lysozyme B) a cyanide compound C) defensins D) nitric oxide
D) nitric oxide
8. Glycogenesis is NOT A) performed by the hepatocytes B) performed by muscle fibers C) one way to make glycogen D) one way to make glucose E) only seen in the liver
D) one way to make glucose
Which of the following is the most important function of the liver? A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D D) protein metabolism
D) protein metabolism
Which of the following is the most important function of the liver? A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D D) protein metabolism
D) protein metabolism
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? A) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus B) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells C) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells D) rennin
D) rennin
When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________. A) pant B) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels C) perspire heavily D) shiver
D) shiver
Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange? A) radiation B) conduction/convection C) evaporation D) shivering
D) shivering
Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange? A) radiation B) conduction/convection C) evaporation D) shivering
D) shivering
Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange? A) radiation B) evaporation C) conduction/convection D) shivering
D) shivering
Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange? A) radiation B) evaporation C) conduction/convection D) shivering
D) shivering
Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production? A) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B) enhanced thyroxine release C) shivering D) sweating
D) sweating
Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production? A) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B) enhanced thyroxine release C) shivering D) sweating
D) sweating
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) cholesterol B) phospholipids C) fatty acids D) triglycerides
D) triglycerides
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) ketone bodies B) acetyl CoA C) ammonia D) urea
D) urea
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) ketone bodies B) acetyl CoA C) ammonia D) urea
D) urea
Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________. A) reducing activity B) the evaporation of sweat C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________. A) reducing activity B) the evaporation of sweat C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________. A) the evaporation of sweat B) reducing activity C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________. A) the evaporation of sweat B) reducing activity C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Pancreatic _____ secrete digestive enzymes. A. duct cells B. islet cells C. vascular cells D. acinar cells E. digest-o-rama cells
D. acinar cells
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates _____. A. dysphagia B. ketosis C. acidosis D. alkalosis
D. alkalosis
Pancreatic lipase breaks neutral fats down into: A. fatty acids B. glycerol C. monoglycerides D. all of the above E. non of the above
D. all of the above
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? A. cholecystokinin B. trypsin C. gastrin D. amylase
D. amylase
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the _____ buffer system. A. hemoglobin B. phosphate C. protein D. bicarbonate
D. bicarbonate
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the _____ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A. liver B. spleen C. pancreas D. brain
D. brain
Catabolism would be best described as a processes that _____. A. builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state B. causes a decline in circulating ketones in bodies C. elevates glucagon levels D. breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
D. breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the _____. A. goblet cells of the small intestine B. Brunner's glands C. parietal cells of the duodenum D. chief cells of the stomach
D. chief cells of the stomach
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the _____. A. conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B. formation of sugar C. conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D. conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
D. conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somastatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? A. mucous neck cells B. parietal cells C. zymogenic cells D. enteroendocrine cells
D. enteroendocrine cells
Which is NOT needed to produce high rates of HCl production from a parietal cell? A. histamine B. acetylcholine C. gastrin D. heparin E. all of the above are needed
D. heparin
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unit to form the: A. bile canaliculus B. pancreatic acini C. portal vein D. hepatopancreatic ampulla
D. hepatopancreatic ampulla
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called _____. A. active transport B. diffusion C. denatured D. hydrolysis
D. hydrolysis
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located _____. A. in the pons and medulla B. only in the espophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accomodate food passage C. in the glandular tissue that lines the organ luman D. in the walls of the tract organs
D. in the walls of the tract organs
The major hormone of the absorptive state is: A. cortisol B. epinephrine C. growth hormone D. insulin E. glucagon
D. insulin
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine? It _____. A. has haustra B. does not contain villi C. exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli D. is longer than the small intestine
D. is longer than the small intestine
Cholestoral, while it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because _____. A. it helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation B. it enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered C. it helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs D. it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
D. it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A. carbohydrates B. proteins C. starches D. lipids
D. lipids
Which of the following is correct? A. lipolysis results in the formation of triglycerides B. beta oxidation of a 10-carbon fatty acid would produce 2 acetyl CoA molecules C. a 24-carbon fatty acid yields 6 acetyl CoA molecules D. lipogenesis is triglyceride synthesis
D. lipogenesis is triglyceride synthesis
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as _____. A. gluconeogenesis B. lypogenesis C. fat utilization D. lipolysis
D. lipolysis
Oxidative deamination takes place in the _____. A. muscles B. kidneys C. blood D. liver
D. liver
The "pickup" molecule for the Krebs cycle is _____ acid. A. malic B. isocitric C. fumaric D. oxaloacetic
D. oxaloacetic
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A. oxidation reactions B. substrate-level phosphorylation C. oxidation-reduction reactions D. oxidative phosphorylation
D. oxidative phosphorylation
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells in the stomach? A. chief cells B. mucous neck cells C. serous cells D. parietal cells
D. parietal cells
The structure known as the fauces is the _____. A. epiglottis B. thyroid gland C. submaxillary gland D. passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx
D. passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx
The absoprtive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A. Brunner's gland B. the vast array of digestive enzymes C. the rugae D. plicae circulares and intestinal villi
D. plicae circulares and intestinal villi
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except _____. A. production of some hormones B. formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes C. production of enzymes, clotting factors and antibodies D. production of energy
D. production of energy
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of _____. A. starches and complex carbohydrates B. simple carbohydrates and alcohols C. fatty acids D. protein and peptide fragments
D. protein and peptide fragments
Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A. a negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis B. it occurs whenever amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream C. it is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat D. protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis
D. protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis
Important peritoneal folds do NOT include the: A. peritoneum B. omenta C. mesentery D. round ligament
D. round ligament
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? A. goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells B. parietal cells and glial cells C. cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells D. serous cells and mucous cells
D. serous cells and mucous cells
You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you digest this food? A. the thyroid gland B. the parotid glands C. the buccal glands D. the pancreas
D. the pancreas
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by _____. A. the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts B. somatic neurons in the spinal cord C. the rubrospinal tracts D. the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
D. the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
The most abundant dietary lipids are _____. A. fatty acids B. cholesterol C. phospholipids D. triglycerides
D. triglycerides
What may occur in the digestive system as a result of aging?
Decreased response to pain and internal sensations, increased incidence of duodenal ulcers, dysregulated neurosensory feedback, and decreased sensitivity to mouth irritations and ulcers.
Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which enzymes?
Dehyrodgenases and Oxidases
What job does NADH have?
Delivery guy- takes H+ to mitochondria & returns to cytoplasm for the next load.
20. What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis? A) Insulin B) Human Growth hormone C) Epinephrine D) Thyroid hormone E) Cortisol
E) Cortisol
45. Neuropeptide Y stimulates A) Release of insulin B) Inhibition of glucagons C) Thirst centers D) Thermogenesis E) Food intake
E) Food intake
37. The most dramatic metabolic change that occurs with fasting is A) Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies B) Increase in ATP production C) Inhibition of insulin D) Decrease in heart rate and blood pressure E) Increase in Lipolysis
E) Increase in Lipolysis
24. Most cholesterol medications are designed to: A) Inhibit excretion of bile in the feces B) Promote the absorption of cholesterol C) Decrease the filtration of cholesterol D) Inhibit glucose absorption E) None of these choices
E) None of these choices
38. Why is Calorie always spelled with a capital ìCî? A) It is named after Dr. Calorie B) It is named for the country where it was discovered C) It is named after the province where it was discovered D) To distinguish it from the chemistry term calory E) None of these choices
E) None of these choices
44. Food induced thermogenesis A) Accounts for 30% of total energy expended B) Is known as insensible loss C) Is inhibited by the hypothalamus D) Is the opposite of ketosis E) None of these choices
E) None of these choices
41. The higher the relative humidity A) The higher the rate of radiation B) The lower the rate of conduction C) The higher the rate of convection D) The lower the rate of thermoregulation E) The lower the rate of evaporation
E) The lower the rate of evaporation
The final electron acceptor with the highest affinity for electrons which slurps up low-energy electrons from the end of the electron transport chain is called: A. acetyl CoA B. lactic acid C. NADH D. pyruvic acid E. oxygen
E. oxygen
What does mitochondria need to accept H+?
