Test One and Two Questions
ll of the following are true of the classical liver lobule EXCEPT? Select one: a. The bile canaculi are specialized spaces between adjacent hepatocyte cell membranes. b. Blood flows through sinusoids toward the center of the lobule. c. Plasma proteins synthesized by hepatocytes are secreted at the sinusoidal face of the cells. d. Bile flows toward the center of the lobule. e. Portal vein blood enters the sinusoids at the periphery of the lobule.
Feedback The correct answer is: Bile flows toward the center of the lobule.
The last airway division to contain cartilage in the walls is the: Select one: a. trachea b. bronchus c. bronchioles d. terminal bronchioles e. alveolar ducts
Feedback The correct answer is: bronchus
If you wanted to find a taste bud quickly, which of the following would you choose to examine? Select one: a. filiform papillae of the tongue b. foliate papillae of the tongue c. the oropharynx d. circumvallate papillae of the tongue e. fungiform papillae of the tongue
Feedback The correct answer is: circumvallate papillae of the tongue
The connective tissue core within a villus may contain all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. a lacteal. b. crypt of Lieberkühn. c. arterioles. d. smooth muscle. e. mast cells. .
Feedback The correct answer is: crypt of Lieberkühn
Rough ER
-add sugars to proteins -start of the secretory pathway
Golgi
-package proteins for secretion -add sugars to proteins
Regarding blood vessels:
The correct answer is: Veins have a more prominent adventitia than arteries.
5. Sulfated GAGs are important constituents of what extracellular structures? a. Hyaluronan b. Elastic fibers c. Type I collagen d. Proteoglycans e. Multiadhesive glycoproteins
d. Proteoglycans
The stage in ovarian follicle development that immediately follows the multilaminar primary follicle is the :
vesicular follicle.
Formation of hypotonic urine occurs mostly because : Select one:
the collecting duct is impermeable to water.
Laminin is a structural component of the
Basal lamina
Arrange the following in the correct sequence for impulse conduction in the heart. 1 = AV node, 2 = AV bundle, 3 = SA node, 4 = left or right bundle branch. Select one: a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 2, 3, 1, 4 c. 3, 1, 2, 4 d. 3, 2, 1, 4 e. 4, 3, 2, 1
Feedback The correct answer is: 3, 1, 2, 4
All of the following are components of the portal spaces (triads) of the liver EXCEPT Select one: a. A branch of the hepatic artery. b. A tributary of the bile duct. c. A branch of the portal vein. d. A tributary of the hepatic vein. e. A lymphatic vessel.
Feedback The correct answer is: A tributary of the hepatic vein.
Metachronal beating of cilia Select one: a. is coordinated by gap junctions. b. is altered in Kartagener syndrome. c. is a wave-like motion that facilitates the movement of mucus. d. A,B and C are all correct. e. A and C only are correct.
Feedback The correct answer is: A,B and C are all correct.
The mucosal lining of the gut may be comprised of all of the following EXCEPT : Select one: a. epithelium b. lamina propria c. muscularis mucosa d. Brunner's glands e. mucus cells
Feedback The correct answer is: Brunner's glands
The duodenum is best characterized by the presence of : Select one: a. a lack of a muscularis mucosa layer. b. Peyers patches. c. a large number of M cells. d. Brunner's glands. e. plicae circulares
Feedback The correct answer is: Brunner's glands.
The following cell surface marker is used by HIV to enter T cells. Select one: a. CD3. b. CD4. c. CD5. d. CD8. e. CD40.
Feedback The correct answer is: CD4.
In proceeding from a larger intrapulmonary bronchus to a respiratory bronchiole there are changes in the relative amounts of certain components of the wall. Which of the following is CORRECT? Select one: a. Goblet cells increase in number. b. Cartilage increases and smooth muscle decreases. c. Cartilage decreases. d. Both smooth muscle and goblet cells increase. e. The number of ciliated cells and the height of the epithelium increase.
Feedback The correct answer is: Cartilage decreases.
The conducting portion of the respiratory system functions in all of the following ways EXCEPT: Select one: a. Transport of air. b. Filtering incoming air. c. Warming incoming air. d. Moistening incoming air. e. Gas exchange.
Feedback The correct answer is: Gas exchange.
All of the following are epithelial derivatives EXCEPT : Select one: a. sweat glands b. sweat gland ducts c. sebaceous glands d. Meissner's corpuscle e. hair follicle
Feedback The correct answer is: Meissner's corpuscle
All of the following are true concerning the liver EXCEPT: Select one: a. The portal space is the area on the liver surface devoid of capsule (of Glisson). b. Bile production is associated with the exocrine function. c. Glycogen, albumin, fibrinogen are examples of endocrine function. d. Glycogen and triglycerides are stored in the hepatocytes. e. The liver has considerable regenerative capacity, up to 75% in some animals.
