Test One GANTH 196

"rigorous" "systematic"

" relies on standards and standardized methodology

Uniformitarianism

"The present is the key to the past"

Circumnavigation of the earth

(1600-1700) found different species

John Ray

(1627-1705) greatly contributed to the development of describing and classifying life on Earth, first use and define the terms "species" and "genus" classifying things that looked alike

Carolus Linnaeus

(1707-1778) took Ray's work and made it more popular, classified using words like species, family, genus, gave each organism a Latin and common name is his book and he didn't say superior/inferior

Georges du Buffon

(1707-1788)- Natural History, general and particular Species could change through time but are not descended from other species Believed world was old, not young Had an issue with Linnaeus' classification saying that everyone having a common ancestor is a problem because there has to be change but said that was wrong because God created, he was too scared to accept because he was a creationalist, Linnaeus and him hated each other, he said the Earth was created 100,000 ago and the church condemned him for saying and burned his books, he said life started in the ocean from organic molecules but we don't change

James Hutton

(1726-1797) and Charles Lyell (1797-1875) supported, CL was the founder of modern geology, earth oler then what previously thought

Erasmus Darwin

(1731-1802) Charles Darwin's grandfather, First proposed idea of the origin of species through evolution in "Zoonomia", How did species change over time? He didn't know, leading evolutionist, King George wanted him to be his physician but he declined, Benjamin Franklin was his friend, said life originated in the ocean, change species, on to another species, everything connected but didn't say how

Systema Naturae

(1735) - First systematic classification of organisms, Every organism was given a scientific name consisting of two terms, a generic and a specific term, Also added other hierarchical categories such as "Class" and "Order" But, species were static and created by divine creator Carolus Linnaeus wrote

Thomas Malthus

(1766-1834) Essay on the Principle of Population, Too many people will lead to competition for food resources and a "struggle for existence"

Georges Cuvier

(1769-1832) Founding father of comparative anatomy and vertebrate paleontology, advocate of catastrophism (God creates catastrophes and other species replace old ones, extinction

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

(1774-1829) One of the first to propose a mechanism for evolutionary change, Theory of evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics, Incorrect mechanism, but he correctly recognized the link between an organism and its environment and the importance of heritability of traits, said more used more changed like giraffe neck

Charles Robert Darwin

(1809-1882) "born a naturalist" passionate naturalist throughout his life, background in medicine and theology, born into well educated doctor family, sent medical school then divinity school then sailed 5 years, took book Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell and greatly influenced by it

Thomas Huxley

(1825 -1895) "Darwin's Bulldog" Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (1863) 1. Summary of natural history of the apes and other primates 2. Comparative anatomy of apes and humans 3. A survey of human/primate fossils first textbook on biological anthropology (evolution)

Franz Boas

(1858-1942) ethnographies: social interactions, culture, living inside society/understanding from the inside

Ales Hrdlicka

(1869-1943) founder of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists

Earnest Hooton

(1887-1954) he trained students to be physical anthropologists

Sherwood Washburn

(1911-2000) wanted to move away from studying skulls and racist tendencies, he transformed from physical (skull/bones) to biological, said we need to study living and dead relatives like the monkey/primates, he trained students and had a huge influence on the field

Microevolution

- gradual changes in the genetic material of a population over time - E.g., Darwin's finches, beak size, and the drought

Molecular Anthropology

- the study of human and nonhuman primate evolution, biology, and adaption using molecular techniques; primary data: genes, chromosomes

Subfields of Bio Anthropology

-Paleoanthropology -Forensic Anthropology -Human Biology: adaption and variation -Primatology -Molecular Anthropology

Evolutionary Theory

1. How old is the earth? Earth's history 2. What is the relationship between humans and the rest of the world/universe? Life's history 3. Can species change over time? Development and genetics a. Did other suspects exist before? 4. What causes mechanism of change? Mechanisms of evolution 5. If yes for 3 and 4

Three Main Ideas Presented in Origin of Species:

1. The fact that evolution occurs 2. The theory of natural selection 3. Phylogeny - organisms are related to each other genealogically PUBLISHED IN 1859 Not about humans Biogeography=geographical distribution of species

Geologists

1. The problem of fossils and layers of rock a. Fossilized up high of sea creatures where there is no water, finding things that don't look like everything alive, stopped finding bones of humans at a level (always thought humans existed) 2. The problem of a changing Earth

Hypothesis

: a statement about a phenomena with testable predictions

Why do these primates (baboons) have such large canines? Is it related to their diet?