Enough O2
4.4 Vitamin K
Essential for formation of clotting proteins; intermediate in electron transport; participates in oxidative phosphorylation
What factors can increase metabolic rate and thus increase the rate of heat production?
Exercise, the sympathetic nervous system, hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine, testosterone, human growth hormone), elevated body temperature, and ingestion of food increase metabolic rate, which results in an increase in body temperature.
All athletes require diets high in protein and calories in order to perform and to maintain their muscle mass.
F
Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.
F
Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.
F
Conduction is the same as radiation heat loss.
F
Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.
F
Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals
F
Gluconeogenesis occurs during cell respiration in the mitochondria.
F
Glycolysis is a series of six chemical steps, most of which take place in the mitochondria.
F
In glycolysis, glucose is initially cleaved into three, two-carbon groups.
F
Most required nutrients can be obtained by eating bread and meats.
F
Normal body temperature range is 98.6-100°F, regardless of external temperature.
F
Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.
F
The Krebs cycle is the partial breakdown of pyruvic acid.
F
The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.
F
The body requires adequate supplies of only three minerals (calcium, sodium, chloride) and trace 36) amounts of all others.
F
The body requires adequate supplies of only three minerals (calcium, sodium, chloride) and trace 36) amounts of all others.
F
The body's thermoregulatory centers are located in the thalamus.
F
The role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to combine with carbon during the Krebs cycle.
F
The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.
F
There are no complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a complete protein.
F
Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.
F
When blood glucose levels fall, glucagon is released and causes glycogenesis.
F
This portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.
Falciform Ligament
This portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.
Falciform ligament
This portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.
Falciform ligament
This portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. A) Greater omentum B) Falciform ligament C) Lesser omentum D) Mesentery E) Mesocolon
Falciform ligament
A deficit of potassium can cause rickets.
False
All athletes require diets high in protein and calories in order to perform and to maintain their muscle mass.
False
Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.
False
Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.
False
Dentin anchors the tooth in place.
False
Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.
False
Glycolysis is a series of six chemical steps, most of which take place in the mitochondria.
False
Normal body temperature range is 98.6-100°F, regardless of external temperature.
False
Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.
False
Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.
False
The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.
False
There are no complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a complete protein.
False
True or False: All athletes require diets high in protein and calories in order to perform and to maintain their muscle mass.
False
True or False: Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.
False
True or False: Glycogen is a major nutrient the body needs.
False
True or False: Lipogenesis is a postabsorptive state reaction.
False
True or False: Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.
False
True or False: Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.
False
True or False: Saliva contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
False
True or False: The net result of the complete oxidation of glucose includes oxygen.
False
True or False: The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.
False
True/False: Building up glycogen from glucose is called "glycogenolysis".
False
True/False: Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.
False
True/False: If a substance loses an electron, we say that it has been "reduced".
False
True/False: The body's thermoregulatory centers are located in the thalamus.
False
True/False: The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.
False
True/False: When abundant acidic chyme fills the duodenum, secretin is released (rue fact). Secretin then causes the stomach to send even more chyme, and causes the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich juice.
False
Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.
False
Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine?
Feces formation
Which of the following is the primary function of the largeintestine?
Feces formation
7.2 Krebs cycle
Five carbon dioxide molecules and ten molecules of reduced coenzymes (NADH + H+ and FADH2)
What is Gluconeogenesis?
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules.
This cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of hydrochloric acid
G cell
This cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of hydrochloric acid.
G cell
This cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of hydrochloric acid.* A) Neck cell B) Chief cell C) G cell D) Chyme cell E) Mucous cell
G cell
stomach enter endocrine cells that secrete gastrin
G cells
this cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of gastric acid
G cells
What anterior pituitary hormone works directly on its target tissues
GH- growth hormone
HDL
GOOD; transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver to be broken down and secreted into bile; provide cholesterol to steroid-producing organs; leave in stool
Which accessory organ stores bile?
Gallbladder
Which of the following accessory organs stares bile?
Gallbladder
Which of the following accessory organs stores bile?
Gallbladder
Which of the following accessory organs stores bile? A) Teeth B) Salivary glands C) Liver D) Gallbladder E) Pharynx
Gallbladder
What are pathways of glucose catabolism?
Gluconeogenesis
What is the entering nutrient for glycolysis?
Glucose
What is the nutrient used almost exclusively for ATP production?
Glucose
What are used in "metabolic crossroads"?
Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A.
Most glucose that enters the liver is converted to A) Pyruvic acid B) Glycogen C) Amino acids D) Insulin E) Glucase
Glycogen
In what process are glucose molecules combined to form glycogen?
Glycogenesis
What can ATP be produced from?
Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation Chemiosmotic processes
Which process is also called anaerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis is also called anaerobic cellular respiration.
In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
What is the function of goblet cells in the large intestine?
Goblet cells in the large intestine secrete mucus to lubricate colonic contents.
This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine.
Greater Omentum
This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine
Greater omentum
This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine
Greater omentum
This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine.
Greater omentum
This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine. * A) Greater omentum B) Falciform ligament C) Lesser omentum D) Mesentery E) Mesocolon
Greater omentum
Name the peritoneal folds.
Greater omentum, falciform ligament, lesser omentum, mesentery, and mesocolon.
Gregor, a large beefy man, came home from the doctor's office and complained to his wife that his blood tests "were bad." He told her that the doctor said he would have to give up some of his steaks and butter. He went on to mourn the fact that he would have to start eating more cottage cheese and olive oil instead. What kind of problem was revealed by his "bad" blood tests? How should his wife respond to his choice of food substitutes and why? What foods should she suggest?
Gregor's blood tests probably revealed high cholesterol and high triglyceride levels. Cutting down on saturated fats such as steak and butter is a good idea. The fat in cottage cheese is also saturated and should be ingested in moderation. Gregor should increase his intake of the unsaturated fats such as olive oil and also add omega-3 fatty acids from fish. Gregor can replace the animal proteins with soy proteins to further lower his cholesterol levels. In addition to dietary changes Gregor needs to begin exercising to further lower his levels and help with his "bad" blood results.
What is the substrate or reactant for ETC/ETS?
H delivered by vitamin shuttles (NADH & FADH)
What does oxidation lose?
H+
What does reduction add?
H+
What is the end product of ETC/ETS?
H2O
This is the anterior portion of the mouth;is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones; is covered by mucous membrane.
Hard palate
What is a product of catabolism?
Heat
What types of cells can carry out lipogenesis, beta oxidation, and lipolysis?
Hepatocytes and adipose cells carry out lipogenesis, beta oxidation, and lipolysis.
What cells can carry out gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis?
Hepatocytes can carry out gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis.
What type of cell can carry out ketogenesis?
Hepatocytes carry out ketogenesis.
Describe the role of the liver in protein metabolism.
Hepatocytes deaminate (remove the amino groups) amino acids so the amino acids can be used for ATP production or be converted to carbohydrates or fats. The amine group is converted to toxic ammonia. Hepatocytes convert the toxic ammonia to less toxic urea for excretion in urine. The liver also synthesizes many proteins, including most plasma proteins.
What is a substance that transports cholesterol to the liver for degradation?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Among the sources that stimulate HCl secretion, which one is a paracrine agent that is released by mast cells in the lamina propria?
Histamine is a paracrine agent released by mast cells in the lamina propria.
Every year dozens of elderly people are found dead in their unheated apartments and listed as victims of hypothermia. What is hypothermia and how does it kill? Why are the elderly more susceptible to hypothermia than the young?