Feedback The correct answer is: The portal space is the area on the liver surface devoid of capsule (of Glisson).
Juxtamedullary glomeruli differ from other glomeruli in the cortex because: Select one: a. They lack a macula densa. b. They lack podocytes on the glomerulus. c. They lack peritubular capillaries. d. They have very short loops of Henle. e. Their proximal tubules drain directly into the collecting tubules, thus bypassing the loops of Henle. Feedback The correct answer is: They lack peritubular capillaries.
Feedback The correct answer is: They lack peritubular capillaries.
The peri-sinusoidal space of Disse : Select one: a. allows easy exchange of substances between blood and hepatocytes. b. is related to the secretion of bile which flows in it toward the portal space. c. is bounded by a continuous basal lamina and hepatocytes. d. is filled by macrophages. e. is an artifact created by fixation and processing for light microscopy.
Feedback The correct answer is: allows easy exchange of substances between blood and hepatocytes.
All of the following are associated with the juxtaglomerular apparatus EXCEPT: Select one: a. renin granules. b. modified smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. c. macula densa. d. afferent arteriole. e. angiotensin II converting enzyme.
Feedback The correct answer is: angiotensin II converting enzym
Villi : Select one: a. are covered with ciliated cells. b. are characteristic of the small and large intestine. c. are permanent mucosal folds with a lamina propria core. d. disappear when the intestine is distended. e. contain many parasympathetic ganglia of Meissner's plexus.
Feedback The correct answer is: are permanent mucosal folds with a lamina propria core.
Peyer's patches are : Select one: a. lymphatic regions in the colon. b. absorptive regions of the jejunum. c. lymphatic nodules in stomach mucosa. d. concentrations of lymphatic nodules in the ileum. e. restricted to the appendix.
Feedback The correct answer is: concentrations of lymphatic nodules in the ileum.
Type II pneumocytes are found in the: Select one: a. epithelial layer of the alveolus. b. lumen of the alveolus. c. epithelial layer of the terminal bronchiole. d. capillary of the alveolus. e. connective tissue of the alveolar septum. Feedback The correct answer is: epithelial layer of the alveolus.
Feedback The correct answer is: epithelial layer of the alveolus.
In order to sail into the urinary space of Bowman's capsule from the vasculature, the captain would have to traverse the filtration barrier in what sequence? Select one: a. efferent arteriole, basement membrane, fenestrae, podocytes, parietal layer b. distal convoluted tubule, macula densa, JG apparatus, afferent arteriole c. peritubular capillary endothelium, proximal convoluted tubule, lysosomes, vasa recta d. glomerular fenestrated capillary endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte slit process, urinary space e. none of the above
Feedback The correct answer is: glomerular fenestrated capillary endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte slit process, urinary space
The classical liver lobule: Select one: a. is organized along a distributing vein. b. has a hexagonal shape with central vein in the center. c. has a triangular shape with central veins at each point of the triangle. d. does not have portal triads associated with it. e. is organized around a central bile duct.
Feedback The correct answer is: has a hexagonal shape with central vein in the center.
In the pancreas: Select one: a. the abundant acid enzymes present in the acinar cells make them basophilic. b. centroacinar cells are the mucous cells of the acinus. c. striated ducts reabsorb sodium from the pancreatic secretion. d. intercalated ducts are the intralobular ducts. e. all of the above are true.
Feedback The correct answer is: intercalated ducts are the intralobular ducts.
Which of the following has a stratified squamous epithelium on both of its surfaces and a core of striated muscle between the connective tissues underlying each epithelial surface? Select one: a. colon-rectal junction b. hard palate c. trachea d. lip e. gingiva
Feedback The correct answer is: lip
Electrolyte composition of urine is monitored by the : Select one: a. macula densa. b. JG cells. c. collecting tubule epithelium. d. peritubular capillaries. e. minor calyx. Feedback The correct answer is: macula densa.
Feedback The correct answer is: macula densa.
Clearing of debris and pathogens in the urinary space and associated basement membrane in the kidney glomerulus is done by the: Select one: a. podocyte. b. proximal tubule brush border. c. mesangial cell. d. macula densa. e. capillary endothelial cell. Feedback The correct answer is: mesangial cell.
Feedback The correct answer is: mesangial cell.