? Intrasexual (male-male) they are alpha males and fight for females even though vegetarians

Scientific Method

A research method whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated, and then the hypothesis is tested through the collection and analysis of data. If a hypothesis is verified, it becomes corroborated; if falsified, it becomes rejected

Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the world, failed to be proven false

The fact of evolution

All organisms, living and dead, are the end products of a long, natural process of change through which each species is descended from other, different ones. Similarities (through common ancestry) and differences (through adaptations to different environments) among species can be explained by evolution. We are related to chimps share common ancestor but different because of natural selection

Great Chain of Being

Aristotle (4th C. BC) student of Plato, came up with the Great Chain of Being, superior/inferior, God then angels then demons then man then woman then animals then plants then minerals, caused controlled morals=who you helped you who didn't

Evidence in South America`

Collected and studied fossils and rock formations in South America, Implied long term geologic changes over time, Also implied species go extinct. But extinct forms resemble the extant forms, Descent with modification Animals differed/similar from different islands noticed finches, differ of shape/size 13 different finches, beaks based on food then wrote book on natural selection based on how the natural world work artificial selection (domestication) humans selector from breeding animals and Darwin said it was natural selection from nature (environment) variation from mutations, inheritable=gentic

The voyage of the Beagle

Connections at Cambridge allowed him to join the crew on board the H.M.S. Beagle, The Beagle was commandeered by Capt. Robert Fitzroy, Darwin was the ship's naturalist, Voyage lasted 5 years Prevalent views of the natural world when Darwin left Plymouth, England 1831 Earth is young, Divine creation still the most prominent explanation of human origins, Fossils were the result of the biblical flood, Fixed view of the world was prevalent

Descent of Man

Darwin wrote in 1871 and how ideas in first book relate to humans Said we came from Africa (where black people are) made racist mad and related to apes

Scientific Theories

Heliocentric Theory: earth revolves around the sun Cell Theory: new cells come from old cells, we are made of cells Plate tectonics: they move, earthquakes, volcanoes Atomic cells: made of cells/atoms

Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Individuals within a species vary. Most of this variation can be inherited. Struggle for existence/intense competition. Due to the variation in traits some individuals are better able to survive and reproduce than others (differential reproductive success) Natural selection in action is finches in the Galapagos islands, Parents with larger beaks had offspring with larger beaks, Drought conditions changed size of seeds that birds eat, Only large seeds available, During drought many birds died, but certain birds did better than others. Populations evolve, not individuals Individuals within a population vary- Many island forms of finch with lots of variation in beak size This variation can be inherited- Finch chicks resemble parent finches Struggle for existence (intense competition)- Finches competed for limited food supply Differential reproductive success- Finches with better adapted beaks leave more offspring

Earth is relatively young

John Lightfoot (1502-1675) and James Ussher (1581-1656) they were bishops who went through Adam and Eve (Bedecks) of people in the Bible to determine the age, said earth was created October 22, 202 BC

Who supported Copernicus and what did they do/time period?

Kepler (1571- 1630) planetary motion, elliptical orbit Galileo (1564-1642) telescopes, moon Newton (1642-1727) law of motion/gravitation, wrote Principia

Geocentric Model

Ptolemy (90-168 AD) earth is the center of the universe and everything evolves around us

Both types of sexual selection can lead to elaborate or exaggerated male traits

Sexual selection can lead to sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism: differences among the sexes due to sexual selection

Problems with Darwin's theory (that were eventually solved)

Some individuals have traits that appear maladaptive yet these traits persist in populations. He managed to solve a great deal of this problem with his supplemental theory of sexual selection. Darwin had trouble understanding inheritance of traits and how a population maintains variation.

Darwin's dilemma

Some individuals have traits that appear maladaptive yet these traits persist in populations. How could natural selection favor costly and/or risky male ornamentation and behavior?

Criteria of Science

Testability Falsifiable Established method Empirical (can verify) Cumulative (builds on previous hypotheses and ideas) Repeatable Quantitative (numbers) Predictive

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

This person developed a theory of evolution by natural selection around the same time as Charles Darwin, forcing Darwin to quickly publish his own work.