Hypothermia is abnormally depressed body temperature. It kills by dropping the body temperature below the relatively narrow range in which biochemical reactions can take place. The elderly have less subcutaneous tissue. Also, their metabolic rate (and heat-generating capacity) is slower.
This structure regulates the flow of material into the colon.
Ileocecal sphincter
This structure regulates the flow of material into the colon. * A) Ileocecal sphincter B) Pyloric sphincter C) Appendix D) Sigmoid colon E) Anal canal
Ileocecal sphincter
5.1 Vitamin C
Important in formation of connective tissues; antioxidant; conversion of tryptophan to serotonin; conversion of cholesterol to bile salts
3.3 Proteins
Important structural material (keratin, collagen, etc.) and functional material (enzymes, etc.)
When is CO2 released in the Krebs Cycle?
In the second and third steps.
When is NADH formed in the Krebs Cycle?
In the second, third, and seventh steps.
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.
In the walls of the tract organs
3.5 Minerals
Incorporation into some body structures; used in conjunction with enzymes
The most dramatic metabolic change that occurs with fasting is
Increase in Lipolysis
Which of following processes is the primary function of the mouth?
Ingestion
Which of following processes is the primary function of the mouth? * A) Ingestion B) Secretion C) Mixing and propulsion D) Absorption E) None of the above
Ingestion
Which of the following processes is the primary function of the mouth?
Ingestion
Which process is the primary function of the mouth?
Ingestion
1.3 Krebs cycle
Initial metabolite is citric acid
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________.
Initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
What is the location of Electron transport chain and system (ETC/ETS)?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
what two events of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport System
Which lipoprotein contains high levels of cholesterol?
LDL is nearly half cholesterol.
Which type of lipoprotein delivers cholesterol to body cells.
LDLs deliver cholesterol to body cells.
Cardiac muscles can produce ATP from
Lactic Acid
What does low O result in?
Lactic Acid
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
Lamina Propria
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels.
Lamina Propria
These are composed of prominent lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response. A) Mucosa B) Lamina propria C) Muscularis D) Submucosa E) Serosa
Lamina propria
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels.
Lamina propria
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels. A) Mucosa B) Lamina propria C) MALT D) Musclaris E) Epithelium
Lamina propria
This layer of the Gi tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels.
Lamina propria
___________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting _____, which is the most-powerful known appetite stimulant.
Leptin; neuropeptide Y Leptin acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y, which is the most-powerful known appetite stimulant.
___________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting _____, which is the most-powerful known appetite stimulant.
Leptin; neuropeptide Y Leptin acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y, which is the most-powerful known appetite stimulant.
Which of the following enzymes acts to produce monoglycerides as one product?
Lipase
Which of the following enzymes acts to produce monoglycerides as products?
Lipase
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes digests lipids?
Lipase
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes digests lipids? * A) Trypsin B) Elastase C) Lipase D) Pepsin E) All of the above
Lipase
Which pancreatic enzymes digests lipids?
Lipase
This process is the synthesis of triglycerides.
Lipogenesis
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.
Lipolysis
This is the heavest gland of the body.
Liver
This is the heaviest gland of the body
Liver
This is the heaviest gland of the body.
Liver
This is the heaviest gland of the body. * A) Heart B) Liver C) Pancreas D) Large intestine E) Thyroid
Liver
Which accessory organ produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?
Liver
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?
Liver
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?
Liver
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats? A) Teeth B) Salivary glands C) Liver D) Gallbladder E) Pharynx
Liver
These are composed of prominent lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response.
MALT
These are composed of prominent lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response.
MALT
these are compsed of prominent lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response
MALT
What is Glycogenesis?
Makes new glycogen from glucose
In the reaction Malate + NAD+ -> Oxaloacetate + NADH which 2 items are in a reduced state? (from animated interactive)
Malate and NADH
Where does the Kreb's cycle take place? A) Cytosol B) Plasma membrane C) Nucleus D) Mitochondria E) Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondria
Which of following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
Mixing and propulsion
Which of following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system? * A) Ingestion B) Secretion C) Mixing and propulsion D) Absorption E) None of the above
Mixing and propulsion
Which of the following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
Mixing and propulsion
Lipogenesis occurs when
More calories are consumed than required for ATP need
3.4 Vitamins
Most function as coenzymes; not used as structural components
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called
Motility
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called A) Motility B) Propulsion C) Digestion D) Absorption E) Defecation
Motility
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called?
Motility
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called
Motility and Propulsion
The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________.
Muscle mass and metabolism decline with age
Describe complete protein.
Must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
This plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis.
Myenteric Plexus
This plexus is located between the longitudainal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis.
Myenteric plexus
Which coenzymes are reduced in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
NAD. NAD is derived from niacin
what are some major minerals?
Na, K, chloride, Ca, Magnesium & Phosphorus
What substance does not play a role in appetite suppression and safety?
Neuropeptide Y
What vitamin is required as a hydrogen harvester in glycolysis?
Niacin
can lipids generate ATP as quickly as glucose?
No
What is the functional significance of the blood capillary network and lacteal in the center of each villus?
Nutrients being absorbed in the small intestine enter the blood via capillaries or the lymph via lacteals.
What is an "essential nutrient?"
Nutrients that are inadequately synthesized by body cells and must be ingested in the diet.
According to the standard height-weight chart, 4'8" Maria should weigh 100 pounds. She currently weighs 125 pounds. Clinically, Maria is described as ___.
Obese
Define Redox.
Oxidation reduction Reactions
What occurs from Redox reactions?
Oxidized substances may gain oxygen. Oxidized substances may lose hydrogen. Redox reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
What molecule is used to discard waste?
Oxygen
Vitamin D works with what hormone to increase blood calcium concentration?
PTH
In the mouth, this runs posteriorly to the sides of the pharynx.
Palatopharyngeal arch
Lateral to the base of the uvula in the mouth, this muscular fold runs posteriorly down the lateral sides of the soft palate to the pharynx.
Palatopharyngeal arch
Lateral to the base of the uvula in the mouth, this muscular fold runs posteriorly down the lateral sides of the soft palate to the pharynx. A) Uvula B) Palatoglossal arch C) Palatopharyngeal arch D) Parotid glands E) Sublingual glands
Palatopharyngeal arch
This major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ion
Pancreatic duct
This major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions.
Pancreatic duct
What is the Kreb's Cycle known as?
Pantothenic acid "Big Ox"
What secretes hydrochloric acid?
Parietal Cells
Which of the following secrete gastric acid?
Parietal cells
Which of the following secrete hydrochloric acid?
Parietal cells
Which of the following secrete hydrochloric acid? * A) Mucous cells B) Parietal cells C) Chief cells D) Serosa cells E) Chyme cells
Parietal cells
Where is HCl secreted, and what are its functions?
Parietal cells in gastric glands secrete HCl, which is a component of gastric juice. HCl kills microbes in food, denatures proteins, and converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
deficiency of niacin
Pellagra extreme: liver damage, gout, hyperglycemia
Which of the following gastric enzymes digest proteins?
Pepsin
Which of the following gastric enzymes digests proteins?
Pepsin
Identify the protein hydrolyzing enzymes in the digestive tract, and name their sources. Why are these enzymes released in an inactive form?
Pepsin from the stomach, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase from the pancreas, and aminopeptidase and dipeptidase from the small intestine are the proteases in the GI tract. The enzymes are not activated until they are in the lumen of the stomach or small intestine because they would otherwise digest the proteins in the cells that produce them.
In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with
Periodontal Ligament
In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with
Periodontal ligament
In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with * A) Gingivae B) Cementum C) Periodontal ligament D) Pulp E) Root
Periodontal ligament
In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with...
Periodontal ligament
Which of the following is not a major nutrient the body needs? A) Carbohydrates B) Phosphates C) Proteins D) Minerals E) Vitamins
Phosphates
This is the key regulator of the rate of glycolysis.