Which of the following cells lining the ileum traps antigens and presents them to adjacent lymphocytes or macrophages? Select one: a. microfold (M) cell b. absorptive cell c. Paneth cell d. goblet cell e. regenerative cell
Feedback The correct answer is: microfold (M) cell
Insulin is synthesized and secreted by: Select one: a. alpha cells of the pancreas. b. delta cells of the pancreas. c. cells in the medulla of the adrenal gland. d. parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. e. none of the above.
Feedback The correct answer is: none of the above.
Each of the following may be secreted by enteroendocrine cells EXCEPT: Select one: a. gastrin b. secretin c. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin d. serotonin e. pepsinogen
Feedback The correct answer is: pepsinogen
Regeneration of epithelial cell types in the stomach comes from differentiation of: Select one: a. surface mucous cells b. stem cells in the neck region c. cardiac gland cells d. body chief (peptic) cells e. pyloric submucosal glands
Feedback The correct answer is: stem cells in the neck region
The segment of the GI tract which has mucus-secreting cells, a columnar epithelial lining and mucosal glands containing chief cells and parietal cells is the : Select one: a. esophagus. b. stomach. c. duodenum. d. jejunum and ileum. e. colon.
Feedback The correct answer is: stomach.
Concerning major salivary glands, all of the following are correct EXCEPT: Select one: a. parotid glands have striated ducts b. sublingual glands contain no mucous alveoli c. submandibular glands have intercalated ducts d. submandibular glands have mucous acini with serous demilunes e. parotid glands are composed of serous acini
Feedback The correct answer is: sublingual glands contain no mucous alveoli
A unique feature of the duodenum, compared to other portions of the small intestine, is the presence of: Select one: a. enteroendocrine cells in the epithelial lining. b. goblet cells in epithelium and crypts of Lieberkuhn. c. Paneth cells in mucosal glands. d. Peyer's patches in the submucosa. e. submucosal glands.
Feedback The correct answer is: submucosal glands.
In order to prevent self-digestion, the stomach: Select one: a. secretes mucous from luminal epithelium. b. pumps carbonate into the mucous layer from the underlying vasculature. c. forms HCl in the lumen rather than within the cells. d. releases HCl only upon stimulation. e. utilizes all of the above strategies. .
Feedback The correct answer is: utilizes all of the above strategies.
Choose the best answer in regards to the lung. Select one: a. Asthma is due to contraction of the smooth muscle in the respiratory system. b. Emphysema patients have a mutation in the dynein gene resulting in non-motile cilia and many respiratory infections. c. Cystic fibrosis patients have breathing problems becasue they have less Type II cells. d. A pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is due to fluid in the lungs. e. Clara cells are found throughout the respiratory system. Feedback The correct answer is: Asthma is due to contraction of the smooth muscle in the respiratory system
The correct answer is: Asthma is due to contraction of the smooth muscle in the respiratory system
All of the following statements concerning respiratory epithelium are true EXCEPT: Select one: a. Approximatey 30 % of the cells are columnar. b. Approximately 30 % of the cells are stem cells. c. There is no observable basement membrane by light microscope and H&E because gas exchange occurs here. d. Together serous, brush, and DNES cells in total constitute approximately 9-10 % of the cells. e. Cilia are a prominent feature of this epithelium. Feedback The correct answer is: There is no observable basement membrane by light microscope and H&E because gas exchange occurs here.
The correct answer is: There is no observable basement membrane by light microscope and H&E because gas exchange occurs here.
All of the following about filtration slits found in the glomerulus are true EXCEPT: Select one: a. They are comprised of Nephrin. b. They block molecules larger than 69K Daltons. c. They allow passage of amino acids and sugars. d. They are located in the fenestrae of the endothelium. e. They expand / contract as foot processes change size via actin microfilaments.
The correct answer is: They are located in the fenestrae of the endothelium.
Hepatocytes : Select one: a. contain very few mitochondria. b. contain an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum. c. transport albumin from bile to the blood. d. possess a prominent brush border. e. form bile canaliculi via junctional contacts with endothelial cells. Feedback
The correct answer is: contain an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Regulation of blood pressure through the contraction of the tunica media of arterioles is achieved by : Select one: a. conversion of angiotensin I to II by the endothelial capillary cells of the lung. b. production of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidney interstitium. c. stressing of intrafusal fibers. d. release of secretory IgA in the lamina propria of the GI tract. e. activation of the periarteriolar sheath region in the spleen. Feedback The correct answer is: conversion of angiotensin I to II by the endothelial capillary cells of the lung.
