Textbook Questions

What is the critical Risk Value above which evolved gas issues are prevalent?

1.5

To what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimatize?

10,000

What altitudes apply to the Physiological Deficient zone?

10,000 - 50,000'

Physiologically, supplemental oxygen should be used above what altitude?

10,000'

What is the first step one should take in treating hypoxia of any type?

100% Oxygen

What is the number one step in treatment of suspected DCS?

100% oxygen

How many breaths-per-minute does the average human maintain?

12-20

For Part 92 flight operations, above what altitude should a pilot be using supplemental oxygen?

14,000'

What is the partial pressure of the atmospheric oxygen at SL?

159 mmHg

How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude?

18.4 days per mile of altitude

Carbon monoxide has a greater affinity for hemoglobin over oxygen by how much?

250 times

How much does temperature decrease per 1,000 feet as we ascend into the atmosphere?

3.5°F

According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight accidents, what percentage occurred from the aircrew's "inappropriate response" or interaction with aircraft equipment?

46%

Where does the space equivalent zone begin

50,000'

According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?

60-80%

When the U.S military first invested time and resources into aviation traning, what number of pilots died from "pilot error" out of the first 100 fatalities?

90

According to the FAA, what is the time frame in which aircraft should be evacuated following an aircraft crash?

90 seconds

What medical professional should be standing by to receive DCS patients?

AME

6. What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?

Alveoil

What is the basic definition of respiration?

An exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment

Where is the atmospheric pressure the densest?

Below 10,000'

Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?

Below 60%

What are the four presentations of DCS?

Bends, skin, chokes, CNS

Which gas law applies to Trapped Gas issues in aviators?

Boyle's Law

Proper oxygenation of what cell(s) in the respiration process are most important for aviators?

Brain Cells / Neurons

What is the primary gas chemically controlling human breathing rate?

Carbon Dioxide

The primary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?

Carbon dioxide

What is the most common chemical product of incomplete combustion?

Carbon monoxide

What on the aircraft is designed to filter out ozone in the atmosphere?

Catalytic ozone converter

What is the first human function lost to hypoxia?

Cognition

What type of pilot response is best used in extreme-stress events?

Conditioned or muscle-memory

What are the three types of aircraft oxygen delivery systems?

Continuous-flow, diluter demand, pressure demand

What is the most dangerous gas aviators could potentially be exposed to?

Cyanide

What is the best way to avoid ear and sinus blocks inflight?

Do not fly with a cold

What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on descent?

Ears, sinuses

What are the common areas of trapped gas in humans?

Ears, sinuses, GI tract, teeth, lungs

What typically causes hyperventilation in pilots?

Emotional

What physiological issues does Henry's law apply to?

Evolved Gas

What three mechanisms contribute to contaminants in aircraft?

External, internal, aircraft systems

For someone equilibrated to sea level, what altitude represents the threshold for evolved gas problems?

FL180

True or false: A pilot may be comfortable knowing maintenance checked their oxygen mask prior to flight.

False

True or false: Effective Performance Times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude.

False

True or false: a smoke hood should always be used before a pilot dons an oxygen mask.

False

True or false: ear blocks are always accompanied by pain.

False

True or false: the loss oxygen occurring from breathing too fast causes hyperventilation.

False - It is the loss of carbon dioxide

Which type of oxygen is typically found on commercial aircraft?

Gaseous

Which two forms of oxygen storage systems are found on civilian aircraft?

Gaseous and chemical

What do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process?

Hemoglobin

Which law dictates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders?

Henry's Law

Alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?

Histotoxic

Which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning?

Hypemic

What physiological issue does Dalton's Law apply to?

Hypoxia

Which type of hypoxia relates to altitude?

Hypoxic

What are the four types of hypoxia?

Hypoxic, hypemic, histotoxic, stagnant

What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?

Insidious onset

What three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runaway event?

Isolate, extinguish, cool

Which atmospheric gas evolves into bubbles to create evolved gas disorders?

Nitrogen

Is it always possible to descend to 10,000 feet in emergencies?

No

Is it safe to use petroleum-based products around 100% oxygen?

No

Should vasoconstrictor sprays be used to clear normal ear blocks?

No - emergency use only

Hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream?

Oxygen

The secondary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?

Oxygen

What is the secondary gas chemically controlling breathing rate?

Oxygen

What four elements need to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment?

Oxygen, Nutrition, rest, hydration

What is the percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?

Oxygen: 21& Nitrogen: 78%

What is the best way to clear GI gas?

Pass flatus or belch on ascent

What is the SCREAM Check?

Preflight and inflight check of the aircraft oxygen system Supply Connections Regulator Emergency Equipment Adjustment of mask Mask condition

What physiological issues does Charles' Law apply to?

Pressure gauge fluctuation

What aircraft system provides the best prevention measure against DCS?

Pressurization

What cell is responsible to transport oxygen in the cardiovascular system?

Red blood cells

What is a critical first step for aviators to take in dealing with toxic fumes events?.

Respect the emergency and protecting your lungs

What physiological issues does Graham's Law apply to?

Respiration

What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?

Royal Aeronautical Society in 1866

Doing what prior to flight increases the probability of DCS exponentially?

SCUBA diving

What altitudes apply to the Zone of Physiologic Efficiency?

SL - 10,000 ft

Hyperventilation may cause what type of hypoxia?

Stagnant

What form of hypoxia is produced by hyperventilation?

Stagnant

What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on ascent?

Teeth, GI tract

Which presentation of DCS is most likely to occur in aviators?

The bends

Which presentation of DCS is the least likely to occur and also the most dangerous?

The chokes

What pathway connects the middle ear with throat?

The eustachian tube

Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?

The top of the troposphere

What is the gas expansion ratio at FL250?

Three times that of sea level

What is the purpose of pressure-demand regulators?

To raise oxygen partial pressure at the lung level

What physiological issues does Boyle's law apply to?

Trapped Gas

True or false: Pilots should treat hyperventilation exactly the same as hypoxia.

True

True or false: a lack of nutrition may affect an individual's effective performance time.

True

True or false: ground crews, flight crews, and passenger may be a source of toxic fumes.

True

True or false: human respiration can be voluntarily controlled?

True

True or false: hypoxia may affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5,000'.

True

True or false: the effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude.

True

True or false: the subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia.

True

Which type of DCS (Type I or Type II) is most likely to occur in aviators?

Type 1

Which type of DCS (Type I or Type II) is most likely to be life threatening?

Type II

What is the most effective method of clearing an ear or sinus block?

Valsalva

What are the four phases of respiration?

Ventilation, Respiration, Transportation, Utilization