Phosphofructokinase
8.3 Gluconeogenesis
Production of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source
Define negative nitrogen balance.
Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
MARASMUS
Protein calorie malnutrition, accompanied by by progressive wasting. Often due to ingestion of food of very poor nutritional quality. Growth is severely stunted
What does insulin promote?
Protein synthesis Glycogenesis Lipogenesis
3.1 Carbohydrates
Provide primary source of fuel for ATP synthesis
Which compound traverses the mitochondrial membrane to connect the glycolytic pathway with the citric cycle? (from animated interactive)
Pyruvate
________is the three-carbon sugar that is produced as an end product of glycolysis.
Pyruvate
Pre - Kreb's Cycle STEPS
Pyruvate →(NAD→NADH)→acetyl CoA + CO2 energy stored in H bond Acetyl CoA goes into Kreb's Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
What is not a product of Krebs Cycle?
Pyruvic Acid
Provitamins are A) Raw materials of vitamins B) Broken down glucose molecules C) Derivatives of minerals D) Found only in the blood E) Not stored in the body
Raw materials of vitamins
What is cellular respiration?
Reactions that together complete the oxidation of glucose, yielding CO2, H2O, ATP.
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the large intestine?
Regulation of blood glucose
Which of the following is not a function of the large intestine? A) Mechanical digestion B) Chemical digestion C) Absorption D) Feces formation E) Regulation of blood glucose
Regulation of blood glucose
8.6 Transamination
Removal of NH3
4.1 Vitamin A
Required for synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in vision; integrity of skin, mucosae, and normal bone; and tooth development
1.4 Oxidative phosphorylation
Requires ATP synthase at end
1.1 Beta oxidation
Results in fatty acid chains being broken down
1.2 Glycolysis
Results in pyruvic acid
Which vitamins are required in the Kreb's cycle?
Riboflavin (FAD) Niacin (NAD) Pantothenic Acid (CoA)
This is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical vein in a fetus. A) Coronary ligament B) Falciform ligament C) Round ligament D) Kupffer ligament E) Bile ductules
Round ligament
This is found on the liver and is a remnant of the unbilical cord in a fetus.
Round ligament
This structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage
Rugae
This structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage.
Rugae
This structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage. * A) Cardia B) Fundus C) Pylorus D) Rugae E) Sphincter
Rugae
This structure of the stomach allows greater distention for food storage.
Rugae
Which accessory organ produces a fluid to soften food?
Salivary Glands
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to soften food?
Salivary Glands
Which of the follwoing accessory organs produces a fluid to soften food?
Salivary Glands
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to begin chemical digestion of food?
Salivary glands
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to begin chemical digestion of food? A) Teeth B) Salivary glands C) Liver D) Gallbladder E) Pharynx
Salivary glands
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to soften food?
Salivary glands
What are fatty acids?
Saturated- stimulate liver synthesis of cholesterol, inhibit cholesterol excretion from body. Unsaturated- enhance excretion of cholesterol
Vitamin C deficiencies
Scurvy, weakness, delayed wound healing, impaired immunity extreme: GI upset, kidney stone formation, gout
Duodenal glands A) Secrete an acidic mucous B) Secrete an alkaline juice C) Secrete an alkaline mucous D) Secrete an acidic juice
Secrete an alkaline mucous
Brunner's glands
Secrete an alkaline mucus
This hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine
Secretin
This hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine.
Secretin
This hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine. A) Pepsin B) Secretin C) Gastrin D) Cholecystokinin E) Amylase
Secretin
What are the functions of the liver?
Secreting bile, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, storage, phagocytosis, and activation of vitamin D.
This layer functions by secreting lubricating fluid.
Serosa
This layer functions by sereting a lubricating fluid.
Serosa
When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________.
Shiver
Which of the following is a physiological response to hypothermia? Shivering Covering up with a blanket Increasing physical activity Drinking warm fluids
Shivering. A physiological response is one that occurs subconsciously and is internally monitored.
Which of the following is a physiological response to hypothermia? Shivering Covering up with a blanket Increasing physical activity Drinking warm fluids
Shivering. A physiological response is one that occurs subconsciously and is internally monitored.
While attempting to sail solo from Los Angeles to Tahiti, Simon encountered a storm that marooned him on an uninhabited island. He was able using his ingenuity and a pocket knife, to obtain plenty of fish to eat, and roots were plentiful. However, the island was barren of fruits and soon his gums began to bleed and he started to develop several infections. Analyze his problem.
Simon is exhibiting signs of vitamin C deficiency, otherwise known as scurvy. Although he has rich sources of many nutrients on his island, his diet is lacking fruits and green leafy vegetables as a source of vitamin C.
Besides hepatocytes, which body cells can synthesize glycogen? Why can't they release glucose into the blood?
Skeletal muscle fibers can synthesize glycogen, but they cannot release glucose into the blood because they lack the enzyme phosphatase required to remove the phosphate group from glucose.
2.5 Vitamins
Small organic molecules; important as coenzymes; fat-soluble forms are A, D, E, and K
The heat promoting center stimulates parts of the brain that
Stimulates skeletal muscle activity
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
Storage of bilirubin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? * A) Metabolism of carbohydrates B) Protein metabolism C) Storage of bilirubin D) Synthesis of bile salts E) Storage of vitamins
Storage of bilirubin
What is the function of the electron transport system cytochrome proteins?
Strip electrons from hydrogen and pump the H+ outside the membrane.
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis.
Submucosa
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa and the muscularis.
Submucosa
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis
Submucosa
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis.
Submucosa
This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis. A) Submucosa B) Lamina propria C) Epithelium D) Serosa E) None of the above
Submucosa
Anabolism is a building process in which larger molecules are built from smaller ones, while catabolism is a tearing down process in which complex structures are degraded to simpler ones.
T
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an antioxidant.
T
Before lipids can be metabolized, the fatty acids must undergo beta oxidation to be converted into two-carbon acetic acid fragments.
T
Calcium is a mineral.
T
Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.
T
Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.
T
Fermentation occurs when oxygen is NOT available.
T
For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.
T
Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.
T
Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.
T
High levels of HDLs are considered good.
T
In order for amino acids to be converted into lipids, they must be deaminated.
T
In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed.
T
It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.
T
Oxidative phosphorylation is coupled to chemiosmosis.
T
Peptides called NPY and AgRP are powerful appetite enhancers.
T
In the 1940s some physicians prescribed low doses of a chemical called dinitrophenol(DNP) to help patients lose weight. This drug therapy was band after a few patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery. Explain how this causes weight loss.
The chemiosmotic machinery concerns the operation of the electron transport chain and generation of the proton gradient during which most ATP is harvested in the mitochondria. If uncoupled, cells will use more and more nutrients in an effort to generate needed ATP, leaving fewer "calories" for protein synthesis and tissue maintenance.
What is the function of the fluid secreted by duodenal (Brunner's) glands?
The fluid secreted by duodenal (Brunner's) glands - alkaline mucus - neutralizes gastric acid and protects the mucosal lining of the duodenum.
When the chemoreceptors pick up a change in pH of the stomach, this triggers
The gastric phase
What type of fluid is found in the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
The hepatopancreatic ampulla contains pancreatic juice and bile.
Which portion of the small intestine is the longest?
The ileum is the longest part of the small intestine.
Calculate the number of ATP molecules that can be harvested during the complete oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty-acid.
The number of ATP molecules resulting from the complete oxidation of a particular fatty acid can be calculated easily by counting the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid and dividing by two to determine the number of acetyl CoA molecules produced. For our example, an 18-carbon fatty acid yields 9 acetyl CoA molecules. Because each of these yield 12 ATP molecules per turn of the Krebs cycle, a total of 108 ATP molecules is provided from the oxidative pathways: 9 from electron transport oxidation of 3 NADH + H+, 2 from the oxidation of 1 FADH2, and a net yield of 1 ATP during the Krebs cycle. Also, for every acetyl CoA released during beta oxidation, an additional molecule each of NADH + H+ and FADH2 is produced, which, when reoxidized, yield a total of 5 ATP molecules more. In an 18-carbon fatty acid, this would occur 8 times, yielding 40 more ATP molecules. After subtracting the ATP needed to get the process going, this adds up to a grand total of 147 ATP molecules from that single 18-carbon fatty acid!