The correct answer is: conversion of angiotensin I to II by the endothelial capillary cells of the lung.
Skin allows humans to be terrestrial animals because: Select one: a. of the desmosomes in the stratum spinosum. b. of the production and release of acylglucosylceramide in the stratum granulosum. c. of the packed keratohyaline granules intermeshed with the tonofibrils in the stratum corneum. d. the dermis is dense irregular connective tissue. e. eccrine glands regulate water retention in the body. Feedback The correct answer is: of the production and release of acylglucosylceramide in the stratum granulosum.
The correct answer is: of the production and release of acylglucosylceramide in the stratum granulosum.
Based on secretion characteristics, the following is the best example of a mixed gland: Select one: a. parotid gland b. glands of Littre c. von Ebner's gland d. submandibular gland
The correct answer is: submandibular gland
The majority of antigen processing, antigen presentation, and lymphocyte activation occurs in the
The majority of antigen processing, antigen presentation, and lymphocyte activation occurs in the
6. The release of lipid droplets from cells is which type of secretion? a. Merocrine b. Serous c. Apocrine d. Mucous e. Holocrine
c. Apocrine
The visceral layer of the glomerulus is comprised of: Select one: a. peritubular capillary endothelium. b. macula densa endothelium. c. podocytes. d. stellate veins. e. vasa recta. F
eedback The correct answer is: podocytes.
The presence of a large number of fat cells, relatively large blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve fibers, covered by visceral mesothelium best describes which of the following?
epicardium
The filtration slit is composed of
nephrin
Instead of the vasa recta the cortical nephrons have
peritubular capillaries
The fused basal lamina of the glomerulus is made by
podocytes and endothelial cells
The macula densa of the _________________ and the juxtaglomerular cells of the _______________ are neighbors.
Distal Convoluted Tubule, afferent arteriole
The following cell surface marker would be found on a B cell. Select one: a. CD3. b. CD5. c. CD8. d. CD30. e. CD40.
Feedback The correct answer is: CD40.
Cytotoxic T cells are most likely to express which of the following cell surface markers? Select one: a. CD4 b. CD8 c. CD40 d. CD50 e. CD2 Feedback The correct answer is: CD8
Feedback The correct answer is: CD8
Choose the best answer. Select one: a. The thymus is derived from ectoderm. b. B cells are always found in the thymus. c. The thymus of an adult is larger than that of a child. d. Epithelial reticular cells are a prominent feature of the thymus. e. 98% of T-cells die in the thymic medulla.
Feedback The correct answer is: Epithelial reticular cells are a prominent feature of the thymus.
The specificity trigger (i.e. surface recognition molecules) of B-cells is ____, while those of T-cells would include ____. Select one: a. IgD / IgM b. IgD / T-cell receptors c. IgG / T-cell receptors d. IgG / IgG e. IgE / T-cell receptors
Feedback The correct answer is: IgD / T-cell receptors
All of the following statements for vascular endothelium are true EXCEPT: Select one: a. It produces Weibel-Palade bodies (factor VIII). b. It converts angotensin I to angiotensin II, primarily in the lung. c. It is anti-thrombogenic. d. It synthesizes elastin. e. It forms occluding junctions with neighboring endothelial cells.
Feedback The correct answer is: It synthesizes elastin.
All of the following are correct EXCEPT: Select one: a. The thymus has afferent lymphatics. b. The spleen contains both B and T cells. c. Lymph nodes contain medullary cords consisting of B cells and plasma cells. d. The palatine tonsils are covered by stratified squamous epithelium. e. The central vein of the spleen is surrounded by lymphocytes.
Feedback The correct answer is: The thymus has afferent lymphatics.
All of the following are true EXCEPT: Select one: a. The pharyngeal tonsil has pleats instead of crypts and is covered by respiratory epithelium. b. The lingual tonsils each have a single crypt and they are smaller than the pharyngeal tonsil. c. There are only two lingual tonsils, two pharyngeal tonsils and two palatine tonsils. d. One function of the spleen is to clear old RBC's and pathogens from the blood. e. One function of the spleen is to produce RBC's during embryonic development.
Feedback The correct answer is: There are only two lingual tonsils, two pharyngeal tonsils and two palatine tonsils.
Not answeredMarked out of 1.00Not flaggedFlag question Question text The following lymphoid organ is characterized by a high rate of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Select one: a. spleen b. lymph node c. pharyngeal tonsil d. GALT e. thymus
Feedback The correct answer is: thymus
A monocyte leaves the vasculature in a postcapillary venule because:
Select one: a. its cell surface integrins become activated. b. its selectin ligand binds to the endothelial cell integrin (selectin). c. it releases its selectin binding and extravasates between two endothelial cells. d. it slows down and rolls along the endothelial surface because sheer forces have changed (dropped). e. All of the above statements are true. Feedback The correct answer is: All of the above statements are true.
Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER: The parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule is continuous with the
Select one: a. visceral layer of Bowman's capsule b. epithelium of the Proximal convoluted tubule c. epithelium of the Distal convoluted tubule d. epithelium of the collecting duct e. endothelium of the afferent arteriole Feedback The correct answer is: endothelium of the afferent arteriole
Blood flowing FROM THE HEART into the periphery would see the following vessels in which order?
The correct answer is: 1 → Renal artery, 2 → Interlobar artery, 3 → Arcuate artery, 4 → Interlobular artery, 5 → Afferent arteriole, 6 → Glomerular capillary bed, 7 → Efferent arteriole, 8 → Peritubular capillary, 9 → Postcapillary venules, 10 → Interlobular Vein, 11 → Arcuate Vein, 12 → Interlobar Vein, 13 → Renal vein
matching
The correct answer is: B cell → crosslinking of antibody on cell surface, T helper cell and Cytotoxic T cells (CTL) → has T cell receptor (TCR) on cell surface, B cell and macrophage → presence of MHC class II on cell surface, neuron → presence of MHC class I on cell surface, skeletal muscle → presence of MHC class I on cell surface, fibroblast → presence of MHC class I on cell surface, epithelium → presence of MHC class I on cell surface
All of the following are correct EXCEPT: Select one: a. Specificity, diversity, and memory are important characteristics of the immune system. b. B cells are more numerous than T-cells in blood. c. Interleukin 2 and 4 promote proliferation of B cells. d. T-cells can be very long lived. e. The source of T cell specificity in immune reactions is the T-cell receptor.
The correct answer is: B cells are more numerous than T-cells in blood.
Match the characteristics on the left with where they should be found in the respiratory system
The correct answer is: Bronchiole → Clara cell, small bronchi → plates of cartilage, trachea → C shaped cartilage rings, alveolus → Type II
Define whether or not the items on the left are typical of respiratory epithelium.
The correct answer is: Ciliated → yes, goblet cells → yes, serous cells → yes, pseudostratified epithelium → yes, prominent basement membrane → yes
Match the disease of the respiratory system with the region that would be affected.
The correct answer is: Kartegener's syndrome → respiratory epithelium, asthma → smooth muscle, emphysema → elastic fibers/alveolar septum, pneumothorax → air between visceral and parietal layer of pleura
Choose the correct statement. Select one: a. The first antibody to appear in serum during the primary immune response is IgD. b. The most important antibody for the secondary immune response is IgG. c. IL4 is produced by cytotoxic T cells and promotes proliferation of cytotoxic T cells. d. Plasma cells are long-lived and the only source of memory for the immune response. e. B cells have cell surface proteins called the T cell receptors that interact with T cells. Feedback The correct answer is: The most important antibody for the secondary immune response is IgG.
The correct answer is: The most important antibody for the secondary immune response is IgG.
When the number of circularly arranged smooth muscle cell layers in the tunica media of an arterial vessel is about 2 to 3, this vessel is called a(n): Select one: a. muscular artery. b. arteriole. c. arteriovenous anastomosis. d. continuous capillary. e. elastic artery. Feedback The correct answer is: arteriole.
The correct answer is: arteriole.
Match the item on the left with the appropriate approximate amount of each in the larynx.
The correct answer is: cartilage → abundant, elastic fibers → moderate, goblet cells → abundant, glands → abundant, smooth muscle → none
Match the following items with the region of the kidney that they are predominantly found.
The correct answer is: collecting ducts → Kidney Medulla, vasa recta → Kidney Medulla, loop of Henle → Kidney Medulla, proximal convoluted tubule → Kidney Cortex, peritubular capillaries → Kidney Cortex, medullary rays → Kidney Cortex
The correct answer is: Veins have a more prominent adventitia than arteries.
The correct answer is: descending aorta
match features
The correct answer is: epithelial reticular cells encirling blood vessels → thymic cortex, Hassal's corpuscle → thymic medulla, T cells encircling blood vessels → spleen, subcapsular sinus → lymph node, covered by pseudostratified epithelium → pharyngeal tonsil, covered by stratified squamous epithelium → palatine tonsil, covered by simple columnar epithelium → peyer's patch
matching
The correct answer is: first antibody expressed in immune response → IgM, interacts with J chain → IgA and IgM, crosses the placenta → IgG, found on the surface of Mast cells → IgE, found on the surface of B cells → IgD, half-life in serum 25 days → IgG, internalized by epithelial mucosa → IgA, Highest level of any class of antibody in serum → IgG
Put the following items in the order in which oxygen would be transported from the alveolar lumen into an erythrocyte.