To be well-supported

We have not proved anything, we only found data that supports our hypothesis To be well-supported, our hypothesis must endure constant testing and re-testing in various environments and from many angles Science is all about baby steps (observational problem, hypothesis, prediction)

Biological Anthropology

also called physical anthropology, have to study past and present to understand biological and evolutionary perspective, human origins, evolutions, biological variation how/why, humans in context of nature, one organism among millions, to understand humans have to study what is around us; study of distinct ancestries of primates

Religion

beliefs, teachings, and practices concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces

The Scientific Revolution-

challenged traditional beliefs and began in 1543 with the publication of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres by Copernicus saying the solar system is heliocentric which Kepler, Galileo and Newton supported This showed that we aren't as special as we thought, said the sun was the center of the universe giving a new understanding to the natural world and challenging it

Social Darwinism justified

colonial oppression and genocide

Cultural Anthropology

does ethnographies, studies living cultures and wants to understand why/how differ and appreciate them

Malthus

economist believed food/resources < than population, more offspring produced means you were more successful (the ones with better traits to pass on with limited resources) Fitness Traits that help individuals reproduce/survive and passed on at higher frequency= adaption (product of natural selection) because people out-reproduce their subsistence base, competition results in a struggle for existence

South America-

found fossils and said they don't have this but similar, gradualism went against castrophism which said they weren't linked, Spent a lot of his time on land while Beagle crew surveyed the coast, Observed geologic as well as biological phenomena, First tidbits of evidence began to emerge

Professor Linder

goes to Africa, Korup National Park in Cameroon

Fixity of species

hey don't change, God is perfect so why change what he made which is perfect

Bones/fossils say about human evolution

hips and knee say we walked on two legs, fossilized foot prints (bio anthropologists asks these types of questions)

Between 1831 and 1836, Charles Darwin spent most of his time

in SOuth America

In primate and human evolution, sexual dimorphism is thought to be largely due to

male-male competition. Males evolve traits that allow them to successfully fend off other males. Typically dimorphic male traits in primates likely due to male- male competition: •Large body size •Large canines

"material"

phenomena that can be measured, rigorously perceived ad grasped with the senses, includes things we can't see, but we can measure, electrons

Primatology

primary data: behavior and ecology of non-human primates; the study of the diversity, behavior, ecology, and psychology of the living primates

One important implication of information presented in Edward Tyson's monograph

published in 1699, The Anatomy of a Pygmie, Compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man was that physically speaking, humans were remarkably similar to other forms of life, especially to that of a chimpanzee, and this suggested physical continuity between humans and other animals

Sherwood Washburn

rebuilt anthropology in the 1950s

17th and 18th centuries in Europe

saw rapid population growth, urbanization, and overcrowding.

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection:

some individuals in a population reproduce more successfully than others; there exists heritable variation between individuals in a population; species are descended from other species, with modification

Anthropology

study of humans, field of mediation

Linguistics

study of languages, how we transmit culture/where we came from

Archaeology

study of past societies/cultures/physical remains like poetry, weapons, buildings (artifacts)

Science

systematic search for understanding using empirical observation and testing; seeks a rigorous, systematic, and empirical understanding of the material/natural world

Forensic Anthropology

the application of anthropological techniques to solve unexplained deaths; primary data- genetic and anatomical evidence

Sexual selection:

the evolutionary change that occurs because of variation in (often male) ability to acquire mates

Macroevolution -

the origin and extinction of species

Paleoanthropology

the study of human evolution through fossils and artifacts, primary data: fossil human ancestors, prehistoric, extinct humans, fossils/artifacts, how species related to each other, what they were eating, social groups, how something died

Intersexual

to attract females when peacock have feathers and Mandrel have pretty nose

"empirical"

using observation and or experiments

If we accept the four theories

we should accept Darwin's natural selection Heliocentric Theory: earth revolves around the sun Cell Theory: new cells come from old cells, we are made of cells Plate tectonics: they move, earthquakes, volcanoes Atomic cells: made of cells/atoms

Peter and Rosemary Grant

wrote Beak of the Finch based on finches on the Galapagos Big seeds big beak and small beak small seeds 1977 drought so not a lot of food when only large seeds left the big beaks survived and beaks eventually gradually got average bigger

Osteology- study of bones Geology-study of land/how changes/layers Paleontology- study of fossils Botany- study of plant biology Biomechanics- how living things move Chemistry- study of matter Genetics- study of variation in organisms, heredity; gentic data can be applied to past and preset human and nonhuman primates group

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