When blood glucose levels are high ANSWER: The pancreas releases insulin. The pancreas releases glucose. The liver releases glucagon. The pancreas releases glucagon. The liver releases insulin.
The pancreas releases insulin.
What type of fluid is found in the pancreatic duct?
The pancreatic duct contains pancreatic juice (fluid and digestive enzymes).
Which type of cell in the liver is phagocytic?
The phagocytic cell in the liver is the stellate reticuloendothelial (Kupffer) cell.
Why is the production of reduced coenzymes important in the Krebs cycle?
The production of reduced coenzymes is important in the Krebs cycle because they will subsequently yield ATP in the electron transport chain.
Which two organs of the digestive system secrete the most fluid?
The stomach and pancreas are the two digestive system organs that secrete the largest volumes of fluid.
What are the benefits of phosphorylating glucose when it enters the cell?
Traps glucose in the cell. Promotes diffusion of more glucose into cell. Softens chemical bonds of glucose making them easier to break.
8.4 Lipogenesis
Triglyceride synthesis
What lipids are routinely used for energy?
Triglycerides
As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients are more readily available to the body.
True
Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is completely digested and the waste prepared for elimination.
True
For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.
True
Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.
True
In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed.
True
Ionic iron is actively transported into the mucosal cells, where it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier.
True
Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.
True
Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport.
True
Peptides called NPY and AgRP are powerful appetite enhancers.
True
Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.
True
Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl.
True
The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by the age, size, and metabolic rate of the person.
True
The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine.
True
The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth.
True
The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.
True
The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress-relaxation response is termed plasticity.
True
The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.
True
The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.
True
The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme.
True
The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.
True
The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility.
True
The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.
True
The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.
True
True or False: Antioxidant vitamins can inactivate oxygen free radicals.
True
True or False: As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients are more readily available to the body.
True
True or False: Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.
True
True or False: Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.
True
True or False: Glucose-6-phosphate can be converted to pyruvic acid
True
True or False: Glucose-6-phosphate can be dephosphorylated to glucose
True
True or False: Glucose-6-phosphate can be used to make ribose-5-phosphate
True
True or False: Glucose-6-phosphate can be used to synthesize glycogen
True
True or False: In the absorptive state storage of energy is important.
True
True or False: Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.
True
True or False: Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport.
True
True or False: Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
True
True or False: Release of epinephrine is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center.
True
True or False: The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by the age, size, and metabolic rate of the person.
True
True or False: The hard palate is covered by a mucous membrane.
True
True or False: The hard palate is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones.
True
True or False: The hard palate is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.
True
True or False: The higher the relative humidity the lower the rate of evaporation.
True
True or False: The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.
True
True or False: The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.
True
True or False: The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.
True
True or False: The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility.
True
True or False: There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.
True
True or False: Thyroid hormones promote glycolysis.
True
True or False: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin.
True
True/False: Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
True
True/False: Breaking down fatty acids two carbons at a time so that they can be burned aerobically is called "beta oxidation".
True
True/False: Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.
True
True/False: Cholecystokinin opens the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Hint: what would you want cholecystokinin to do?).
True
True/False: Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.
True
True/False: Gastrin opens the ileocecal valve. (Hint: think about what triggers the stomach mucosa to begin secreting gastrin, and what general, overall "message" gastrin sends to downstream GI tract organs as a result. Then ask yourself, what would I want gastrin to tell my ileocecal valve to do?)
True
True/False: High levels of HDLs are considered good.
True
True/False: It would NOT be healthy to eliminate ALL fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.
True
True/False: Nonessential amino acids are necessary to the body.
True
True/False: Somatostatin inhibits the gallbladder from contracting and the pancreas from secreting.
True
True/False: The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
True
True/False: The esophagus is skeletal muscle at the top third, mixed in the middle third, and smooth muscle in the bottom third.
True
True/False: The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
True
True/False: There are 686 kilocalories of energy present in one mole of glucose, and 262 kilocalories of it is captured in the bonds of ATP molecules.
True
True/False: Triglycerides and cholesterol do NOT circulate freely in the bloodstream.
True
Which of the following enzymes digests proteins?
Trypsin
Which of the following enzymes digests proteins? * A) Lipase B) Amylase C) Trypsin D) Phosphatase E) Ligase
Trypsin
What does phosphorylation mean?
Turns many protein enzymes on/off, thereby altering their function and activity.
How many times does the Krebs cycle happen for each glucose molecule?
Twice
In glycolysis, glucose must be activated with the use of how many ATP molecules? One Five Two Three Ten
Two
In glycolysis, glucose must be activated with the use of how many ATP molecules? One Five Two Three Ten
Two
7.1 Glycolysis
Two molecules of pyruvic acid and two NADH + H+
which spinchter contains skeletal muscle? (LES/UES)
UES
Which of the following contains skeletal muscle?
UES standard abbreviations
When you swallow, which structures rise to close off the nasopharynx?
Uvula and Soft Palate
What foods are rich in minerals?
Vegetables Milk Legumes
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin K
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? A) Vitamin B B) Vitamin E C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin O E) None of the above
Vitamin E
Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is not stored in the body? Vitamin K Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin D
Vitamin K Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in the body.
Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is not stored in the body? Vitamin K Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin D
Vitamin K Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in the body.
Which vitamins are considered "antioxidant vitamins?" Why is this role so important?
Vitamins C, E, and beta carotene (a provitamin) are antioxidants that inactivate oxygen free radicals. Free radicals damage cell membranes, DNA, and other cell structures. They also contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Antioxidant vitamins may also decrease cancer risk, delay aging, and decrease the risk of cataract formation.
During the first few hours after a meal, how does the chemical composition of blood change as it flows through the liver sinusoids?
While a meal is being absorbed, nutrients, oxygen, and certain toxic substances are removed by hepatocytes from blood flowing through liver sinusoids.
Frank Moro has been diagnosed as having severe atherosclerosis and high blood cholesterol levels. He is told he is at risk for a stroke or heart attack. What foods would you suggest he avoid like the plague? What foods would you suggest he add or substitute in his diet program? What activities would you recommend?
With a diagnosis of high cholesterol and severe arteriosclerosis, he should avoid foods containing saturated fatty acids and avoid eating eggs and large amounts of red meat. He should substitute foods containing unsaturated fatty acids and add fish to his diet. He should also stop smoking, cut down on his coffee, avoid stress situations when possible, and increase his amount of aerobic exercise.
6C citrate
a Citrate with 6 carbons.
Convection
a solid structure loses heat to a gas or liquid ie wind
Which is a function of LDLs? a) transport cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues, b) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver, c) transport triglycerides from the liver to the peripheral tissues, d) both A & B are correct.
a) transport cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues.