The correct answer is: first → Type I cell, second → fused basal lamina, third → endothelial cell, fourth → lumen of capillary
When fluid leaves the blood and enters the tissue what is the order of items in the list that it would come into contact with before it re-enters the circulatory system?
The correct answer is: first → valve of lymphatic vessel, second → subcapsular sinus, third → trabecular sinus, fourth → medullary sinus
The pattern of epidermal ridges (dermatoglyphics) is determined by:
The correct answer is: inductive effects of the underlying embryonic mesoderm.
matching
The correct answer is: is found in the cortex of the kidney → Renal corpuscle, is composed of the Bowman's capsule and glomerulus → Renal corpuscle, is connected to the proximal convoluted tubule → Renal corpuscle, is connected to the afferent arteriole → Renal corpuscle, is the complete functional unit in the kidney → Nephron
Match the following lymphoid organs with the presence or absence of follicles (nodules)
The correct answer is: lymph node → follicles (nodules) present, spleen → follicles (nodules) present, pharyngeal tonsil → follicles (nodules) present, thymus → no follicles (nodules), palatine tonsil → follicles (nodules) present
Match the lymphoid organ location with the cells that are predominantly present in that location.
The correct answer is: periarterial sheath of the spleen → T cells, thymus → T cells, lymph node outer cortex → B cells, lymph node inner cortex → T cells, lymph node medulla → plasma cells
Blood-borne lymphocytes can enter lymph nodes by leaving the blood vascular circulation, that is, by diapedesing through the walls of:
The correct answer is: post-capillary venules in the cortex of the lymph nodes.
matching
The correct answer is: reduces number of infectious particles → agglutination, enhances phagocytosis → opsonization, blocks adherence of the pathogen to cell or cell surface proteins → neutralization
match features
The correct answer is: reticular fibers → spleen and lymph node, cords of Bilroth → spleen, trabeculae → lymph node, spleen, thymys
WPW (Wolf-Parkinson-White) syndrome causes problems with maintaining normal sinus rhythm because the:
The correct answer is: small strands of cardiac muscle cross the cardiac skeleton and "short circuit" the normal impulse.
Match the item on the left with the appropriate approximate amount of each in a bronchus.
The correct answer is: smooth muscle → moderate, glands → moderate, elastic fibers → abundant, cartilage → moderate, goblet cells → moderate
The correct answer is: smooth muscle → present, elastic fibers → abundant, goblet cells → none, cartilage → none, glands → none
The correct answer is: smooth muscle → present, cartilage → present, elastic fibers → present, glands → present, goblet cells → abundant
Match the item on the left with the appropriate approximate amount of each in a terminal bronchiole.
The correct answer is: smooth muscle → present, elastic fibers → abundant, goblet cells → none, cartilage → none, glands → none
match features
The correct answer is: spleen → central artery, thymus → education of T cells, spleen → clearance of old RBC, spleen → sinusoid, thymus → apoptosis of T cells, lymph node → , pharyngeal tonsil →
matching of origin
The correct answer is: spleen → mesoderm, thymus → mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm, lymph node → mesoderm, palatine tonsil → mesoderm
Match the following lymphoid organs with the presence or absence of follicles (nodules)
The correct answer is: spleen → no cortex and no medulla, thymus → both cortex and medulla, lymph node → both cortex and medulla, pharyngeal tonsil → no cortex and no medulla, palatine tonsil → no cortex and no medulla
Match the following lymphoid organs with the correct answer regarding lymphatic vessels.
The correct answer is: spleen → only efferent lymphatic vessels, thymus → only efferent lymphatic vessels, lymph node → afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels, palatine tonsil → only efferent lymphatic vessels, pharyngeal tonsil → only efferent lymphatic vessels, peyer's patch → only efferent lymphatic vessels
Match the section of the respiratory tract with whether it is conducting or respiratory.
The correct answer is: terminal bronchiole → conducting, bronchi → conducting, trachea → conducting, respiratory bronchiole → respiratory
matching
The correct answer is: thin barrier to respiration → type I cell, secrete surfactant → Clara cell, called heart failure or dust cell → alveolar macrophage, found in bronchiole → Clara cell, most numerous cells in alveolus → type II cell, found in larynx → chondrocyte, secretes surfactant → type II cell
matching
The correct answer is: thymic medulla → no macrophages, spleen red pulp → macrophages present, spleen white pulp → no macrophages, lymph node cortex → no macrophages, lymph node medulla → macrophages present
Which of the following organs of a normal adolescent would NOT have lymphoid nodules containing germinal centers?