What are the categories and names of the biomolecules that serve as sources for acetyl-Coa? (from animated interactive)
acetyl-Coa are fatty acids, Amino acids, and Monosaccharides
The disorder resulting from excess growth hormone in an adult is
acromegaly
reduction
addition of electrons
when the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed?
adenosine diphosphate
thermoregulatory variations among adults-
adipose tissue is an excellent insulator, so whith thicker adipose tissue layers, heat can be retained
Addison disease and Cushing syndrome result from abnormalities in the
adrenal cortex
Post prandial
after eating
Metabolism is a term that describes ANSWER: -the energy released from chemical bonds in living cells. -the extraction of nutrients from biomolecules. -all work done by a living organism. -all chemical reactions that take place within an organism. -only chemical reactions that release ATP from living cells.
all chemical reactions that take place within an organism.
once amino acids are absorbed in the GI tract they can be combined to make what?
all the proteins necessary for correct functioning of our bodies
The end products of chemical digestion of proteins are:
amino acids
The final products of protein digestion are:
amino acids
nutrient pools
amino acids, carbohydrates, and fats
once the amino acid is removed with 'amino acid catabolism', it combines with hydrogen to form what?
ammonia (NH3)
live cell convert
ammonia into urea
interconversion of nurtients
amount and direction of conversion directed by liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle
positive nitrogen balance
amount of protein incorporated into tissue is greater that the amount being broken down for energy
chemical reaction that combine simpler molecules and monomers to form complex structures
anabolism
The small gland in the brain that controls many other glands is the
anterior pituitary
Thyroid hormone synthesis is stimulated by TSH released from the
anterior pituitary gland
ADH
anti peeing, acts on kidneys, increased water retention
coiled tube attached to the cecum
appendix
thermoregulatory problems in infants-
at birth temperature mechanisms are not fully developed
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of _____. a) amino acids, b) fatty acids, c) glycogen, d) fatty acids.
b) fatty acids.
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which _____. a) glycogen is broken down to release glucose, b) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors, c) glycogen is formed, d) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water.
b) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors.
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? a) electron transport, b) glycolysis, c) Krebs cycle, d) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid.
b) glycolysis
Anabolism includes reactions in which _____. a) carbohydrate utilization increases, b) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones, c) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source, d) ketone bodies are formed.
b) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones.
The amount of energy consumed when the body is at rest is called
basal metabolic rate
why do emotion such as anger or fear slow digestion?
bc they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
Why would you expect emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
High blood glucose concentration induces
beta cells to release insulin
Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups.
beta oxidation
Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups.
beta oxidation
lipid metabolism
beta oxidation, converts excess acetyl CoA to ketone bodies, stores fats, forms lipoproteins for transport, synthesizes cholesterol from acetyl CoA (catabolizes cholesterol to bile salts)
The process of disassembling fatty acids into two-carbon units inside mitochondria is called ANSWER: chemiosmosis. oxidative phosphorylation. deamination. beta-oxidation. ketonization.
beta-oxidation.
Deciduous molars are replaced by A) bicuspids. B) molars. C) incisors. D) Canines. E) wisdom teeth.
bicuspids
deciduous molars are replaced by
bicuspids
This is the principle bile ligament.
bilirubin
this is the principle bile pigment
bilirubin
The official medical measurement of obesity is the:
body mass index The official medical measurement of obesity is the body mass index.
The official medical measurement of obesity is the:
body mass index The official medical measurement of obesity is the body mass index.
energy balance
bond energy released from food must equal total energy output
phosphorus functions in the body
bone & tooth formation, acid-base balance, nucleic acid synthesis
calcium functions in the body
bone & tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function
The brain can use ________ for energy. ANSWER: only ketones both glucose and ketones only fats only lactate only glucose
both glucose and ketones
catabolism-
breakdown of molecules in smaller component parts
How does the liver raise blood glucose
breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose, a process called glycogenolysis
use of carbohydrates in the body
breaks down into glucose which is fuel by body cells to produce ATP
krebs cycle
breaks down pyruvic acid into CO2 and forms reduced coenzymes and charged particles like NADH +H & FADH2
with protein metabolism, large ingested proteins must go through what to be absorbed in the GI tract?
broken down to amino acids
Layer fo the micro villi of the small intestines that increase the surface area for absorption; also contain some digestive enzymes
brush border
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ______ in the oxidative state. a) glyceraldehyde, b) pyruvic acid, c) ammonia, d) oxaloacetic acid.
c) ammonia
Which of the following reactions would liberate the most energy? a) conversion of a molecule of ADP to ATP, b) respiration of a molecule of glucose to lactic acid, c) conversion of a molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
c) conversion of a molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
Which of the following is not an important function of the liver? a) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, b) synthesis of bile salts, c) synthesis of vitamin K, d) protein metabolism.
c) synthesis of vitamin K.
Carbs, fats, proteins, alcohol, -4479 (4947)
carbohydrate - 4cals/g Fat- 9cals/g alcohol- 7cal/g protein - 4cals/g
What nutrient undergoes glycolysis
carbohydrates
6 categories of nutrients needed for health
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
The four principal anatomic regions of the stomach are the:
cardia, fundus, body, and the pylorus
these transport dietary lipids
chylomicrons
types of lipoproteins:
chylomicrons very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) low density lipoporeteins (LDL) high density proteins (HDL)
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts to produce smaller peptides from proteins?
chymotrypsin
which pancreatic enzyme acts to produce smaller peptides from proteins?
chymotrypsin
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) sources
citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli, cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers
SKIN FOLD TEST
clinical test of body fat. skin fold in the back of the arm or below the scapula is measured with a caliper. A fold = > 1 inch indicates excess fat
iodine sources
cod-liver oil, seafood, dairy products, iodized salt
magnesium functions in body
component of certain coenzymes in ATP formation
niacin functions in body
component of coenzyme NAD+
riboflavin functions in body
component of coenzymes FAD and FMN
iron functions in the body
component of hemoglobin and cytochromes
iodine functions in the body
component of thyroid hormones
balanced diet-
contains all nutrients needed in proper proportions
excess amino acids in the body are
converted into glucose
How does the liver lower blood glucose
converts glucose into its storage form, glycogen, by the process of glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis refers to ANSWER: -converting glucose to glycogen storage. -removing fatty acids from adipose storage. -converting glucose to storage as adipose tissue. -removing glucose from storage as glycogen. -creating glucose from glycerol, amino acids, or lactate.
creating glucose from glycerol, amino acids, or lactate.
TCA cycle is ___ in nature. where substances are used and regenerated
cyclic
glycolysis takes place where?
cytoplasm of cell
where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol/cytoplasm of cells
Lipogenesis occurs when _____. a) there is a shortage of fatty acids, b) glucose levels drop slightly, c) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane, d) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high.
d) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high.
calcium sources
dairy products; dark green vegetables, legumes
protein metabolism
deaminates amino acids (conversion to glucose/use for ATP), forms urea for removal of ammonia, forms most plasma proteins, transamination (intraconversion of nonessential amino acids)
Before converting amino acids into intermediates for energy metabolism, they must first undergo ANSWER: deamination. detoxification. delousing. depeptidization. denaturation.
deamination.
frostbite
death of skin cells cause by prolonged cutaneous vessel constriction in cold weather; necrosis
All of the following may occur in the digestive system as a result of aging EXCEPT
decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis.
Vitamin A (retinol) sources
deep green & orange vegetables and fruits; retinol in dairy products
incomplete proteins-
deficient on one or more essential amino acids
_______ is the scientific term that describes the movement of a bolus from the mouth to the stomach.
deglutinition
LDL function:
deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues where it may wind up forming plaques in ateries
riboflavin deficiency
dermatitis, cracks at corner of mouth, blurred vision
contains duodenal glands in the submucosa
duodenum
What are the names of the three sections of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejenum, ileum
oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by what kind of proteins
electron transport proteins
hyperthermia
elevated body temp depresses hypothalamus; positive feedback mechanism heat stroke begins; skin hot & dry: organs damaged
The first law of thermodynamics states that ANSWER: -what heats up must cool down. -the total amount of energy in the universe is variable. -there is no way a process can increase the amount of order. -energy can be neither created nor destroyed and thus must be accounted for. -natural processes move from order to disorder, or entropy.
energy can be neither created nor destroyed and thus must be accounted for.
___ ___ from one form to another is never %100 complete, some energy is always lost
energy conversion
oxidative phosphorylation
energy from food is used to pump H+ protons across membrane to inner membrane which creates a concentration gradient, and it then flows through ATP Synthase and the energy is then used to attach phosphate groups to ADP
calorie
energy value of food
electron transport chain
energy-yielding reactions that split H removed during oxidations to H+ and e- and create a proton gradient used to bond ADP to P (forming ATP)
unsaturated fatty acid
enhance excretion of cholesterol; enhance cholesterol catabolism to bile salts (get rid of)
This plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis.
enteric nervous
Untreated diabetes mellitus frequently causes
excess gluconeogenesis
negative nitrogen balance-
excretion exceeds absorption (starvation)
this portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diapharm
falciform ligament
The round ligament is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus, a vessel found in fetal circulation
false
The serosa of the GI tract is the same as the layer known as the parietal peritoneum.
false
Is glucose consumption in an anaerobic environment faster or slower than glucose consumption under aerobic conditions? (from animated interactive)
faster
excess lipids taken through diet can be stored where?
fat cells
the body can store what vitamins for a reservoir?
fat soluble vitamins
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are ANSWER: fats. vitamins. nucleic acids. carbohydrates. proteins.
fats.
Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine?
feces formation
what is the primary function of the large intestine?
feces formation
Energy input equals energy output. This statement is known as the ANSWER: second law of thermodynamics. first law of thermodynamics. law of mass balance.
first law of thermodynamics
One function of vitamin A is to:
form visual pigments.
Most vitamins:
function as coenzymes in the body. Coenzymes help catalyze chemical reactions.
storage area for bile
gallbladder
which accessory organ stores bile?
gallbladder
Which of the accessory organs stores bile
gallblader
Formation of glucose from proteins or fats.
gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose from proteins or fats.
gluconeogenesis
The fasting state is characterized by
gluconeogenesis
The synthesis of glucose from a noncarbohydrate precursor is referred to as ANSWER: gluconeogenesis. glycogen. glycolysis. glycogenolysis. glycogenesis.
gluconeogenesis.
During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by:
gluconeogenesis. Fatty acids cannot be used to bolster blood glucose levels. During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by gluconeogenesis by the kidney and liver.
During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by:
gluconeogenesis. Fatty acids cannot be used to bolster blood glucose levels. During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by gluconeogenesis by the kidney and liver.
The brain relies solely on ________ as its energy source. If it is deprived of this substrate, the cells soon die. ANSWER: fatty acids amino acids glucose insulin
glucose
The carbohydrate that is the main source of energy for the cells is
glucose
The usable form of carbohydrates
glucose
neural tissue must have a reliable source of what?
glucose
glycolysis, formation of acetyl coA, krebs cycle and the ETC are all involved in
glucose catabolism
gluconeogenesis
glucose formed in liver from glycerol and amino acids when blood glucose levels drop; protects against damaging effects of hypoglycemia; important for nervous system
cellular respiration
glucose is broken down and energy released is captured to form ATP; primary function is to generate ATP
breakdown of glucose to release energy to run cell reactions:
glucose+oxygen-->CO2+H2O+ATP
The liver and skeletal muscles store glucose as ________ for a ready energy source. ANSWER: urea glucose ketone bodies glycogen lipids
glycogen
most glucose that enters the liver is converted to
glycogen
glycogenolysis
glycogen breakdown via glycogen phosphorylase in response to low blood glucose; only by hepatocytes; (some kidney & intestinal cells)
glycogenesis
glycogen formation via glycogen synthase when glucose supplies exceed need for ATP synthesis; liver & skeletal muscle
Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.
glycogenesis
Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.
glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.
glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.
glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.
glycolysis
what is the fist basic step and sometimes the only step in energy production for organisms?
glycolysis
preparatory reaction occurs between...
glycolysis and TCA cycle
iodine deficiency
goiter, cretinism, myxedma
this portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the the small intestine
greater omentum
positive nitrogen balance occurs where
growing children, pregnant women, or when tissues are being repaired following illness/injury
Which of the following can be measured to determine a person's metabolic rate? ANSWER: -only carbon dioxide produced by body in sealed chamber -heat released from body in sealed chamber, oxygen consumed by body in sealed chamber, and carbon dioxide produced by body in sealed chamber -only heat released from body in sealed chamber -only oxygen consumed by body in sealed chamber None of these answers are correct.
heat released from body in sealed chamber, oxygen consumed by body in sealed chamber, and carbon dioxide produced by body in sealed chamber
uses of lipids
help absorb fat-soluble vitamins; triglycerides are major energy fuel for hepatocytes and skeletal muscle; phospholipids for myelin sheaths and cell membranes
What are the nutritional links of atherosclerosis?
high animal - saturated fat - converted to cholesterol by liver - high LDL-C. Trans Fats - increase LDL-C and decrease HDL
pyrexia-
high body temperature
Conduction
high energy, active molecules of a warm object bump into slower molecules in a cooler object and speed them up ie warming your skin my touching a hot object
The role of _____________ is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.
high-density lipoproteins The role of high-density lipoproteins is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.
substrate-level phosphorylation
high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates to ADP; occurs because high-energy bonds attaching to phosphate groups are more unstable than ATP
Vitamin D functions in the body
hormone; aids in absorption & use of calcium and phosphorus; promotes bone growth
Which of the following processes is the primary function of the mouth?
ingestion
The secreted by the pancreatic islets that lowers blood glucose is
insulin
what hormone stimulates glycogenesis?
insulin
What are the nutritional links of diabetes?
insulin is made but doesn't work well, obesity related - too many calories b/c of calorie - dense foods
Increased blood sugar causes
insulin to be released
The beta cells of the pancreas produce ANSWER: glucagon. insulin. renin. digestive enzymes. cortisol.
insulin.
The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is:
insulin. Rising blood glucose levels after a carbohydrate-containing meal act as a humoral stimulus that prods the beta cells of the pancreatic islets to secrete more insulin.
Cyanide acts as a poison by:
interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain. Cyanide acts as a poison by interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain.
Cyanide acts as a poison by:
interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain. Cyanide acts as a poison by interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain.
The band that connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland
isthmus
uses of proteins in the body
keratin in skin, collagen and elastin in connective tissues, muscle proteins, enzymes & some hormones regulate body functions, energy
describe amino acid oxidation and reversibility
keto acids from transamination altered to metabolites to enter Krebs Cycle (pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA, ketogluric acid, oxaloacetic acid); reactions are reversible (converted to pyruvic acid can be converted to glucose for glycogenesis)
What is a sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
ketoacidosis
When glucose stores are low, the brain can use _______ for energy
ketone bodies
A harmful substance that the liver produces when metabolizing fatty acids is ANSWER: urea. beta units. ammonia. ketone bodies. rancid fatty acids.
ketone bodies.
Glucagon directly stimulates
ketone synthesis
thiamine sources
lean meats, liver, legumes, peanuts, whole grains
Obesity has a resistance to
leptin
Adipocytes secrete the hormone ANSWER: leptin. orexin. insulin. ghrelin. neuropeptide Y.
leptin.
lipases break down:
lipids
excess carbs and proteins can be converted into what?
lipids & stored for energy. can be converted to fat for long-term storage
Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids.
lipogenesis
Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids.
lipogenesis
this process is the synthesis of triglycerides
lipogenesis
Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.
lipolysis
Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.
lipolysis
The reactions where fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids are called ANSWER: glycolysis. liposuction. gluconeogenesis. glycerolysis. lipolysis.
lipolysis.