The correct answer is: thymus
Match the organ with the correct amount of T and B cells
The correct answer is: thymus → T cells only, bone marrow → more B cells than T cells, blood → more T cells than B cells
Instead of the peritubular capillary bed some nephrons have...
Vasa recta
7. Key differences between apoptotic and necrotic cell death include which of the following? a. Apoptotic cells do not release factors that induce inflammation. b. Necrosis does not trigger inflammation. c. Apoptosis does not utilize intracellular proteases. d. Apoptosis usually follows lethal physical damage to a cell. e. Necrosis is involved in formation of some organs during embryonic development.
a. Apoptotic cells do not release factors that induce inflammation.
1. In transmission EM preparations of cells the cell membrane often appears as a trilaminar structure having two parallel dark-staining components on either side of an unstained middle layer. This central poorly stained region of the membrane is primarily responsible for which of the following functions? a. Creation of a barrier to water-soluble molecules b. Binding by cellular receptions to specific ligands c. Catalyzing membrane-associated activities d. Transport of ions e. Connections to the cytoskeleton
a. Creation of a barrier to water-soluble molecules
7. Applied to adipocytes, the term "multilocular" refers to which of the following? a. The large number of small cytoplasmic lipid droplets b. The proliferation of the cells in an obese individual c. The large number of mitochondria in the cells d. The high density of nerves supplying the tissue e. The type of mesenchymal cells also present
a. The large number of small cytoplasmic lipid droplets
6. Resolution in electron microscopy greatly exceeds that of light microscopy due to which of the following? a. The wavelength of the electrons in the microscope beam is shorter than that of a beam of light. b. The lenses of an electron microscope are of greatly improved quality. c. For electron microscopy the tissue specimen does not require staining. d. The electron microscope allows much greater magnification of a projected image than a light microscope
a. The wavelength of the electrons in the microscope beam is shorter than that of a beam of light.
2. Binding of histone H1 proteins to importins is important for which of the following? a. Transport through the nuclear pores complexes b. Properly directed vesicular transport through the Golgi apparatus c. Transport from the granular part of the nucleolus d. Further binding to the "linker DNA" and proper assembly of nucleosomes e. Phosphorylation of cyclins
a. Transport through the nuclear pores complexes
Define an immunogen.
antigen
2. What are the relatively large particles formed in the intestinal epithelial cells and rich in ingested lipids? a. Fatty acids b. Chylomicrons c. Glycerols d. Very-low-density lipoproteins e. Adipocytes
b. Chylomicrons
. Transitions in the cell cycle from one phase to the next are regulated by protein kinases whose activity depends on what other proteins? a. Tumor suppressors b. Cyclins c. Actins d. Lamins e. Importins
b. Cyclins
6. Which of the following contains binding sites for integrins and is an important part of the ECM in both loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue? a. Aggrecan b. Fibronectin c. Perlecan d. Fibrillin e. Most types of collagen
b. Fibronectin
. Which of the following cellular features is used in naming types of epithelia? a. Shape of cells in the basal layer b. Number of cell layers c. Presence of a basal lamina d. Size of the nuclei e. Nature of the cell junctions that are present
b. Number of cell layers
10. A 14-year-old boy is diagnosed with epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). His skin blisters easily with rubbing or scratching. Blisters occur primarily on his hands and feet and heal without leaving scars. Genetic analysis shows mutations in the KRT5 and KRT14 genes, which code keratin 5 and keratin 14. What is the primary function of those proteins? a. Generate movement b. Provide mechanical stability c. Carry out nucleation of microtubules d. Stabilize microtubules against disassembly e. Transport organelles within the cell
b. Provide mechanical stability
3. What is the first step of collagen production that occurs after the protein undergoes exocytosis? a. Cross-linking of collagen fibrils with a short linking collagen b. Removal of the terminal nonhelical domains by peptidases c. Hydroxylation of lysine and proline d. Assembly of subunits to form a larger structure e. Disulfide bond formation
b. Removal of the terminal nonhelical domains by peptidases
3. Which of the following is a region of chromatin that is well developed in large neurons active in protein synthesis? a. Heterochromatin b. The nucleolus c. The Nissl substance (neuronal RER) d. The Barr body e. The nucleosome
b. The nucleolus
2. Using immunohistochemistry a population of cells is shown to be positive for the protein connexin. From this we can infer that the cells are connected by what type of junction? a. Tight (occluding) junctions b. Zonula adherens c. Gap junctions d. Hemidesmosomes e. Desmosomes (macula adherens)