Evaporation
liquid water molecules move into air to become vapor
One kilocalorie (kcal) is the amount of energy needed to raise one ________ of water by 1 degree Celsius. ANSWER: liter tablespoon cup milliliter gallon
liter
The glycogen used to increase blood glucose levels is stored in the
liver
This is the heaviest gland in the body.
liver
produces and secretes bile
liver
this is the heaviest gland of the body
liver
what is the focal point of metabolic control & regulation?
liver
which accessory organ produces fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?
liver
with amino acid catoblism what organ is responsible for the removal of these amino groups?
liver
ketone production
liver converts acetyl CoA molecules to ketones
what are the peripheral tissues in HDLs and LDLs that are referred to?
livers tissue in carotid artery
glycogen-
long branched chains of glucose molecules
carbs are stored in the body as what?
long branched chains of glucose molecules called glycogen
What does urea do to urine
makes urine yellow
shivering thermogenesis-
making heat by rapidly contracting skeletal muscle
iron sources
meats, liver, shellfish, eggs, legumes, whole grains, dried fruits, and nuts
TCA cycle takes place where?
mitochondria
electron transport chain takes place where?
mitochondria
where cam pyruvate dehydrogenase be found?
mitochondria
where does the krebs cycle take place?
mitochondria
Which of the following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
mixing and propulsion
which process is the functionof the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
mixing and propulsion
The end products of chemical digestion of complex carbohydrates and double sugars are:
monosaccharides or simple sugars
lipogenesis occurs when
more calories are consumed than required fro ATP need
positive nitrogen balance-
more nitrogen absorbed than excreted (children growth)
the capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called_______
motilty
Digestion begins in the:
mouth
Responsible for ingestion, mastication, and deglutition
mouth
duodenal glands (brunners glands )secretes (2)
mucous and alkaline juice
sodium deficiency
muscle cramps, reduced appetite extreme: hypertension, edema
glycogen in skeletal muscle is specifically used for what?
muscle tissue for rapid access (contraction, fight or flight)
potassium deficiency
muscular weakness, paralysis extreme: cardiac problems, alkalosis
this plexus is located btw the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis
myenteric plexus
Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are:
obtained from an outside source because the body cannot make them. "Essential" here means that these substances cannot be made in the human body.
Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are:
obtained from an outside source because the body cannot make them. "Essential" here means that these substances cannot be made in the human body.
When blood glucose levels fall, ANSWER: only glucagon is released. only protein synthesis decreases. only peripheral cells take up less glucose. only insulin is released. All of these answers are correct.
only glucagon is released.
When blood glucose levels rise, as in the "fed" state, ANSWER: only peripheral cells take up less glucose. only protein synthesis decreases. only glucagon is released. only insulin is released. All of these answers are correct.
only insulin is released.
The hormone that can be used to induce labor
oxytocin
in the mouth, this runs posteriorly to the sides of the pharynx
palatopharyngeal arch
The islets of Langerhans are found in the
pancreas
contain acini that release juices containing several digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to buffer stomach acid.
pancreas
This major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions.
pancreatic duct
this major duct carries a fluid rich bicarbonate ions
pancreatic duct
Which of the following small intestine cells secrete lysozyme?
paneth cells
secrete lysozyme; help regulate microbial population in the intestines
paneth cells
which of the small intestine cells secretes lysozyme?
paneth cells
Taste buds are found in elevations on the dorsal surface of the tongue called:
papillae
The intrinsic factor is produced by ____ cells of the gastric glands:
parietal
Which of the following secrete gastric acid?
parietal cells
produce HCl and intrinsic factor in the stomach
parietal cells
which cell secrete gastric acid?
parietal cells
Intrinsic factor released by the _____ cells in the stomach mucosa and is important for the absorption of vitamin _____ that is needed for erythropoiesis
parietal, B12
Mumps is a viral infection, inflammation, and enlargement of the:
parotid salivary glands
B 12 deficiency
pernicious anemia
passageway for food, fluid, and air, involved in deglutition
pharynx
cellular respiration steps
phophorylation > glycolysis > Kreb's cycle > electron transport system
this is the key regulator of the rate of glycolysis
phosphofructokinase
LDL contain cholesterol with small amounts of ____ and ____
phospholipids & triglycerides
when does negative nitrogen balance occur
physical/emotional stress or when quality/quantity of dietary protein is poor (starvation)
acclimatization-
physiologic adjustment to a environment over time
which is used in "metabolic crossroads"?
pyruvic acid
lipid catabolism: glycerol is converted to ___ ___ and fed into the ___ ___
pyruvic acid, preparatory reaction
UV or visible light waves transfer heat by
radiation
mechanisms of heat transfer:
radiation conduction convection evaportation
regulation of body temperature
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
the most abundant product of the reactions of the kreb cycle is...
reduced co enzymes
catabolism
refers to all processes that break down complex structures to simpler ones; i.e hydrolysis of foods in the digestive tract
Lactic acid generation permits cells to
regenerate NAD+ supplies
othermic refers to ANSWER: -shivering. -warm relationships with others of the same gender. -natural treatments or remedies. -regulating body temperature within a narrow range.
regulating body temperature within a narrow range.
Posterior pituitary gland
releases hormones
The most practical way to estimate a person's basal metabolic rate is to measure it when the person is ANSWER: sleeping. resting after a large meal. resting after a 12-hour fast.
resting after a 12-hour fast.
THis is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical cord in a fetus.
round ligament
this is found on the liver and is remnant of the umbilical cord in a fetus
round ligament
This structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage.
rugae
this structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage
rugae
Produces a fluid in the mouth that helps cleanse the mouth and lubricates, dissolves and begins the breakdown of food
salivary glands
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to soften and moisten food?
salivary glands
which accessory organ produces fluid to soften food?
salivary glands
Brunners glands
secrete mucous and an alkaline juice
This hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine.
secretin
this hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine
secretin
The physical and chemical breakdown of food is completed primarily in the:
small intestine
D cells in the islet of Langerhans secrete ANSWER: somatostatin. insulin. glucagon. pancreatic polypeptide. amylin.
somatostatin.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
storage of bilirubin
what is important in the absorptive state ?
storage of energy
if daily energy is less than intake, the body does what?
stores excess energy in adipose tissues
calcium deficiency
stunted growth, possibly loss of bone mass extreme: depressed neural function, muscle weakness, calcium deposit in soft tissues
Which of the following factors increases basal metabolic rate? ANSWER: thyroid hormones and epinephrine only insulin only thyroid hormones only acetylcholine only epinephrine
thyroid hormones and epinephrine
name a hormone used for non-shivering thermogenesis
thyroxine
Which hormone consists of 2 tyrosine molecules with two iodine atoms on each
thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid hormones circulate in the blood bound to
thyroxine-binding globulin
forces the food to the back of the mouth for swallowing; places food in contact with the teeth
tongue
metabolic rate
total heat produced by chemical reactions and mechanical work of body
conduction
transfer heat by direct contact
transamination
transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to ketoglutaric acid transforming it to glutamic acid
convection
transfer of heat to surrounding air
VLDL-
transport liver-derived triglycerides to peripheral tissues
what is the function of the VLDL?
transport the liver-deprived triglycerides to peripheral tissues
lipoproteins
transport water-insoluble cholesterol & triglycerides in blood; regulate lipid entry/exit at target cells; types are LDLs & HDLs
HDL primary function:
trasnsport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for storage or excretion in bile.
What is commonly synthesized from glucose
triglyceride
VLDL carry ____ manufactured by the liver
triglycerides
adipose tissue stores lipids as ____ & releases these to meet energy demands
triglycerides
what do chylomicrons carry through the blood?
triglycerides
body does not store or maintain nitrogen so there must be a balance. the amout of nitrogen taken in through food is the amount lost. true or false?
true
true or false, some proteins can not be manufactured and must be taken in with our diets? these are called what?
true, essential amino acids
The final product of glycolysis is:
two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP. Acetyl coenzyme A is produced in the Krebs cycle, not by glycolysis.
heat energy (energy balance)
warms tissue & blood, helps maintain homeostatic body temperature, allows metabolic reactions to occur efficiently
are peripheral tissues generally able to use glucose to obtain energy?
yes
does catabolism release energy for ATP?
yes
is the electron transport chain aerobic?
yes, requires oxygen
does the TCA cycle require oxygen?
yes- aerobic