c. Gap junctions
2. Which of the following staining procedures relies on the cationic and anionic properties of the material to be stained? a. Enzyme histochemistry b. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction c. Hematoxylin & eosin staining d. Immunohistochemistry e. Metal impregnation techniques
c. Hematoxylin & eosin staining
8. To identify and localize a specific protein within cells or the extracellular matrix one would best use what approach? a. Autoradiography b. Enzyme histochemistry c. Immunohistochemistry d. Transmission electron microscopy e. Polarizing microscopy
c. Immunohistochemistry
8. Research scientists at a small biotech firm are investigating new methods of controlling the growth and metastasis of malignant cells in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. They have developed a novel peptide-based drug, potentially deliverable therapeutically, that disrupts the tumor cells' ability to adhere to the ECM, which in turn triggers apoptosis. Which of the following is a most likely target of such drugs? a. Cadherins b. Adhesins c. Integrins d. Glycolipids of the cell membrane e. Fibrillin
c. Integrins
1. White adipocytes are derived developmentally from what precursor cells? a. Monocytes b. Fibroblasts c. Mesenchymal cells d. Brown adipocytes e. Mast cells
c. Mesenchymal cells
. Exocrine glands in which the acini all produce a secretion of heavily glycosylated, hydrophilic proteins are an example of which type of gland? a. Serous gland b. Mixed gland c. Mucous gland d. Tubuloacinar gland e. Simple gland
c. Mucous gland
1. Which of the following facilitates breakdown of the nuclear envelope during the onset of mitosis? a. Disassembly of nucleosomes in the associated constitutive heterochromatin b. Increased export of material by the nuclear pore complexes into the perinuclear space c. Phosphorylation of lamin subunits by a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) d. Activities triggered at a restriction point late in G1 e. The activity of proteasomes
c. Phosphorylation of lamin subunits by a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
6. Which of the following proteins is/are most likely to have initially contained a "signal peptide" that bound a "signal recognition particle" during its translation? a. An enzyme of the respiratory chain b. Lamins c. Proteins in secretory granules d. F-actin e. Proteins in the large ribosomal subunit
c. Proteins in secretory granules
Peroxisomes
catabolize lipids
The kidney has
cortex and medulla
An intermediate filament protein found in cytoplasm of most epithelial cells is which of the following? a. Actin b. Vimentin c. Laminin d. Myosin e. Keratin
e. Keratin
10. Hospital laboratories frequently use unfixed, frozen tissue specimens sectioned with a cryostat for rapid staining, microscopic examination, and diagnosis of pathological conditions. Besides saving much time by avoiding fixation and procedures required for paraffin embedding, frozen sections retain and allow study of what macromolecules normally lost in the paraffin procedure? a. Carbohydrates b. Small mRNA c. Basic proteins d. Acidic proteins e. Lipids
e. Lipids
4. Cellular storage deposits of glycogen, a free polysaccharide, could best be detected histologically using what procedure? a. Autoradiography b. Electron microscopy c. Enzyme histochemistry d. Hematoxylin & eosin staining e. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction
e. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction
7. Dense regular connective tissue typically involves which of the following features? a. Contains mostly synthetically active fibroblasts b. Contains much ground substance c. Contains a similar cell population as areolar connective tissue d. Predominant tissue type in the stroma of most organs e. Predominantly located in tendons and ligaments
e. Predominantly located in tendons and ligaments
5. Polarity in microtubules is important in determining which of the following? a. The strength of vinblastine binding to microtubules b. The velocity of transport along microtubules with myosin motors c. The overall dynamic instability of the microtubules d. The linkage of microtubules to intermediate filaments e. The direction of vesicular transport along microtubules
e. The direction of vesicular transport along microtubules
The macula densa is found in the
epithelium of the Distal convoluted tubule
smooth ER
steroid syn
Match the following items to the correct cell type
the correct answer is: secrete ECM to stabilize the glomerular capillary → Mesangial cells, secrete prostoglandins → Mesangial cells, are part of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule → Mesangial cells, contract to change filtration → Mesangial cells, phagocytose material in Bowman's capsule → Mesangial cells, are part of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule → Podocytes, have filtration slits → Podocytes
The Juxtaglomerular cells are found in the
wall of the afferent arteriole